Abstract Seismic base isolation is a fast advancing technology in which the superstructure is isolated from the entire structure or from the substructure by means of rubber bearing isolators or frictional sliding isolators. The main aim of the base isolation technology is to isolate the structure from the harmful effects of the ground accelerations or earthquake excitations. In this paper, the procedure for the selection of the three ground motions is briefly explained and they are used in analyzing a masonry – reinforced concrete office building for the Internal Revenue Service in the Huating County of the Pingliang City in China. The structure is first analyzed with the PKPM software to ascertain the structural internal forces are within reasonable limits but because this software cannot be used to advance analysis in the area of base isolation, Sap 2000 is used to remodel the structure, analyze, then apply the seismic base isolation. This office building has been strengthened to be fortified against ultimate bearing capacity failure as it is an existing structure. The lead rubber bearing isolators, LRB 400, LRB 500 and LRB 600 are used to isolate the building model and results from the structural response are compared, first amongst the time histories and then between the enveloped time histories and the response spectrum. The floor joint accelerations are observed to be reduced and the joint velocities as well, whereas the floor joint displacements are increased. The response spectrum alone is seen to not be an enough ground acceleration parameter in a seismic analysis and design of this model; as such it is recommended to include time history analysis. The maximum percentage decrease in acceleration and velocity can be seen occurring in the response spectrum, namely, 85.82% and 59.76%, respectively. The maximum percentage increase in the displacement is also evident in the response spectrum, 57.59%. In the time histories, the maximum is seen in Ec County Y-direction for the acceleration reduction at a value of 60.57%; Delta artif records a maximum velocity reduction of 28.42% in the Y-direction and finally, the Delta artif X-direction also records a maximum displacement increment, at a value of 26.36%.
Comparision of building for sesmic response by using base isolationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Throughout historic time Earthquakes are one of the natural hazards that occur due to sudden violent movement of earth’s
surface which causes damage to property, especially to man-made structures . Base isolation is one of the most powerful tools of
earthquake engineering pertaining to the passive structural vibration control technologies. The application of the base isolation
techniques to protect structures against damage from earthquake attacks has been considered as one of the most effective
approaches and has gained increasing acceptance during the last two decades. This paper present three dimensional nonlinear
time history analysis is performed on r/c building by the use of computer program SAP 2000 v12.0.0. The dynamic analysis of the
structure has been carried out and the performance of the building with and without isolator is studied. The main objective here is
to make seismic response control by providing Isolators and comparing between the fixed based and isolated base building.
Rubber bearing and Friction pendulum bearing are used
Keywords: Base Isolation; Seismic Response; Time History
Eatrhquake response of reinforced cocrete multi storey building with base iso...eSAT Journals
Abstract A seismic base isolation is an earthquake resistant design method that is based on reducing the seismic demand and also the ductility demand. The basic concept of base isolation system is to increase the natural time period of the fixed base building and to protect the structure from the seismic effect. The main purpose of this work is to study the dynamic response of structure when subjected to different isolators. For this purpose, a three dimensional response spectrum analysis and time history analysis is performed using a commercial structural analysis software package called as SAP 2000 to study the influence of isolation damping on building. The main objective is to make a comparison between the fixed base building and various isolation systems such as friction pendulum isolator, lead rubber bearing (LRB) isolator and high damping rubber isolator, subjected to strong earthquakes to achieve an optimal design of the base isolation system. SAP 2000, a popular large scale explicit finite element analysis software used to stimulate the behavior of base isolated structure. In the present work, it was found that base isolation substantially increases the time period of structure and hence correspondingly reduces the base shear. The top displacement for fixed and isolated cases conspicuously shows the reduction in the case of isolated frame. The study shows that the bending moment and shear force values are reduced for base isolated frame when compared to fixed base building. From design consideration the steel requirement is reduced in base isolated structures when compared to fixed base building. Key Words: Isolators, SAP2000
Base isolation system consists of isolation units with or without isolation components, where: Isolation units are the basic elements of a base isolation system which are intended to provide the aforementioned decoupling effect to a building or non-building structure. Isolation components are the ...
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base isolation pads
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Report on Study on Base Isolation Techniques.Gaurav Mewara
Base Isolation technique is on of the advance technique used for construction of earthquake resisting sturcture.
All earthquake resisting structure are based on this technique.
This consit report on study of base isolation with its advantages disadvanges.
Earthquake Resistant Building - Base Isolation TechniqueRajat Nainwal
It gives a complete idea of concept, design and construction detail of Base Isolation Technique which is used for making the buildings earthquake resistant to a much greater extent.
Comparision of building for sesmic response by using base isolationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Throughout historic time Earthquakes are one of the natural hazards that occur due to sudden violent movement of earth’s
surface which causes damage to property, especially to man-made structures . Base isolation is one of the most powerful tools of
earthquake engineering pertaining to the passive structural vibration control technologies. The application of the base isolation
techniques to protect structures against damage from earthquake attacks has been considered as one of the most effective
approaches and has gained increasing acceptance during the last two decades. This paper present three dimensional nonlinear
time history analysis is performed on r/c building by the use of computer program SAP 2000 v12.0.0. The dynamic analysis of the
structure has been carried out and the performance of the building with and without isolator is studied. The main objective here is
to make seismic response control by providing Isolators and comparing between the fixed based and isolated base building.
