This document provides information on vegetative propagation in vegetables. It defines vegetative propagation as increasing the number of plants of a particular species through methods other than seeds, such as using rhizomes, corms, stolons, and tubers. Some advantages are that new plants are clones of the parent with identical genetics and can tolerate a wide range of growing conditions. Some disadvantages are reduced biodiversity and increased susceptibility to pests and diseases. Naturally vegetatively propagated vegetables include bulbs, rhizomes, stolons and tubers, while artificially propagated ones include cuttings, grafting, and tissue culture.

1. Speaker
Bajrang Bali
M.Sc. Previous Year
Department of vegetable science,
COA, Raipur C.G.

2. What is vegetative propagated vegetables
Propagation :- Increasing the number of plant of a particular species.
Sexual Propagation. By Seed.
Asexual Propagation. Use vegetative plant parts.
Propagation
Vegetative Propagation produce new plant from vegetative parts of the original
plants. Such as the Rhizomes, corms, stolons and tubers.
Advantages
New plant genetic material of only one parent so there essential clone at the plant.
Long growing conditions.
Disadvantages
Biodiversity of species.
Susceptible disease.
Naturally vegetative propagated: Includes bulbs, Rhizomes, stolons and tubers.
Artificially vegetative propagated: Includes cutting, grafting and tissue culture.

3. Introduction
 Common name Potato S.N. Solanum
tuberosum L. Family Solanaceae.
 Major non-cereal food crop, ranks 4th in
production in the world after wheat, maize
and rice.
 Originated in Andean region i.e.
Southern Peru and Bolivia where it is
domesticated 7000-10000 year ago.
 Europeans introduced potato in India
during late 16th century or early 17th
century
 The Great Famine, due to blight in the
1845 which resulted in 1 million Irish
people dying and another 1 million
migrating. Source; Map courtesy A. Mosley

4. Taxonomy & Morphology
• Family Solanaceae
• Important cultivated species.
Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum
Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena
• 2n= 48, autotetraploid.
• Self pollinated crop.
• About 60 cm high culm.
• Green cherry fruits (300 seed in each)
• Potato stolons: lateral stems grow
horizontally.
• Potato tubers: modified stem, initiation
of young tubers at the tip of stolons at 35-
40 DAP, process called
tuberization(Optimum tem. 20ºC).
• Minute scale leaves with buds (eyes).
Fruit
Flower
TuberStolon

5. Area, Production & Productivity
World
Total Production = 368.1 m t
China = 88.9 m t
India = 44.31 m t
Russia = 30.2 m t
India
Area = 2.02 m ha
Production = 44.31 m t
Productivity = 219.6 q/ha
Punjab
Area = 85250 ha
Production = 2.13 m t
Productivity = 249.8 q/ha
1/3 of total produced by
China and India.
Major potato producing states:
U.P., W.B., Bihar, Punjab,
Haryana.
Source: FAO, 2014-15
www.indiastat.com

6. Current Scenario
• India is producing 45.34 m tons (2012-13)
from
• 1.99 m ha at an average productivity of 21.9
t/ha.
• 2.96 m tons (8.5%) of the produce is used as
seed.
• 2.8 m tons (7.5%) of the produce is processed.
• 0.1 m tons are exported
• Post harvest losses are nearly 16% of the total
produce.
www.indiastat.com

7. Propagation
Sexual Asexual
True Potato Seed(TPS) Micro propagation
Meristem Propagation
Tuber Indexing
Seed Propagation

8.  VIRUSES
 Potato Virus X Potato Virus S Potato Virus M
 Potato Virus Y Potato Leaf Roll Virus Potato Virus A
Tuber Indexing by ELISA

9. Clonal field multiplication
100 x 100 cm, 100% tested, individual
harvest
Separate clones in rows in field
100 x 20 cm; rogue; 100% tested in
composite sample; bulk harvest
Breeder seed Stage III and IV, 60X20 cm,
rogue, bulk harvested

10. SYSTEM OF SEED PRODUCTION
Tuber selection and indexing (Nucleus seed)

11. SEED POTATO
• Potato tuber of definite size are
used for further multiplication.
• Should be free from all viral
diseases.
• Should not have been grown in
areas.
where wart, cyst nematode and other
quarantine diseases are endemic.
• Should be either free from soil and
tuber borne diseases or carry them
within permissible limits.
• Should be of proper physiological
age.

