The document discusses the objectives, purpose, principles, and stages of orthodox seed storage. The key points are:
1) The objectives of seed storage are to maintain initial seed quality like germination and vigor throughout storage by providing suitable storage conditions like low moisture and temperature.
2) The purpose of seed storage is to preserve the high germination and vigor of seeds from harvest until planting to ensure adequate plant stands and healthy, vigorous plants.
3) Principles of seed storage include maintaining cool, dry conditions as orthodox seeds can be dried to low moisture levels which increases their longevity, with lower moisture and temperatures extending seed life.
4) Seed storage involves different stages from physiological maturity on the plant
The slides describing about the different techniques of seed production, as the seed is the basic part of any production program. Therefore, please provide review about these techniques.
The slides describing about the different techniques of seed production, as the seed is the basic part of any production program. Therefore, please provide review about these techniques.
What is Rouging?
Rouging for quality seed production,
A major source of off-type plant,
Rouging in Certified Seed Production,
Rouging During rice seed production.
Introduction to seed and seed technologyNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Introduction to seed and seed technology.
In this presentation discuses about what is seed testing and what are the objective and important , what are the different types of quality assessment test .
SEED STORAGE
What is seed storage - preservation of seed with initial quality until it is needed for planting.
Stages of Seed Storage
The seeds are considered to be in storage from the moment they reach physiological maturity until they germinate or until they are thrown away because they are dead or otherwise worthless.
The entire storage period can be conveniently divided into following stages.
Storage on plants ( physiological maturity until harvest).
Harvest, until processed and stored in a warehouse.
In - storage ( warehouses)
In transit ( Railway wagons, trucks, carts, railway sheds etc.).
In retail stores.
On the user's farm.
Introduction
The ability of seed to tolerate moisture loss allows the seed to maintain the viability in dry state. Storage starts in the mother plant itself when it attains physiological maturity. After harvesting the seeds are either stored in ware houses or in transit or in retail shops. During the old age days , the farmers were used farm saved seeds, in little quantity, but introduction of high yielding varieties and hybrids and modernization of agriculture necessitated the development of storage techniques to preserve the seeds.
The practice of storing the seeds starts from the ancient days itself, following simple and cheap techniques e.g. Placing the seeds in salt, red earth treatment to red gram etc. But the same practices are not hold good for the present day agriculture, because
large quantity to be stored
exchange of varieties and species
exchange of genes
The type of material to be stored decides the techniques to be followed for safe storage. Now a day’s storage technique changed from ordinary go-down storage to cryogenic tank storage and even gene storage.
Objective of seed storage
To maintain initial seed quality viz., germination, physical purity, vigour etc., all along the storage period by providing suitable or even better conditions.
Since the main objective of seed storage is maintenance of an acceptable capacity for germination and emergence, it can only be accomplished by reducing the rate of deterioration to the degree required to maintain an acceptable level of quality for the desired period.
Purpose of seed storage
Seed storage is the maintenance of high seed germination and vigour form harvest until planting. Is important to get adequate plant stands in addition to healthy and vigourous plants. Every seed operation has or should have a purpose. The purpose of seed storage is to maintain the seed in good physical and physiological condition from the time they are harvested until the time they are planted. Seeds have to be stored, of course, because there is usually a period of time between harvest and planting. During this period, the seed have to be kept somewhere. While the time interval between harvest and planting is the basic reason for storing seed, there are other considerations, especially in the case of extended storage of seed.
What is Rouging?
Rouging for quality seed production,
A major source of off-type plant,
Rouging in Certified Seed Production,
Rouging During rice seed production.
Introduction to seed and seed technologyNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Introduction to seed and seed technology.
In this presentation discuses about what is seed testing and what are the objective and important , what are the different types of quality assessment test .
SEED STORAGE
What is seed storage - preservation of seed with initial quality until it is needed for planting.
Stages of Seed Storage
The seeds are considered to be in storage from the moment they reach physiological maturity until they germinate or until they are thrown away because they are dead or otherwise worthless.