Rubber bearing and Friction pendulum bearing are used
Keywords: Base Isolation; Seismic Response; Time History
Eatrhquake response of reinforced cocrete multi storey building with base iso...eSAT Journals
Abstract A seismic base isolation is an earthquake resistant design method that is based on reducing the seismic demand and also the ductility demand. The basic concept of base isolation system is to increase the natural time period of the fixed base building and to protect the structure from the seismic effect. The main purpose of this work is to study the dynamic response of structure when subjected to different isolators. For this purpose, a three dimensional response spectrum analysis and time history analysis is performed using a commercial structural analysis software package called as SAP 2000 to study the influence of isolation damping on building. The main objective is to make a comparison between the fixed base building and various isolation systems such as friction pendulum isolator, lead rubber bearing (LRB) isolator and high damping rubber isolator, subjected to strong earthquakes to achieve an optimal design of the base isolation system. SAP 2000, a popular large scale explicit finite element analysis software used to stimulate the behavior of base isolated structure. In the present work, it was found that base isolation substantially increases the time period of structure and hence correspondingly reduces the base shear. The top displacement for fixed and isolated cases conspicuously shows the reduction in the case of isolated frame. The study shows that the bending moment and shear force values are reduced for base isolated frame when compared to fixed base building. From design consideration the steel requirement is reduced in base isolated structures when compared to fixed base building. Key Words: Isolators, SAP2000
Base isolation system consists of isolation units with or without isolation components, where: Isolation units are the basic elements of a base isolation system which are intended to provide the aforementioned decoupling effect to a building or non-building structure. Isolation components are the ...
base isolation systems
base isolation system in building
base isolation pdf
base isolation definition
base isolation foundation
base isolation cost
base isolation techniques
base isolation pads
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2018
seminar topics pdf
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
latest civil engineering seminar topics
Report on Study on Base Isolation Techniques.Gaurav Mewara
Base Isolation technique is on of the advance technique used for construction of earthquake resisting sturcture.
All earthquake resisting structure are based on this technique.
This consit report on study of base isolation with its advantages disadvanges.
Earthquake Resistant Building - Base Isolation TechniqueRajat Nainwal
It gives a complete idea of concept, design and construction detail of Base Isolation Technique which is used for making the buildings earthquake resistant to a much greater extent.
Base isolation is one of the most widely accepted seismic protection systems in earthquake prone areas. It mitigates the effect of an earthquake by essentially isolating the structure from potentially dangerous ground motions, especially in frequency range where building is mostly affected. This includes
Concept of Base Isolation
Principle of Base Isolation
Comparison of Fixed Base Structure and Isolated Base Structure
Types of Isolation Components
Base Isolation in Real Buildings
Applications of Base Isolation
Seismic performance of friction pendulum bearing by considering storey drift ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Retrofitting of Masonry Buildings by Base IsolationIDES Editor
Seismic response of masonry buildings retrofitted
using base isolation technique is investigated. The concept of
seismic isolation is applied here by separating the super
structure from the foundation at plinth level by a sliding
earthquake energy reducing friction layer in the form of green
marble/geosynthetic. The dynamic interface property of the
sliding couple has been investigated. In order to investigate
the effectiveness of base isolation the response of the sliding
system is obtained numerically by solving the governing
equations of motion under under synthetically generated IS:
1893, 2002, spectrum compatible accelerogram corresponding
to most severe seismic zone of India (PGA=0.36g) and compared
with the corresponding fixed base structure. It is observed that
50% reduction in maximum roof acceleration for the base
isolated structure in comparison to the maximum roof
acceleration of conventional structures limiting the
earthquake energy transmission to super structure during
strong earthquake, leading lesser damage of masonry
buildings in earthquake prone area and can be used as a low
cost base isolation for earthquake hazard mitigation
Seismic analysis of high damping rubber bearings for base isolationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Base isolation is a mechanism that provides earthquake resistance to the new structure. The base isolation system decouples the building from the horizontal ground motion induced by earthquake, and offers very stiff vertical components to the base level of the superstructure in connection to substructure (foundation). It shifts the fundamental lateral period, dissipates the energy in damping, and reduces the amount of the lateral forces that transferred to the building, inter-story drift, and the floor acceleration.
The work deals with modelling and finite element analysis of a high damping rubber bearing in ANSYS 12.0. A displacement controlled transient analysis was done to analyse the behaviour of the isolator during earthquakes.
Keywords: Base isolation, High damping rubber, Transient analysis
Base isolation is one of the most widely accepted seismic protection systems in earthquake prone areas. It mitigates the effect of an earthquake by essentially isolating the structure from potentially dangerous ground motions, especially in frequency range where building is mostly affected. This includes
Concept of Base Isolation
Principle of Base Isolation
Comparison of Fixed Base Structure and Isolated Base Structure
Types of Isolation Components
Base Isolation in Real Buildings
Applications of Base Isolation
Seismic performance of friction pendulum bearing by considering storey drift ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Retrofitting of Masonry Buildings by Base IsolationIDES Editor
Seismic response of masonry buildings retrofitted
using base isolation technique is investigated. The concept of
seismic isolation is applied here by separating the super
structure from the foundation at plinth level by a sliding
earthquake energy reducing friction layer in the form of green
marble/geosynthetic. The dynamic interface property of the
sliding couple has been investigated. In order to investigate
the effectiveness of base isolation the response of the sliding
system is obtained numerically by solving the governing
equations of motion under under synthetically generated IS:
1893, 2002, spectrum compatible accelerogram corresponding
to most severe seismic zone of India (PGA=0.36g) and compared
with the corresponding fixed base structure. It is observed that
50% reduction in maximum roof acceleration for the base
isolated structure in comparison to the maximum roof
acceleration of conventional structures limiting the
earthquake energy transmission to super structure during
strong earthquake, leading lesser damage of masonry
buildings in earthquake prone area and can be used as a low
cost base isolation for earthquake hazard mitigation
Seismic analysis of high damping rubber bearings for base isolationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Base isolation is a mechanism that provides earthquake resistance to the new structure. The base isolation system decouples the building from the horizontal ground motion induced by earthquake, and offers very stiff vertical components to the base level of the superstructure in connection to substructure (foundation). It shifts the fundamental lateral period, dissipates the energy in damping, and reduces the amount of the lateral forces that transferred to the building, inter-story drift, and the floor acceleration.