12. 1. Seed treatment.
2. Seed rate (25-30 q./ha)
3. Seed size ( 4-6 cm.) or ≥40 gm.)
4. Spacing (60 × 20 cm)
5. Method of planting ( 3-4 cm. depth)
6. Inter-culture (Earthing up etc.)
7. Irrigation
8. Fertilizer management (100-125 N, 80-100P, 100-125K)
9.Weed management
10.Haulm cutting
Different Agronomic practices involved in production of
quality seed potato.

13. True Potato Seed (TPS)
True Potato Seed (TPS) can be
used in 3
ways:-
1. Direct seeding of TPS in the
field.
2. Transplanting TPS derived
seedlings.
3. Planting seedling tubers raised
from TPS.
4. Seed rate required 100-120 g/ha.
Problems:
1. Low germination %age.
2. Heavy weed problems.
3. Slow growth of plants.
4. Dormancy period of 4-6 months.
5. Isolation: 50m.
Given by Dr. S. Ramnujan.

14. IMPACT OF SEED PLOT TECHNIQUE
Advantages Disadvantages
• Quite expensive
•Isolation required
•Non availability
•Transportation
•Lack of awareness
• Requirement non-infested
field from pathogens
• Seed has a high % germination
• Crop has a better rate of
establishment
• Seed has a higher yield
• Seed is true to type
• Fewer pests and diseases
• Easier to market the crop

15. General Seed Certification Standards for Seed
Potato
I. Classification :
1. Hill Plains Seed (HS)
2. Plain seed (PS) 2500m, where low aphid infestation during the crop growing
season.
II. Land Requirements : not infested with wart , cyst forming nematodes, brown
rot within the previous 3 years or common scab.
III. Field Inspection: Minimum 4 inspections :
First inspection:
In the hills- 45 DAP
In Plains- 35 DAP
Second inspection: 60-70 DAP
Third inspection: Immediately after haulms cutting/destruction
Fourth inspection:10 days after haulms cutting/destruction
IV.Isolation: 5 m for FS and CS
V. Isolation for TPS : 200 m.

16. Seed Standards for seed potato
Size Mean length and two widths at the
middle of tuber
Corresponding weight
Hill seed (HS)
Seed size 30mm-60mm 25-150gm
Large size above 60mm above 150gm
Plains seed (PS)
Small size 30 mm- 55 mm 25-125gm
Large size above 55 mm above 125 gm
1. Size based on mean length or weight
2. Permissible limit for non seed size tuber <5.0% (by number)
3. Cut, cracked tubers < 1.0% (by weight.)
4. Greenish pigmentation allowed

17. COMPONENTS OF SEED PLOT
TECHNIQUE
• Systemic granular insecticide at planting/earthing.
• Removal of off types & diseased plants.
• 1-2 sprays of systemic insecticide + Metalaxyl-Mancozeb in Dec- Jan.
• Crop rotation 2-3 yrs.
• Tuber treatment- boric acid.
Source: Seed potato production manual
CPRI,Shimla

18. APHID POPULATION
BUILDUP IN SUB-TROPICS

19. Table 1: Effect of mechanical and chemical treatment on germination, no. of sprouts/
plant and plant height.
Treatment Germination %age No. of sprouts/ plant Plant Height
Control
Whole tuber 88.8 2.9 26.0
Cut tuber 91.7 3.6 26.4
Cut + Incised 93.1 3.8 26.1
Thiourea @ 0.25%
Whole tuber 92.4 3.6 28.2
Cut tuber 95.5 3.7 30.5
Cut + Incised 98.0 5.1 30.1
Thiourea @ 0.50%
Whole tuber 94.2 4.2 29.4
Cut tuber 96.6 4.5 30.7
Cut + Incised 98.6 4.2 30.2
GA3 @ 2 ppm
Whole tuber 100.0 4.6 30.4
Cut tuber 100.0 5.2 32.0
Cut + Incised 100.0 6.1 32.9
GA3 @ 5 ppm
Whole tuber 100.0 4.0 31.6
Cut tuber 100.0 4.8 34.6
Cut + Incised 100.0 5.6 35.9
CD (p=0.05) 1.47 0.55 1.82
Mohan (1993), PAU, Ludhiana
M.Sc. Thesis Pp: 36

