This document discusses seed treatment, which involves applying substances like fungicides, insecticides, and biofertilizers to seeds to control pests and diseases or improve germination. Seed treatment has several advantages, including preventing the spread of plant diseases and protecting seeds from rot, blight, storage insects, and soil insects. Seeds that are injured, diseased, or will be planted in undesirable soil conditions should be treated. The document outlines different types of seed treatment fungicides and insecticides and describes biological seed treatments using rhizobia, azotobacter, and trichoderma. It also discusses various methods of applying seed treatments, both chemical and non-chemical based.

1. Seed treatment
• Seed treatment is a biological , chemical, mechanical or physical
process design to mitigate the borne pests to improve the quality of
seed
• Seed treatment is defined as the application of fungicide ,insecticide
,biofertilizer or any other growth regulator either the control of
pathogen or insects or to improve the germination potential

2. Advantages of seed treatment
1. Previous spread of plant disease
2. Protect seed from seed rot and
seedling blight
3. Improves germination
4. Provides protection storage insects
5. Control soil insects

3. Condition under which seed
must be treated
• Injured seeds
• Diseased seeds
• Undesirable soil condition
• Disease free seeds

4. Seed treatment Fungicides
1. Seed disinfection ; Its refers to eradication of fungal spores present
within the seed coat or more deep seated tissue
2. Seed in disinfection ; It refers to the destruction of surface borne
organisms that contaminated the seed surface but not infected the
seed
3. Seed protection ;To protect the seed and young seedling from
organism in the soil which might otherwise cause delay of the seed
before germination

5. Seed treatments with
Insecticides
Insecticides are finding use in seed treating ;These may
be merchandized in combination with fungicides ,or as
distinct product for individual use ,or combined with the
fungicides in the treating process .The uses include
1Protection against storage pests
2 Protection against certain soil insects that attack the
seed and germinating seedling
3 Protection of the growing plant through systemic
action ,such as certain organic phosphates in cotton

6. Biological seed treatment
• Seed treatment is a most common method for all types of inoculant
.The treatment is effective and economic
• Seed treatment with Rhizobium,Azotobactor ,Azosprillum alog with P
S M
• Seed treatment can be done with any of two and more bacteria
• No side effect
• Important things has the seed must be coated first with Rhozobium or
Azotobactor or azosprillum when seed get a layer of above bacteria
then the psm inoculant has to be treated on outer layer of the seeds

7. Trichoderma
Free living fungus in soil and root ecosystem
Highly interactive in root ,soil and foliar environment
Suppresses the pathogen by different mechanism of biocontrol

8. The major diseases and insect pasts that can
be controlled by seed treatment are ;
1. SYSTEMIC DISEASES
• Stinking smut of wheat
• Loose smut of wheat
• Loose and cover smut of oats
• Helminthosporim stripe of barley
1. NON-SYSTEMIC DISEASES
• Helminthosporim spot of RICE and wheat
1. SEED ROT AND SEEDLING BLIGHT
2. STORAGE AND SOIL INSECTS

9. How seed treatment are applied
• Seed dressing ;The most common method of seed treatment .The
seed is either dressed with a dry formation or wet treated with a
slurry or liquid formation .Dressngs are applied on farm or in specified
seed treatment facilities
• Seed coating ;A special binder is used with a formation to enhance
adherence to the seed and begin to impact seed size & shape coating
require advanced treatment application technology
• Seed pelleting ;The most sophisticated seed treatment technology
,resulting in changing the physical shape of seed to enhances
plantability and handing .pelleting requires speciliazed application
machinery and techniques and the most expensives of the application

10. Method of seed treatments(chemically based
• 1 Dry seed dressing treatment
• Slurry treatment
• Seed dip method
• Planter hopper box seed treatment
• Mechanical method
• Physical method
• Chemical method
• Biological method

11. Mechanical method
• These are designated to remove infectious materials mixed with
seeds
• Seeds can be mechanically cleaned thorougly before seeding to
remove pathogenic organisms from seed surface
• This often requires further treatment

12. PHYSICAL METHODS
• Physical methods include hot –water and water soak treatments and
ultraviolet ,infrared ,x-ray and other types of irradiation
• Do not protect seeds from soilborne organism

13. PHYSICAL SEED TREATMENT
• Different types of physical treatment
• Radiation
• Temperature Magnetic
• Microwave
• Controlled Gaseous Atmosphere