The work deals with modelling and finite element analysis of a high damping rubber bearing in ANSYS 12.0. A displacement controlled transient analysis was done to analyse the behaviour of the isolator during earthquakes.
Keywords: Base isolation, High damping rubber, Transient analysis
Effect of base isolation in multistoried rc irregular building using time his...eSAT Journals
Abstract Base isolation (BI) is a technique that has been used around the world to protect the building structures from the damaging effects of earthquake. The installation of isolator in building at base level significantly increases the time period of the structure, which means it reduces the possibility of resonance of the structure giving rise to better seismic performance of the building. The study is performed to compare the effectiveness of base isolation in plan irregular and vertical irregular multi-storied RC frame building. For this study, 15 storied R.C frame building is considered and Time History analysis is carried out using ETABS 2013 software. The Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB) is designed as per UBC 97 code and the same was used for analysis of base isolation system. The results obtained from the analysis were time period and base shear. Time period for the base isolated structures are higher than that of the fixed base structure. Due to the presence of isolator, Base shear is significantly reduced in each direction (X and Y direction) as compared to fixed base building. It has been found that when compared to plan irregular base isolated building the vertical irregular building gives better performance in high seismic prone area by using isolators at the base of the building.
Keywords: Base isolation, Lead rubber bearing, Time history analysis, Irregular building
ELASTOMERIC BASE ISOLATION SYSTEM FOR SEISMIC MITIGATION OF LOW-RISE STRUCTURESIAEME Publication
Seismic base isolation is a passive way of achieving seismic response control by introducing isolators between foundation and super structure. Isolator performs three functions: horizontal flexibility, energy dissipation and rigidity against normal lateral loads. Lead Rubber bearing isolators
performs these functions efficiently. By reducing the horizontal stiffness of the system, it increases the time period of the structure and decreases the spectral acceleration of the structure. The superstructure acts like a rigid body, thus inter storey drift is reduced. Such type of isolators are used
in practice in India, yet a proper design procedure based on IS code is unavailable. The paper presents design procedure for LRB adopting the procedure of IS 1893:2002 (Part-1) for earthquake resistant design of buildings.
در سال های اخیر، محافظت از پی به شکل فزاینده ای، تبدیل به یک تکنیک طراحی کاربردی در سازه ساختمان ها و پل زلزله قرار دارند، گشته است. انواع گوناگونی از سازه ها با استفاده از این شیوه ساخته شده اند و بسیاری دیگر نیز در فاز طراحی قرار داشته و یا در حال ساخت هستند. اغلب ساختمان های تکمیل شده و آنهایی که در حال ساخت هستند، به شکلی از اسباب حفاظتی لاستیکی در سیستم های خود بهره می برند.
Seismic pounding between adjacent rc buildings with and without base isolatio...eSAT Journals
Abstract Among the possible structural damages during an earthquake, the seismic induced pounding also has been one of the commonly observed phenomena. This is because the separation gap between many adjacent buildings is inadequate to accommodate the relative motions, so buildings vibrate out of phase and collides. Despite the fact that the seismic pounding between nearby structures is considered in the codal procurements, the act of development is still an issue in numerous metropolitan zones where the structures are built with no adequate partition separation which brings about their pounding. In this study E-Tabs nonlinear software is used for simulation of adjacent multi-storeyed RC frame buildings of G+14 and G+9 storey, the provisions that may reduce the effects of pounding like the separation distance, addition of shear walls, lateral bracings and variation in storey height of the buildings have been considered for analysis. And the responses like storey-displacement and pounding force by considering both fixed base and base-isolated conditions are arrived. Keywords: Seismic pounding, RC frame building, Separation distance, Gap elements, Storey-displacement Pounding force, Fixed-base, Base isolation.
Review paper on seismic responses of multistored rcc building with mass irreg...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From past earthquakes it is proved that many of structure are totally or partially damaged due to earthquake. So, it is necessary to determine seismic responses of such buildings. There are different techniques of seismic analysis of structure. Time history analysis is one of the important techniques for structural seismic analysis generally the evaluated structural response is non-linear in nature. For such type of analysis, a representative earthquake time history is required. In this project work seismic analysis of RCC buildings with mass irregularity at different floor level are carried out. Here for analysis different time histories have been used. This paper highlights the effect of mass irregularity on different floor in RCC buildings with time history and analysis is done by using ETABS software.
Keywords: Seismic Analysis, Time History Analysis, Base Shear, Storey Shear, Story Displacement.