20. Potato Research in India
Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla (CPRI)
established in 1949.
It has 7 research centres.
• CPRIC, Modipuram, Meerut (UP)
• CPRS, Jalandhar (Punjab)
• CPRS, Gwalior (MP)
• CPRS, Patna (Bihar)
• CPRS, Kufri-Fagu, Shimla (HP)
• CPRS, Udagamandalam (Tamilnadu)
• CPRS, Shillong (Meghlaya)
All India Coordinated Research Project Potato
(AICRP),1970.
has headquarter at CPRI, Shimla has a nationwide
network of 25
centers (7 CPRI based centers, 17 SAU based centers
and 1 Voluntary center)

21. SWEET POTATO
Botanical name - Ipomoea batatas (L.)
Family – Convolvulacea
2n=6x=90
{Basic chromosome no. (x=15)
Origin: South America.

22. Introduction
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas(L.) locally known as Sakarkand
is one of the popular tuber crops in India and abroad owing to its
yield potential and high calorific value production capacity per
unit of time and area.
Sweet potato has tremendous potential as a food crop and it
rank first among cultivated crop in the developing countries in
terms of edible energy produced per unit area per unit time.

23. Distribution:
 The specialty of this crop to adopt under different
climatic zones confers its wide distribution
ranging from the Tropical America, India, The
Pacific Island, to the subtropical and temperate
zone of Japan ,china, Korea and North America.
Area and Production: China is the biggest grower
of sweet potato in the world. The cultivated area of sweet
potato cultivation in China is about 6.6 million per ha.
Almost 70% of total area under sweet potato cultivation in
world. The productivity is highest in Japan; followed by
Korea and China, Bangladesh, India in general.

24. Origin:
•Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. belongs to
family Convolvulacea (Morning glory).
•Sweet potato originated in or near northwestern South
America around 8000-6000 B.C. Guatemala, Colombia,
Ecuador, and northern Peru have the greatest diversity
in sweet potato germplasm.
•Secondary centers of genetic variability are Papua New
Guinea, the Philippines and parts of Africa.

25. Botany:
Although sweet potato is often treated as an annual crop, the
plant is a perennial vine.
•Each plant produces many trailing stem which seldom rise more
than 45cm above the ground.
•Sweet potato herbaceous creeping or trailing stems (vines) with
short-internodes and semi-erect growth habits with adventurous
roots that end in swollen roots.
•Leaves are spirally arranged along the stem, may be Shouldered,
toothed, entire, deeply, cleft or variously lobed and the petiole
vary in length, thickness degree of erectness. Pigmentation also
varies from green to deep-purple.
•Highly cross pollinated crops Pollinators ; Honey bee, and
bumble bee.

26. BOTANY OF SWEET POTATO

27.  Flowers of Sweet potato
Type of inflorescence : Cymose (Flower colour : White to purple.

28. The hexaploid sweet potato probably derived by
amphidiploids from a tetraploid (2n=60) and a diploid (2n=30)
to produce triploid (2n=45), followed by subsequent doubling
of chromosome to produce hexaploid (2n=90).
I.trifida is thought to be the direct ancestor of sweet potato
and its diploid predecessors is thought to be I.leucantha.
TAXONOMY:

29. Breeding objectives :
The important breeding objectives are:
•High yield with better test and quality
•Early maturity and wider adaptability
•Resistance to disease and pests mainly for sweet potato weevil
•Drought tolerance and better storage and keeping quality
•Processing attributes and nutritional value such as carotene
contain.