The entire storage period can be conveniently divided into following stages.
Storage on plants ( physiological maturity until harvest).
Harvest, until processed and stored in a warehouse.
In - storage ( warehouses)
In transit ( Railway wagons, trucks, carts, railway sheds etc.).
In retail stores.
On the user's farm.
Introduction
The ability of seed to tolerate moisture loss allows the seed to maintain the viability in dry state. Storage starts in the mother plant itself when it attains physiological maturity. After harvesting the seeds are either stored in ware houses or in transit or in retail shops. During the old age days , the farmers were used farm saved seeds, in little quantity, but introduction of high yielding varieties and hybrids and modernization of agriculture necessitated the development of storage techniques to preserve the seeds.
The practice of storing the seeds starts from the ancient days itself, following simple and cheap techniques e.g. Placing the seeds in salt, red earth treatment to red gram etc. But the same practices are not hold good for the present day agriculture, because
large quantity to be stored
exchange of varieties and species
exchange of genes
The type of material to be stored decides the techniques to be followed for safe storage. Now a day’s storage technique changed from ordinary go-down storage to cryogenic tank storage and even gene storage.
Objective of seed storage
To maintain initial seed quality viz., germination, physical purity, vigour etc., all along the storage period by providing suitable or even better conditions.
Since the main objective of seed storage is maintenance of an acceptable capacity for germination and emergence, it can only be accomplished by reducing the rate of deterioration to the degree required to maintain an acceptable level of quality for the desired period.
Purpose of seed storage
Seed storage is the maintenance of high seed germination and vigour form harvest until planting. Is important to get adequate plant stands in addition to healthy and vigourous plants. Every seed operation has or should have a purpose. The purpose of seed storage is to maintain the seed in good physical and physiological condition from the time they are harvested until the time they are planted. Seeds have to be stored, of course, because there is usually a period of time between harvest and planting. During this period, the seed have to be kept somewhere. While the time interval between harvest and planting is the basic reason for storing seed, there are other considerations, especially in the case of extended storage of seed.
presenation only for exsitu conservation includes topic (Components of ex-situ conservation
Plant genetic resources conservation in gene banks, national gene banks and gene repositories
Preservation of genetic materials under natural conditions, Perma-frost conservation
Guidelines for sending seeds to network of active/ working collections
Orthodox and recalcitrant seeds- differences in handling
Clonal repositories
genetic stability under long term storage condition)
A genetic preservation serves as an insurance policy for breeders and owners of valuable cattle by enabling them to extend and develop a specific bloodline when additional production is needed or untimely losses or reproductive inabilities occur.
A gene bank is a managed collection of genetic resources. Gene banks are necessary whenever the genetic resources fundamental to farming and harvesting animals and plants are threatened. While modern genetic techniques make it possible to bank any plant or animal tissue that contains DNA, most gene banks are collections either of whole organisms, their reproductive cells or early life stages. The technologies used for aquatic gene banking are as applicable to industry (broodstock collections, prospecting for new genetic material) as they are for traditional conservation. Gene banks are a type of biorepository which preserve genetic material.
Cultivation of medicinal plants requires intensive care and management.
The conditions and duration of cultivation required vary depending on the quality of medicinal plant materials required.
Germplasm Conservation in situ, ex situ and on-farm and BiodiversityKK CHANDEL
The variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. TOPIC: OBJECTIVES , PURPOSE AND
PRINCIPLE OF ORTHODOX SEEDS
STORAGE
SUBMITTED TO PRESENTED BY
3. SEED STORAGE
Orthodox Seeds that can be dried, without damage,
to low moisture contents.
Usually much lower than those they would normally
achieve in nature.
Their longevity increases with reductions in both
moisture content and temperature over a
wide range of storage environments.
4. What is seed storage ??
• Preservation of seed with initial
quality until it is needed for planting.
5. Stages of Seed Storage
The seeds are considered to be in storage from the moment they reach
physiological maturity until they germinate or until they are thrown away
because they are dead or otherwise worthless.