Comparision of local retrofitting of r.c.frames by linear static method for m...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents on the comparison of Retrofitting/Rehabilitation of R.C.Frames for moderate and severe zone on soft soil, by using one of the standard finite element software ETABS 9.6.0by LINEAR STATIC METOD. In this case retrofitting is done for columns, where the additional load is added to the existing structure. It means the existing structure has constructed for (G+4), and the additional floors to (G+6), according by using IS1893(PART-I)-2002for the earthquake design, when the over load is applied on the existing structure then the column get weakened and for this column retrofitting is done by R.C.JACKETTING method.it is also called as LOCAL RETROFITTING. ADDITIONAL LOAD concept is taken because, now a days generation population is more, and in the developing countries the purchasing the land is very difficult, because the land value cost very high, and even the land available also is very less in fully developed urban areas, Additional floors concept is more useful for residential as well as commercial purpose without any investment on land. Finally comparing it with moderate zone and severezone on soft soil with storey displacement,storey drift,base shear and percentage pf reinforcement. Keywords: Linear static Analysis, base shear, storey displacement, storey drift, percentage of reinforcement, Retrofitting, confinement.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Optimisation of earth quake response of tall building by using different fram...eSAT Journals
Abstract In India reinforced concrete structures are mostly used since this is the most convenient & economic system for low-rise buildings. However, for medium to high-rise buildings this type of structure is no longer economic because of increased dead load, less stiffness, span restriction and hazardous formwork. So the Structural engineers are facing the challenge of striving for the most efficient and economical design solution. Also Earthquake engineering should be extended to the design of earthquake sensitive tall buildings. Use of composite material is of particular interest, due to its significant potential in improving the overall performance through rather modest changes in manufacturing and constructional technologies. In India, many consulting engineers are reluctant to accept the use of composite steel-concrete structure because of its unfamiliarity and complexity in its analysis and design. But literature says that if properly configured, then composite steel-concrete system can provide extremely economical structural systems with high durability, rapid erection and superior seismic performance characteristics. This paper discusses Optimization of Earth quack response of tall building by using different types of framing system over the height of the building . So to optimize the earth quack response, a Ten story Combined model ( R.C.C, Composite and Steel frames) is developed and analyzed by using ETABS ; it proves that the combined model is better option. Key Words: Composite structure, Tall Building and Steel structures
Seismic evaluation of rc frame with brick masonry infill wallseSAT Journals
Abstract
Infill panels are widely used as partition walls as well as external walls of the building to fill the gap between RC frames. Non-structural member may provide considerable stiffness to the building and hence may improve the performance of the RC building during ground motions. But In most of the cases, the ignorance of this property of masonry in designing of the RC frame may get an unsafe design. There are two methods are used to determine the effect of ground motion. The effect of ground motion on RC frame building has been carried out by considering with and without the stiffness of infill wall. A comparative study is carried out with RC building using Equivalent Lateral Force method and Response Spectrum method. The masonry infill has been modeled as an equivalent diagonal strut element using Hendry formula. Pushover analysis is carried out on bare frame and frame with infill wall. The model has been generated using STAAD Pro and results obtained from the analysis are compared in terms of strength and stiffness with bare frame.
Keywords: Seismic evaluation, Response Spectrum, masonry infill, diagonal strut.
Determination of period of vibration of buildings with open stilt floor and s...eSAT Journals
Abstract To estimate the natural period of vibration, codes consign the empirical formula that solely relies on height of the structure. Present dissertation is carried out considering aspects such as building material, type of structure and structural dimensions. The foremost objective of the present systematic study has led to a simplified period-height equation for use in the seismic evaluation of reinforced concrete structures, taking due significance of the existence of stilt floors and shear walls. Current study also highlights the criteria that affects the period of vibration. The period of vibration which has been procured in this study represents the time period of first mode of vibration. This article comprises the seismic response of structures on different types of soil. The parameters considered for the given study are three different types of soil i.e., soft soil, medium soil and hard rock for high seismic zone and different building irregularities as per IS: 1893-2002 for 10, 15, 20 storey buildings. The analytical models for the modulus study are modeled through ETABS.V.9.2. Various parametric studies are carried out to determine the fundamental time period of the structures. These ameliorate formulas to determine the fundamental time period are developed using nonlinear regression analysis through ORIGIN pro software. The generalized equation finally obtained can be used in general form to calculate the time period of structures with open stilt floor and shear walls irrespective of soil types, seismic zone or building height. Keywords- Time period, open stilt floor, Shear walls, Irregularities in buildings, nonlinear regression
Seismic performance of structure with fixed base, base isolated structure and...eSAT Journals
Abstract Earthquakes can create serious damage to structures. The structures already built are vulnerable to future earthquakes. The damage to structures causes deaths, injuries, economic loss, and loss of functions. Damage to the structure causes due to ground acceleration. This can be minimizing by increasing strength of the structure. Sometimes it is not possible to increase the strength of the structure indefinitely. So it should be tried to increase the capacity of structure using seismic improvement techniques. In this study, there are three different types of G+10 structures with fixed base, structure with viscous damper and structure with high damping rubber bearing are considered. These structures are modeled using finite element software SAP2000v16. These structures have same plan area and are assumed to be situated in seismic zone IV and having medium soil condition. The analysis of these structures is done by performance based pushover analysis method and response spectrum method. The pushover analysis method is used to find out the performance point and capacity of structure. High damping rubber bearing isolators (HDRB) and viscous damper (VD) are use for seismic improvement of RC structure. The procedure of analysis adopted for fixed base structure is same repeated for structure with viscous damper (VD) and base isolated (HDRB) structure. So it will help in comparative parametric study. The results of analysis are compared in terms of storey displacements, modal time period, storey acceleration, performance point, storey drift. The comparative study shows that storey displacement, storey acceleration, storey drift is reduced substantially for structure with high damping rubber bearing (base isolated structure). Key Words: Base isolated structure, Pushover analysis method, Response spectrum method, Viscous damper, High damping rubber bearing, SAP2000v16 etc.