30. Breeding method
1. Introduction:
Collection of germplasm from local sweet potato growing areas and
from foreign countries has been the practice since long .
•In India over 1,000, in Bangladesh about 500 and in Sri Lanka around
250 local and exotic germplasm.
2. Clonal Selection:
•Progeny of single plant obtained by asexual reproduction is known as
clone. A procedure of selecting superior clones from mixed population
of asexually propagating crops is referred to as clonal selection.
•This method is very importance of sweet potato.
Achievement
Sree Nadhini: Drought tolerent, Sree Vardhini: Purple skin,
Yellow flesh.
Sree Bhadra.

31. Indira Madhur:
•This variety was developed at Indira Gandhi
Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.)
through clonal selection from the material
received from CIP, New Delhi.
•It has vine length of 100-120cm and having
semi-spreading growth habit.
•It mature in about 110-120 days and on an
average yield 26t/ha fresh tubers.
•It is rich in carotene.
•It is soft and easy to cook having excellent
taste.
•Recommended for cultivation in the state of
Chhattisgarh.
Varieties

32. Other Varieties released from IGKV,Raipur
Resistance breeding for biotic and abiotic
stress:
• Shree Bhadra: Excellent trap crop for root knot nematode.
• Shree Vardhni: This variety is susceptible to sweet potato
weevil.

33. Climatic requirement
 Sweet potato is moderately drought tolerant crop.
 Sweet potato is generally cultivation as a rainfed crop.
 Growing best temperature >24˚C.
 Ideal tem. Tuber formation 20-30˚C.
 Light intensity 18000-40000 Lux.
 Required cutting of 40000-50000/ha.
 Ideal day length flowering 11.5 hrs.
Required cutting for planting in 1 ha. 40000-50000
cuttings/ha.

34. Plant genetic resources:
 CTCRI – Central Tuber Crops Research Institute,
Tiruvanantapuranm (Kerala)
IITA – International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria
AVRDC- Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre,
Taiwan.

35. Elephant Foot Yam
 Scientific name : (Syn:Elephant foot yam) Amorphophallus (Syn:
A. Campanulatus Chromosome No. (2n = 28)
 Common / Local Name : Hindi:Suran, Zamikand.
 Family: Araceae

36. Important Fact
 Perennial plant.
 Smooth corm type have more acridity.
 Economic yield corm and cormels.
 Acridity or irritant of efy is due to calcium oxilate.
 Dormency period of efy 5- 6 month.
 EFY is recommended for pile disease.

37. INTRODUCTION
 Elephant foot yam is a remunerative and profitable stem tuber crop.
 The crop is gaining popularity due to its shade tolerance, easiness in
cultivation, high productivity, less incidence of pests and diseases,
steady demand and reasonably good price.
 Tubers are mainly used as vegetable after thorough cooking.
 Chips are made of starch-rich tubers.
 Tender stem and leaves are also used for vegetable purpose.
 Tubers contain 18.0% starch, 1-5% protein and up to 2 % fat.
 Leaves contain 2-3 % protein, 3 % carbohydrates and 4-7 % crude
fibre.
 Tubers and leaves are quite acrid due to high content of oxalates.
 Acridity is usually removed by boiling fairly for a long time.
 Cultivating of elephant foot yam is limited to India, Philippines, Sri
Lanka and South East Asia.

38. Soil Required
 A rich red-loamy soil with a pH range of 5.5-7.0 is
preferred.
 It is a tropical and subtropical crop.
 It requires well distributed rainfall with humid and warm
weather during vegetative phase and cool and dry weather
during the corm development period.

39. LAND PREPARATION
 After one or two ploughings, pits of size 60 x 60 x 45
cm are made at a spacing of 90 x 90 cm during February.
 For harvesting small to medium sized tubers, distance
between pits is reduced to 60 x 60 cm.
 Pits are half filled with top soil and well dried farmyard
manure @ 2, 0-2, 5 kg/pit and wood ash.

