The document discusses semantic roles and valency in linguistics. Semantic roles describe the relationships between participants in an action or situation, such as agent, patient, location, etc. Valency refers to the number of arguments that accompany a predicate, such as sentences with zero, one, or two arguments. Examples are provided to illustrate semantic roles like agent and patient, as well as how valency can change through operations like passivization.

1. PRESENT BY :
zulhidaweni

2. • Semantic roles also called by Thematic Role.
• A sentence is defined as a composite of
inflection and proposition.
• A proposition consists of a subject and a
predicate
• Inflection includes agreement and tense (
grammatical ,Modality, Present, Past, and
Future )

3. ex:
 We walk in the park.
 our walk in the park
 for us to walk in the park.
The 1st sentece is complete sentence and
gramatically but 2nd and 3rd are not complete
sentence and not gramatically. We as
subject, Walk as predicate.

4. • The semantic content shared by three
expressions is a proposition.
Ex:
- We walk in the park = expresses a single
proposition
- We don’t walk in the park = the negation of
proposition
- Do we walk in the park = a question about
proposition

5. • Proposition can be expressed in different
sentences
ex:
Helen put on a sweeter.
Helen put a sweater on.
These are different sentences but they have
the same meaning and expressed the same
proposition.

6. Semantic Roles
• Agent : The one who performs an action.
Ex: Jully runs
• Predicate : an action.
Ex: Anna found a doll.
• Affected ( theme ) : The one or thing that
undergoes an action.
ex: Rina closed the door.

7. • Location : The place where an actions
happens.
Ex: I visited my uncle in Jakarta.
• Goal : The place to which an action is directed.
Ex: Put the book on the table.
• Source : The place from which an action
originates.
Ex: She moves from Padang to Bandung.

8. • Instrument : The means by which an action is
performed.
Ex: Ann slices an onion with a knife.
• Possessor : One who has something.
Ex: The wings of the bird broken.
• Causative : A natural force that causes a
change.
Ex: The Flood damaged the village.
• Experiencer : One who experienced.
Ex: Rahma felt happy.

9. Valency
• Meaning of Valency
-> Valency is the number of argument that
accompany a particular predicate.
• Kinds of Valency:
1. Valency zero
2. Valency one
3. Valency two

10. 1.Valency zero
is a sentence best on the meaning in
pragmatic but we can’t found the semantic.
Ex: it is snowing
2.Valency one
is a sentence have one argument have
predicate and subject but don’t have object
ex: My brother snores

11. 3.Valency two
is a valency that have two argument
predicate .
Ex: the cat kill a rat.
a. Argument one as subject (the cat)
b. predicate as action (kill)
c. argument two as object/ affected (a rat)

12. • Valency changing operation
is a syntactic or morphological operation due
to which the relationship between a verb and its
argument is changed.
ex: 1)Tom broke the window
Arg1 Predicate Arg2
agent action affected
Tom broke the window

13. Changing:
2)The window broke
arg predicate
Affected action
The window broke

14. Changing from transitive into intransitive
1)David hugged Marry
In this sentence “hugged” is a transitive verb
taking “Marry” as its object. the sentence can
be passivized with the the direct object
“Marry” as the grammatical subject.
2)Marry was hugged
This shift is called promotion of object.

15. Other example
1.He broke the cup
The verb is transitive and subject is the agent of
the action the performer of the action of
breaking the cup
2.The cup broke
The verb is transitive and the subject is the
patient of the action.it is the thing affected by
the action,not the one that performs it