Passive control of structures using sliding isolators at intermediate floor l...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effects of longer span floor system in the constancy of the multistoried stru...eSAT Journals
Abstract The main objective of this study is to investigate the structural integrity, stability and their comparison due to the effects of longer span floor systems considering some constancy in the multi-storied commercial and residential mixed-used structures. In recent times, mixed-use developments and buildings have created an up surging demand in perspective of relatively small area of lands like Bangladesh. But, the commercial developments consisting of underground basement required maximize serviceable column free open-floor spaces for more flexibility, marketability and uninterrupted executive car parking of the end-users. Now, the column free open-plan floor spaces, usually ranges from 18~27 ft, even up to 45 ft. or more [5], offers a bulky change in span length of the slab that results the longer span structure. Again, the longer span structure is directly related with the beam length which promptly affects the thickness of the slab as well as the sizes of beams, columns and the foundations. In this study, two different span lengths of the mixed-use structural Models are considered based on the economical range [18ft-30ft] of the RC floor systems. Then, both of the structural Models are compared based on the following parameters: design aspects, reduction in the number of components, sizes & thickness, weight of steel and volume of concrete. It is found that, longer span structure keeps highest effects on the RC columns and increase in size by 104.3%. This study will also be helpful for a designer to select an appropriate size of the structural components within the economical ranges of these types of particular RC structures in future Keywords: Regular Span Structure, Longer Span Structure, Flat Plate Slab, Flat Slab, Edge Supported Slab Andmat Foundation.
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
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Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Seismic base isolation in strengthening an existing retrofitted masonry reinforced concrete building in huating - china
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct -2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 168
SEISMIC BASE ISOLATION IN STRENGTHENING AN EXISTING
RETROFITTED MASONRY-REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING IN
HUATING - CHINA
Okine Michael Nii Sarbah1
, Zhao Jianchang2
, Mashrah Waleed Ali Hamed3
1
MSc. Structural Engineering Student. School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China
2
Professors, School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China
3
MSc. Structural Engineering Student. School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China
Abstract
Seismic base isolation is a fast advancing technology in which the superstructure is isolated from the entire structure or from the
substructure by means of rubber bearing isolators or frictional sliding isolators. The main aim of the base isolation technology is
to isolate the structure from the harmful effects of the ground accelerations or earthquake excitations. In this paper, the procedure
for the selection of the three ground motions is briefly explained and they are used in analyzing a masonry – reinforced concrete
office building for the Internal Revenue Service in the Huating County of the Pingliang City in China. The structure is first
analyzed with the PKPM software to ascertain the structural internal forces are within reasonable limits but because this software
cannot be used to advance analysis in the area of base isolation, Sap 2000 is used to remodel the structure, analyze, then apply
the seismic base isolation. This office building has been strengthened to be fortified against ultimate bearing capacity failure as it
is an existing structure. The lead rubber bearing isolators, LRB 400, LRB 500 and LRB 600 are used to isolate the building model
and results from the structural response are compared, first amongst the time histories and then between the enveloped time
histories and the response spectrum. The floor joint accelerations are observed to be reduced and the joint velocities as well,
whereas the floor joint displacements are increased. The response spectrum alone is seen to not be an enough ground
acceleration parameter in a seismic analysis and design of this model; as such it is recommended to include time history analysis.
The maximum percentage decrease in acceleration and velocity can be seen occurring in the response spectrum, namely, 85.82%
and 59.76%, respectively. The maximum percentage increase in the displacement is also evident in the response spectrum,
57.59%. In the time histories, the maximum is seen in Ec County Y-direction for the acceleration reduction at a value of 60.57%;
Delta artif records a maximum velocity reduction of 28.42% in the Y-direction and finally, the Delta artif X-direction also records
a maximum displacement increment, at a value of 26.36%.
Key Words: Seismic base isolation, Retrofitting, Strengthening, Masonry - reinforced concrete building, Time history
analysis, Response spectrum analysis, Sap2000, PKPM software, Lead rubber isolator (LRB)
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Seismic base isolation is an exceptional technique in which
the superstructure of a structure is isolated or separated from
the foundation or separated from direct contact with the
ground to minimize the harmful seismic effects that the
seismic ground motions induce into the structure.
Engineering practice and research have proven that, for
high-rise and super high-rise buildings, the greater the
elevation of the structure, the more the highest or top floor’s
displacements [1, 2, 3]. These days, the concept of seismic
design is not only applied on high-rise or super high-rise
buildings but also conducted on relatively important or
special buildings, though they may be low-rise [4, 5]. In
that same respect, strengthening an existing structure to
preserve its cultural value and historical significance also
counts as important within the context of the subject matter.
There are many methods that can be used to dissipate energy
from a building structure but the two widely used are:
passive energy dissipation and seismic base isolation.
In China, the extensively used seismic base isolation devices
are put into three categories, namely the: natural rubber
bearings, NRB, high rubber bearings, HRB and lead rubber
bearings, LRB [6]. With respect to the situation abroad,
there are the cross linear device or steel bracings, the sliding
plate and the friction pendulum isolation devices which can
be further divided into single, double and triple friction
pendulum devices [7]. The main difference between the
energy dissipation devices and the seismic base isolators are
that: seismic isolators comprise rubber bearings whereas the
energy dissipaters comprise a variety of devices. For
instance, diagonal bracing, shear walls, beam supporting
structural components, velocity-related energy dissipation
devices and displacement-related energy dissipation devices
[8]. In the provision and placement of the base isolators, the
entire structure is divided into three parts, namely: the
superstructure, the base isolation layer and the foundation.