40. VARIETIES
 Sree Padma – Developed at CTCRI, Thiruvananthapuram; yield 42
t/ha
 Gajendra – Developed at APAU, Hyderabad.
 It is non acrid.
 Santraganchi : It is a non acrid varieties.

41. PLANTING
 Amorphophallus is propagated through
corm.
 Corms harvested during November are
stored in well ventilated rooms.
 Before planting during February, the corm is
cut into setts of 750-1000 g, each bearing a
portin of centeral bud.
 Cut corms are smeared with cow dung slurry
or wood ash and allowed to dry in patial
shade.
 Rapid seed corm production technique
suggests use of cormels and mini sett
transplants of 100 g size for planting at a
closer spacing of 45 x 30 cm.
 Planting material is placed vertically in the
pit. After compacting the planted tubers, pits
are covered with organic mulches like green
leaves or paddy straw.

42. NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
 Apply fertilizer @ 40 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 50 kg K2
O/ha 45 days after planting along with mulching and
application of cow dung or compost after receipt of
rains.
 This is followed by digging interspaces and light
earthing up.
 Top dressing is done with 40 kg N, 50 kg K20 again
one month after, along with shallow intercultural
operations like weeding, light digging and earthing
up.

43. WATER MANAGEMENT
 Amorphophallus is mainly grown as a rainfed crop.
 During periods of late receipt of monsoon, a light
irrigation is given during early stages of crop.
 Crop is susceptible to water stagnation. Mulching
immediately after planting is the most important operation
in Amorpohophallus. It not only conserves soil moisture
and regulates soil temperature, but also suppresses weed
growth.
 A plant usually produces a single "stem” In case of more
numbers, it is advisable to remove it retaining only one
healthy one.

44. PEST & DISESE MANAGEMENT
 Amorphophallus is free from major pests and diseases
except collar rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. Water
logging, poor drainage and mechanical injury at the
collar region favour disease incidence. Disease can be
managed by use of disease-free planting material,
removal of infected plants, improving drainage,
application of neem cake in soil, use of bio-control
agents like Trichoderma and drenching soil with
captan 0.2%. Amorphophallus Mosaic Disease
Primary spread is through planting material.
Secondary spread of the disease is through insect
vectors, Myzus persicae Sulz., Aphis
gossypii Glover, A. craccivora Koch. and Pentalonia
nigronervosa coq. Disease symptoms include mosaic
mottling of leaves and distortion of leaf
lamina. Corms produced by the mottled plants are
much smaller than those without mottled leaves.
 Management: Use of virus free planting material,
spraying of systemic insecticides to prevent
secondary spread.

45. HARVESTING
 Underground corms are
harvested with pick axe or
by digging when the top is
completely withered and
fallen.
 Crop will be ready for
harvest in 8-9 months after
planting. However on better
market price, tubers can be
harvested six months
onwards.
 Average yield is 30-40 t/ha.

46. IVY GOURD
 Plant Name Ivy Gourd Scientific Name Coccinia indica.
Family Cucurbitaceae Hindi Common Name
Kundru (कु न्द्रू)Marathi Common Name Tondli (त ॊंडली)

47. Introduction
 Ivy gourd/Coccinia indica is a tropical perennial plant and
belongs to the same family of pumpkin (Cucurbitaceae).
 Ivy gourd also knows as ” baby watermelon, little gourd,
gentleman’s toes” and popularly known as
“Tindora/Tondli/Kundru” in India.
 This vine has aggressive climbing properties and spreads
easily over fences, trees, shrubs, & other supports.
Basically this plant is an outdoor plant and these
vegetables are being used in Indian dishes and their.

48. Improved varieties
 Sulabha, Indira Kundru-5 and Indira Kundru-35.
 Climatic Requirement
 This vegetable crop best in humid and warm climatic
conditions.
 The ideal temperature range of 20°C to 32°C is best for its
growth, quality and good yield.
 This vegetable can be cultivated throughout the year.
However, peak seasons of fruiting are rainy season &
summer.