The entire storage period can be conveniently divided into following stages.
Storage on plants ( physiological maturity until harvest):
Harvest, until processed and stored in a warehouse.
In - storage ( warehouses).
In transit ( Railway wagons, trucks, carts, railway sheds etc.).
In retail stores.
On the user's farm.
7. about seed storage…….
The ability of seed to tolerate moisture loss allows the seed to
maintain the viability in dry state.
Storage starts in the mother plant itself when it attains
physiological maturity.
Introduction of high yielding varieties and hybrids and
modernization of agriculture necessitated the development of
storage techniques to preserve the seeds.
8. The practice of storing the seeds starts from the ancient days
itself, following simple and cheap techniques.
Example
1) Placing the seeds in salt,
2) Red earth treatment to red gram
( about 1 kg of red gram is mixed with 1 kg of red earth (i.e. 1:1
ratio) and then the seeds are subjected to sun drying. After one or
two days of drying, the grains are stored as such for seed purpose)
etc.
9.
10. Objective of seed storage
To maintain initial seed quality viz., germination,
physical purity, vigour etc., all along the storage period
by providing suitable or even better conditions.
Since the main objective of seed storage is maintenance
of an acceptable capacity for germination and
emergence, it can only be accomplished by reducing
the rate of deterioration to the degree required to
maintain an acceptable level of quality for the desired
period.
11. Purpose of seed storage
Seed storage is the maintenance of high seed
germination and vigour form harvest until
planting is important to get adequate plant
stands in addition to healthy and vigourous
plants.
The purpose of seed storage is to maintain the
seed in good physical and physiological
condition from the time they are harvested until
the time they are planted.
12. The unsold seed are “carried over” in storage for marketing
during the second planting season after harvest.
Seed suppliers are not always able to market all the seed they
produce during the following planting season.
Foundation seed units and others have found this to be an
economical, efficient procedure for seed of varieties for which
there is limited demand.
Some kinds of seed are stored for extended periods to
improve the percentage and rapidity of germination by
providing enough time for a “natural” release from
dormancy.
13. In the broadest sense the storage period for seed begins with
attainment of physiological maturity and ends with
resumption of active growth of the embryonic axis, i.e.,
germination.
Seeds are considered to be physiologically and
morphologically mature when they reach maximum dry
weight.
Seeds are considered to be physiologically and
morphologically mature when they reach maximum dry
weight.
14. The second segment of the storage period extends from
harvest to the beginning of conditioning.
The third segment of the storage period begins with the onset
of conditioning and ends with packaging.
The fourth segment of the storage period is the packaged
seed phase which has already been mentioned. The packaged
seed segment is followed by storage during distribution and
marketing, and finally by storage on the farm before and
during planting.
15. The control that a seedsman has over the various
segments of the storage period for seed varies from a high
degree of control from harvest to distribution, to much
less control during the postmaturation-preharvest,
distribution-marketing, and on-farm segments.
Despite variable degrees of control over the various
segments of the storage period, the seedsman’s plans for
storage must take into consideration all the
segments. The things that can be done must be done if
the quality of the seed is to be maintained.
16. Principles of seed storage
In the natural environment and when stored at ambient room
conditions, seeds respond to constantly changing relative
humidity and temperatures.
Maintaining seeds under controlled conditions lowers metabolic
activity, thereby reducing the aging process and increasing
longevity of the seed lot.
For most seeds, a cool and dry environment is preferred and for
orthodox seeds the cooler and drier the greater the longevity that
can be achieved. Harrington’s rule8 states that:
1. Each 1 percent reduction in moisture content doubles the life of
the seed.
2. Each 10 degree F reduction in temperature doubles the life of the
seed.
17.
18.
19.
20. Limitation:
The same practices are not hold good for the present day
agriculture, because
•large quantity to be stored
•exchange of varieties and species
•exchange of genes
21. Acknowledge
I acknowledge the scientists who spent valuable time in generating
information on various aspects of seed science and technology and displayed
the same on internet for use by students teachers and researchers.