It is impossible to completely separate the superstructure
from the substructure as in most buildings, for they were
constructed in-situ and as a monolithic structure, especially
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct -2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 169
with respect to their connection joints. The more cost
effective way is to identify the higher displacement
contributing ground columns, support those portions of the
building from below the ground columns, cut and then
eliminate a portion of the column in direct contact with the
ground base. At this point the base isolators are installed.
The base isolators could be installed on the ground beams
for a completely masonry structure as the newly cast ground
beams will support the masonry structure [9, 10], however
the deflection would be enormous so this method should be
implemented with mechanics of structure and the concept of
seismic design in mind. Tampering or eliminating portions
of the building, and then carrying out this procedure
demands a great deal of skill and as such this method of
applying seismic isolators on retrofitted structures is not an
easy to carry out procedure. A great deal of expertise is
needed in the retrofits and the installation of the bearing
pads.
2. MODEL DEVELOPMENT
2.1 The Structural Model
A live project from a 4-storey stregnthening and
rehabilitation project from the Internal Revenue Service
Office building in the Huating county, of the Pingliang city
is further improved in its structural safety by carrying out
seismic base isolation on the structure. Pingliang city is
located in the eastern part of the Gansu province, between
the Guyuan city in the Ningxia province and Qingyang city
in the Gansu Province. There have been many frequent
earthquakes in the region of Huating with small intensities,
mostly not exceeding 5.0 in magnitude but there have also
been rarely occurring earthquakes of magnitude 6.5
recorded in the area in 1306, a 5.0 magnitude in 1921 and a
magnitude of 5.0 in 1989 [9]. The seismic precautionary
intensity for Pingliang is a level 7 and that for Huating
County is a level 8. The basic earthquake acceleration of the
land is of value 0.20g, therefore a maximum design
acceleration of 0.16g is used. The design earthquake is of
group 3, the building seismic design is of category 3 or C
class and the land is of category II. The site classification is
of the second group and the characteristic period is 0.45s.
The office is a 43.2m X 17.4m building, and of height
14.5m, as shown in figures 1 and 2.
The building structure is a third category, in terms of the
importance precautionary category (binglei) and not that of
the first (jialei) or the second (yilei), so there is no need to
increase the seismic precautionary intensity by a level; on
the other hand, the importance precautionary level for the
third category can be reduced by a level or a level and a half
when dealing with anti-seismic controlling measures for the
building, as is shown in section 3.3.2 of the GB50011 code
[5]. Apart from the first floor plan, the other plans are quite
similar but the cross sections of the structural elements
differ through the plans. Fig -3 and 4 show the floor plans.
2.2 Design of the Model
The structural analysis and design software, PKPM (in
Chinese) is used to design the building structure but it
cannot be used to advance analysis in the aspect of base
isolation. In that regard, the Structural Analysis Program,
Sap2000 is used to remodel the structure once more with the
same structural elements used in the PKPM software,
reanalyze the un-isolated structure; then analyze the isolated
structure with the isolators. The cross sections for the
structural model are made in accordance with the directives
stipulated within the GB 50010 [4].
The PKPM or SAP2000 softwares are employed to:
A). Assess the acceptable structural member sizing, floor or
story displacements and the deformations that the building
structure undergoes.
B). Detect the behavioral pattern and effectively carry out
the design of structural retrofitting or strengthening of the
building structure.
C). Carry out the seismic analysis on the structure with the
placement of the base isolators.
Fig -1: Sap2000 structural model
Fig -2: PKPM structural model
Fig -3: Typical 1st floor plan
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Fig -4: Typical 2nd to 4th floor plans
3. SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Provisions from the Chinese Code
The chapter 12 and appendix L of the GB 50011-2010,
together with other similar codes illustrate the base isolation
methods to be carried out when designing. The section
5.1.2-1 for the GB 50011-2010 stipulates that, structures
with elevation above ground level not exceeding 40 meters,
with the major deformation being that of shear deformation;
having the mass and stiffness through the elevation of the
structure being relatively uniform, then simplification of the
structural floors can be idealized into concentrated masses at
the different floors, so that the structure could be analyzed
with the base shear method and not the modal
decomposition response spectrum method. This method is
just for simplification and as such it is not a must to adhere
to it.
3.2 Selection of Ground Motions
The ground motions were selected with the help of the on-
line-based data source available in the PEER NGA-West2
website [12]. The response spectrum for the Huating County
is constructed with the provisions from the code [5].
Highlights of the equations for constructing the response
spectrum are shown in the section 5.1.5 of the code [5], and
are used in forming the graph in figure 5 and 6.
Fig -5: Code Response Spectrum
The response spectrum for Huating is thus constructed with
the stipulated provisions from the building seismic
parameters with the maximum peak ground acceleration
being 0.16g for a level 8, 0.2g earthquake site.
Fig -6: Huating County response spectrum
The response spectrum is entered into the PEER site
together with other related building and site class
information. A list of related earthquake ground motions are
then generated with their properties outline in a tabular form.
These ground motions are further analyzed and the artificial
ground motion is generated by the help of the Seismosoft
software products [13] from the original Delta ground
motion, thus termed Delta Artif. Figures 7 through 9 [13]
show the horizontal components of the accelerations in
2
/cm s for the selected time histories for this project and
the table 1 [12] shows the properties for these ground
motions.