14. CHEMICAL METHODS
• Most commonly used method because of its effectiveness and ease
of handling
• IDEAL CHEMICAL would be
• Highly effective in controlling the pathogen
• Harmless to the seed ,animals and non toxic to people
• Economic to use
• Easy to apply
• Noncorrosive to machinery
• Stable to long periods

15. Mercurial compounds
• Organo mercurial ;Small grains ,flax cotton ,and safflower
Eg;PMA(phenyl mercuric acetate ),MEMC(methodoxy ethyl mercury
chloride),EMC(ethyl mercuric chloride )
• Inorganic mercurial ;Mercuric chloride ,mercurious chloride and
mercuric oxide
• Tuber and root crops ,garden and vegetable crops

16. NON mercurial compounds
• Organic non mercurial
• Less effective than the organic mercurial
• Les damaging to the seeds
• Less damaging to the persons handling the seeds
• Over dose is not harmful and viability is not effected
• Eg ;thiram ,captan,Carbendazim ,Metalaxyl
• 2 Inorganic non mercurial
• Copper carbonate ,copper sulphate –Bunt disease in wheat
• Cuprous oxide –Seed decay and damping off in vegetables

17. Bio-fertilizers application methods
• Seed treatment or pelleting
• Root dipping
• Set –treatment
• Soil –application

18. Seed treatments
• 1 germination improvement methods
• I seed fortification
• Ii seed infusion
• Iii pre germination
• Iv seed tapes
• 2 seed coating treatments
• Seed pelleting
• Film coating

19. Advance seed treatments
Sound treatments
Ultra-sound treatments
Electric field
Laser seed treatments
Endophyte seed treatments
Chitosan seed treatment
Intelligent seed coating
Polinator plus

20. Seed coating
Seed coating is the application of useful
materials to the seed without changing its
gegeral size or shape
Seed coating has been utilised to ameliorate
environmental stresses such as drought and
flooding
Seed coating with peroxide compounds
provide oxygen to seeds under anoxic soil
conditions
Hydrophilic polymers maintain a high water
potential around germinating seeds

21. Seed pelleting
Pelleting is enclosing of seed in a filler materials using
an adhesive with bioactive chemicals to ensure
singling of seed and size increases for easy handling
The binders for pelleting include gum Arabic ,gelatin
,starch and the commonly used fillers are Lime stone
,Gypsum ,talc,,vermiculite ,peat etc
The pellete may act as a physical barrier as well as
mechanical barrier

22. Seed pelleting process
• Adhesive and seed
• Coating of seed with adhesive
• Filler materials sprinkled on the coated seeds
• Pelleted seeds
• Shade drying
• Sowing

23. 3 ENCAPSULATION OF SEEDS
This technology was developed to form capsules
of somatic embryos by gelation to enhance their
stability
Natural seeds also can be encapsulated using
hydrogels
Mixed propagules with sodium alginate solutions
and then transferred the coated propagules to a
calcium salt to form a soft capsule

24. 4 FLUID DRILLING AND SEED
PRIMING
It consists of germinating seeds in aerated water
until radicle emergence
Seeds are then mixed in a viscous gel and sown
with an appropriate drill .
The gel prevents seedling injury to the emerging
radicle and maintain seed moisture

25. EQUIPMENTS FOR SEED
TREATMENT
Slurry treater
Direct treaters
Drum mixer
Shovel

26. 1 SLURRY TREATMENTS
A slurry is prepared by mixing the chemical with
water
The treatments material to be applied as slurry
is accurately measured through a simple
mechanism comprised of a slurry cup and seed
dump pan
The cup introduces a given amount of slurry
with each dump of seed into a mixing chamber
where the seeds are mixed thoroughly

27. 2 Direct treater
Panogen and Mist o matic treater
The mist o matic treater applies chemical as a mist
directly to the seed
The treater is equipped with a large treatment tank ,a
pump and a return that maintains the level in the
small reservoir from which the seed is fed

28. 3 DRUM MIXER
A simple mixer can be made by running a pipe
through a drum at an angle
The drum is then mounted onto a stand
The and treatment are placed in the drum and it
is rotated slowly until all the seeds are cornered
with the chemicals

29. 4 GRAIN AUGER
Liquid materials can be dripped on the seed as
they enter a grain auger or straw conveyer
By the time seeds have left the auger the
chemical is soread on the seeds
5 SHOVEL
Seeds are spread on a clean dry surface 10-15 cm in
depth
The proper amount of chemical is diluted with water
and sprinkled over the seed
Mixing is done with shovel or sloop turning the seed

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