Fig -7: El Centro ground motion
Fig -8: Ec County ground motion
Fig -9: Delta Artif ground motion
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Table -1: Selected ground motions with their properties
Parameter
Ground
Motion 1
Ground
Motion 2
Ground Motion
3
Earthquak
e name
Imperial
Valley-06
Imperial
Valley-02 Artificial
Station
name
Ec County
Center Ff
El Centro
Array #9 Delta Artif
Compone
nt
Impvall.H_
H-Ecc092
Impvall.I_
I-Elc180
IMPVALL.H_
H-
DLT352.AT2
Direction
East-West
(E-W)
North-
South (N-
S)
North-South
(N-S)
Magnitud
e 6.53 6.95 6.53
Mechanis
m Strike slip Strike slip Strike slip
Year 1979 1940 1979
PGA
230.9518 275.4604 343.0551
Mean
Square 0.1042 0.1440 0.0674
Arias
Intensity 0.8 1.6 3.3
3.3 Base Isolators
There are many types of isolators in use today, in a fast,
advancing world of technology. The main types are the
rubber bearing isolators and the friction or sliding isolators.
Both have similar principles of action that is to decouple the
superstructure from earthquake tremors that hit the structure.
Within the first group of isolators, there are the high
damping rubber isolators (HDRB), the natural rubber
isolators (NRB) and the lead rubber bearing isolators (LRB).
The NRB comprises thin films of rubber interlaced with
metallic thin plates. The HDRB are highly damped NRB
isolators and the LRB are NRB isolators with a central lead
core providing added support for the bearing capacity of the
building and being able to reduce the horizontal
displacements of the building. The LRB usually exhibits a
bilinear hysteretic behavior when assessed on the force –
deformation curve. The LRBs are used primarily for this
project. The section 12.2.2 of the code [5] provides a
simplified calculation model for seismic base isolators, as
shown in figure 10.
Fig -10: Calculation model for isolated structure
The section 7.2 of the code [14] stipulates that the 1st and
2nd shape factor coefficients (S1, S2) should conform to the
set standards. For the purpose of ensuring that the base
isolator satisfies the criterion under the vertical bearing
capacity, 1 15S . Under the effect of earthquake action,
the base isolators can undergo very large horizontal
deformations; as such the code stipulates that under high
compressive stresses, the base isolator should not in any
way, lose its stability. As a controlling measure, the S2
coefficient is needed to be within the range of, 2 5S .
There are 3 different types of LRBs chosen for this project;
with their properties highlighted in table 2. It can be seen
that, all the isolators satisfy the preliminary checks for the
shape factor coefficients, S1 and S2. The GZY prefix is
another prefix used in lieu of the LRB, by the manufacturers
and also a widely used prefix in China, as such, GZY is used
interchangeably in this paper to mean one and the same
thing. The 3 isolators are chosen from one of the Guangdong
Limited manufacturing companies’ for isolation technology
[15]. The idealized hysteresis curve for the LRB is then
given in figure 11 [16]
Table -2: Selected isolator and their properties
mod
el
num
ber
Desi
gn
Ulti
mate
Bear
ing
Cap
acity
Design
Displac
ement
Rubb
er
Total
Thic
kness
1st
shape
coeffi
cient
2nd
shape
coeffi
cient
Lead
Core
Dia
mete
r
KN mm mm S1 S2 mm
GZY
400
1880 200 68.6 26.2 5.83 80
GZY
500
2940 250 96 26 5.21 100
GZY
600
4240 300 110 30 5.45 120
model
numbe
r
Vertic
al
Stiffn
ess
Horizontal
Deformation,
50%
Horizontal
Deformation,
250%
Equival
ent
Horizo
ntal
Stiffnes
s
Equival
ent
Dampi
ng
Ratio
Equival
ent
Horizo
ntal
Stiffnes
s
Equival
ent
Dampi
ng
Ratio
KN/m
m
KN/m
m
- KN/m
m
-
GZY
400
1750 2.38 0.3 1.03 0.14
GZY
500
2030 2.65 0.3 1.15 0.14
GZY
600
2900 3.33 0.3 1.45 0.14
2
cm s
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Fig -11: Idealized hysteretic behavior of LRB
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The masonry-reinforced concrete structural building is
analyzed using the three ground motions and comparison is
made with the response spectrum analysis as well. The non
isolated maximum floor accelerations is shown in figure 12-
a and in figure 12 b is the enveloped time histories being
compared to the response history analysis. Similar
comparisons are done for the maximum floor velocities,
shown in figures 13 a, b and also, the maximum floor
displacements shown in figures 14 a, b.
Fig -12a: Non-isolated maximum floor accelerations, m/s2
Fig -12b: Non-isolated maximum floor accelerations, m/s2
Fig -13a: Non-isolated maximum floor velocities, m/s
Fig -13b: Non-isolated maximum floor velocities, m/s
Fig -14a: Non-isolated maximum floor displacements, mm
Fig -14b: Non-isolated maximum floor displacements, mm
The ratio of displacements of each of the time histories
against their corresponding response spectrums’ are given in
table 3. In some projects, where maximum safety criteria are
placed on the design of the structure, the response spectrum
alone cannot be relied upon in analysis. As it can be seen in
the case of this project, apart from Ec County Y-direction,
and Delta Artif X, and Y-direction in both the 1st floor and
the 1st floor base, the rest of the time histories, all have
values greater than the response spectrum.
Table -3: Displacement Time History-Response spectrum
ratios
Wave
type
Directio
n
Non Isolated Structure
4th
floo
r
3rd
floo
r
2nd
floo
r
1st
floo
r
1st
floo
r
base
EL / RS X 1.14 1.20 1.29 1.29 1.29
Y 1.04 1.10 1.22 1.21 1.19
Ec / RS X 1.21 1.22 1.16 1.12 1.14
Y 1.21 1.21 1.15 0.93 0.70
DelArtif
/ RS
X 1.15 1.15 1.09 0.90 0.91
Y 1.15 1.14 1.10 0.89 0.81
Env Val
/ RS
X 1.21 1.22 1.29 1.29 1.29
Y 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.21 1.19
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The code demands that the maximum displacements for the
topmost floor of the building be below the limited value, in
this project scenario, 26.36mm. The values in the
displacement graphs show that, they are indeed below
26.36mm. There is a further requirement to check whether
the structure has entered into the elasto-plastic range, shown
in table 4. This phenomenon is undesirable in our building
structure and from the table, we observe that all the values
are indeed greater than 0.01.
Table -4: Inter-story displacements against code standard
Wa
ve
typ
e
Dir
ec-
tio
n
Non Isolated Structure
4th
floor
3rd
floor
2nd
floor
1st
floor
Cod
e
EL
/
RS
X 0.0025 0.0022 0.0016 0.0007
0.01
Y 0.0037 0.0033 0.0023 0.0011
Ec
/
RS
X 0.0026 0.0022 0.0014 0.0006
Y 0.0044 0.0036 0.0022 0.0008
Del
Art
/
RS
X 0.0025 0.0021 0.0013 0.0005
Y 0.0041 0.0034 0.0021 0.0008
En
v
Val
/
RS
X 0.0026 0.0022 0.0016 0.0007
Y 0.0044 0.0036 0.0023 0.0011
Re
sp
Sp
ec
X 0.0022 0.0018 0.0012 0.0006
Y 0.0036 0.0030 0.0019 0.0009
After the structure is isolated with the three types of base
isolators, the maximum floor accelerations, velocities and
displacements are shown in the figures 15 a and b; 16 a and
b; 17 a and b, respectively.
Fig -15a: Isolated maximum floor accelerations, m/s2
Fig -15b: Isolated maximum floor accelerations, m/s2
Fig -16a: Isolated maximum floor velocities, m/s
Fig -16b: Isolated maximum floor velocities, m/s
Fig -17a: Isolated maximum floor displacements, mm
Fig -17b: Isolated maximum floor displacements, mm
The isolated model is shown in figure 18, displaying the
movement of the entire building as an entity. The shaded
region shows the original position of the building. All
together, the number of isolators used in this project are 31
of LRB 400, 19 of LRB 500 and 3 of LRB 600.
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Fig -18: Isolated building model
The isolated structure is seen to have reduced in acceleration,
reduced in velocity and increased in displacement. Table 5
gives the ratio of isolated building accelerations to non
isolated building accelerations.
Table -5: Ratio of isolated to non isolated accelerations
Wave type
Direction
Ratio of isolated Acceleration to
non isolated Acceleration
4th
floor
3rd
floor
2nd
floor
1st
floor
El Centro X 0.63 0.77 0.97 1.60
Y 0.45 0.55 0.68 1.08
Ec County X 0.70 0.89 1.17 1.93
Y 0.39 0.50 0.72 1.41
Delta Artif X 0.80 1.01 1.43 2.56
Y 0.52 0.66 0.96 1.72
Enveloped
Value
X 0.80 1.01 1.43 2.56
Y 0.52 0.66 0.96 1.72
Response
Spectrum
X 0.23 0.27 0.35 0.58
Y 0.14 0.17 0.20 0.32
Table 6 shows the percentages of accelerations reduced,
percentages of velocities reduced and the percentages of
displacements increased for the 4th
floor of the building
structure.
Table -6: Percentages (%) increased or decreased on the 4th
floor
Wave type Direction Accel. Vel. Displ.
El Centro X 37.11 0.42 23.81
Y 54.59 23.68 21.38
Ec County X 29.98 -4.30 1.55
Y 60.57 27.82 -41.84
Delta Artif X 19.69 -1.03 26.36
Y 48.33 28.42 -6.23
Enveloped
Value
X 37.11 0.42 26.36
Y 60.57 28.42 21.38
Response
Spectrum
X 77.50 37.45 57.59
Y 85.82 59.76 0.62
It is seen that, all the accelerations reduced significantly,
whereas considering the values of velocities, apart from two
of their components, the remainder all experienced
reduction. Two of the displacement components also did not
increase, with the exception of those, the rest of the
components experienced increments. It can be inferred that,
the strength of the isolators used should be increased, thus,
the 31 LRB 400s should be reduced and the LRB 500s and
LRB 600s increased to reflect a significant difference in the
results. The maximum percentage decrease in acceleration
and velocity can be seen occurring in the response spectrum,
namely, 85.82% and 59.76% respectively. The maximum
percentage increase in the displacement is also evident in the
response spectrum, 57.59%. In the time histories, the
maximum is seen in Ec County Y-direction for the
acceleration reduction at a value of 60.57%; Delta artif
records a maximum velocity reduction of 28.42% in the Y-
direction and finally, the Delta artif X-direction records a
maximum displacement increment, at a value of 26.36%.
3. CONCLUSIONS
Following the directives outlined in the Chinese code for the
seismic design of buildings and strengthening of a masonry-
reinforced concrete structure by placing seismic isolators, it
is inferred that the floor joint accelerations and floor joint
velocities were reduced and the floor joint displacements
increased.
The response spectrum should not be used alone as the
ground excitation for the structure or as a measure of
introducing ground accelerating vibrations into a seismic
design of structures but also the time histories should be
included, choosing them according to the site and building
classifications.
The use of the base isolators should be selected with a
higher model strength parameter isolator in mind, especially
if a significant difference is expected in the output of the
structural response to the earthquake excitation.