49. Soil Requirement
 Well drained rich sandy loam soils are best for its cultivation. Heavy
clay soils, acidic and alkaline soils should be avoided. The soil pH of
6.0 – 6.5 results in best yield and quality of the vegetable.
 Land Preparations
 Plough the land/soil until fine tilth is achieved and to kill any weeds.
 Apply any well rotten manure along with micro nutrients.
 Propagation and Planting Method in Ivy Gourd Farming:- Normally
this crop is propagated vegetatively through stem cuttings (in some
areas by seeds, but it takes more than year to establish a plant, if they
are propagated through seeds). The stem cuttings should be semi
hardwood and about 20 cm long with thickness about 2cm.The
stem cuttings should have at least 4 to 6 leaves.2 or 3 cuttings should
be planted about 6 cm deep with basin diameter of 60 cm. The
distance between the basins should be about 2 meters.

50. Season
 The planting should be done before rainy season/monsoon
starts (June to July) or in spring season (Feb to Mar).
 The ratio of female and male plant population in a field should
be 10:1. As the ivy gourd plants are perennial, replanting is
recommended after every 4 years.
 The plant vines should be supported by 2 meter bamboo sticks.
 Application of manures and fertilizers
 Add about 25 tonnes of Farm Yard Manure (FMY) at the time
of land preparation and plantation. The fertilizer N: P: K
requirement is about 60-80: 40-60: 40 kg/ha. Both manures &
fertilizers should be applied every year @ flowering/fruiting
stage.

51. Pruning in Ivy Gourd
 The Tindora plants start fruiting in about 3 months after
planting.
 Once fruiting is completed, the vines should be pruned
leaving about 70 cm long vines. For each plant, about 5 kg
of FYM should be applied after pruning.
 Irrigation
 Irrigate the plants immediately after plantation is done.
 During hot summer season, these plant requires light
irrigation @ 1 week interval. Irrigation may not be
required in rainy season. Using drip irrigation.

52. Weed Control
 In Ivy gourd farming, weeding & light hoeing should be done
during the early phase of plant vine growth.
 Pests and diseases in Ivy gourd
 Aphids, Whiteflies, Mites & Thrips are the main pests found in
Ivy gourd or Tindora cultivation . In latest improved variety
“Sulabha” no major pests and diseases are known.
 Harvesting of Ivy Gourd:- These vegetables comes to
harvesting in 3 months period. Hand picking or sickle is used
to harvest the vegetable. hand picking may damage the vine, so
better use a small cutter to harvest ivy gourd vegetable.
 Yield
 The kundru plant starts flowering after 2 months of planting.
The average yield of 12 to 15 tonnes per hectare can be
obtained with good farm management practices.

53. POINTED GOURD
Trichosanthes dioica
 2n=24
 Origin : India or the Indo-Malayan region
Trichosanthes dioica – microsporogenesis correlated with dioecy (Patel, 1952; Roy et a. , 1982)

54. Origin & distribution
 • It is a tropical vegetable crop
native to India(Indo-Malayan
region).
 • Widely cultivated in Eastern
part of India & plains of North
India from Punjab to Assam.
 • Extensively cultivated all over
Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha
&Assam.
 • Bengal-Assam area is the
primary centre of origin of
pointed gourd.

55. Introduction
 • Among the indigenous cucurbits pointed gourd occupies
an important place.
 • It is a dioecious annual or perennial herbaceous
vegetable, also known as “green potato.
 • Grown widely throughout Asia, Australia &
Bangladesh.
 • Fruits of pointed gourd plant are used as vegetable in
Indian traditional food system for time immemorial.

56. Botanical Classification
 Kingdom - Plantae
 Division - Magnoliophyta
 Class - Magnoliopsida
 Order - Cucurbitales
 Family - Cucurbitaceous
 Genus - Trichosanthes
 Species- dioica
 Botanical name –Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.
 Common name - Pointed Gourd, Parwal.

57. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
 • It is a perennial, dioecious cucurbit grown as vine. Vine are pencil thick in size.
 • Leaves: Dark green, cordate, ovate, oblong, rigid, simple & not lobed.
 • Roots- Tuberous with long tap root system
 viable for approximately 14 hrs.
 • Flowers- Dioecious.
 Flowers are tubular white with 16–19 days initiation to anthesis time for pistillate
flowers and 10–14 days for staminate flowers. Stigma remains viable for
approximately 14 hours and 40–70% of flowers set fruit (Singh et al. 1989)

58. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
 • Calyx - Sepals 5, gamosepalous imbricate activation.
 • Corolla - Petals 5, gamopetalous, margin of each petal ends in hair like
structure special out growth are found on the petal called papilla.
 • Androecium-3 stamens united filaments free.
 • Gynoecium - Superior ovary parietal placentation fruit long more than 20-
30 cm tapering with white and green patulous.
 • Fruits - Globose, oblong, smooth, striped.
 • Seeds - Globose

59. KEY TO GENERA
 Corolla rotate or companulate to the base, petals fimbriate on the
margin.
 Floral biology
 Anthesis = 6-9 p.m
 Pollen viable – 10 hr of before anther dehiscence till the 49 hrs after
dehiscence.
 Stigma receptivity – 7 hrs before anthesis and 51 hrs after anthesis

60. • Nutritional value of pointed gourd (per 100g fresh weight of
edible fruits)
(Singh et al.,1989 & 2001;Choudhury 1996)
 Constituents Amount
 Moisture 92 g
 Protein 0.7 g
 Fibre 3.0 g
 Carbohydrates 2.2 g
 Energy 20 kcal
 Calcium 30 mg
 Phosphorous 40 mg
 Iron 1.7 mg
 Carotene 153 mg
 Thiamine 0.05 mg
 Riboflavin 0.06 mg
 Vitamin C 29 mg

61. USES
 • Immature fruits used as vegetables.
 • Its young leaves are very nutritive & are used as leafy
vegetable.
 • Shoot tips are also consumed.(Anon 1998)
 • Also pickled, used in confectionaries.(Paris & Maynard
2008).
 • Fruits are used in making curry & fried.
 • A famous sweet by putting fruits in sugar syrup is made
in India.

62. Medicinal value
 • It is a very ancient ayurvadic medicinal herb used in
many medicines.
 • Recommended for bronchitis, high fever and
nervousness.
 • Good for curing blood & skin diseases, also purifies
blood.
 • Light & easy to digest, improves digestion strength
 • Have diuretic & laxative properties
 • It is cardiotonic.
 • Balances cough.

63. Based on shape, size & striations fruits can be grouped in to 5
categories
(Singh, 1989)
1) Long, dark green with
white stripes
2) Thick ,dark green with very
pale green stripes,10-16 cm
long
3) Roundish, dark
green with white
stripes, 5-8 cm long
4)Tapering, green &
striped,5-8 cm long
5) Pale-white oval fruits without any markings
In Madhya Pradesh, this cultivar is popular (More & Shinde,2003)

64. Varieties
 Swarna Alaukik
 • It is a HYV. Developed by ICAR research complex for
eastern region Ranchi,Jharkhand.
 • Fruits are 5-8 cm long,solid,thin skin & good for
vegetable as well as preparation of sweets.
 • Average yield is 230-280 q/ha on vertical staking.
 • Recommended for upland & plataeu regions of
Bihar,Gangetic plains of U.P,plains of Odisha &W.B.

65.  Swarna Rekha:
 • A vigorously growing HYV.
 • Developed at ICAR research complex for eastern region
Ranchi, Jharkhand.
 • Fruits are greenish white, 8-10 cm long & tapering to
both sides.
 • Avg. yield 200-300 q/ha on vertical bower system.
 • Recommended for plains & plateau region of Bihar.
 Rajendra parwal-1: Developed at Rajendra Agriculture
University,Samastipur Bihar.
 • Fruits are big sized.
 • Average yield is 140-150 q/ha

66.  Rajendra parwal-2: Developed at Rajendra
Agriculture University,Samastipur,Bihar.
 Fruits are dark green with white stripes.
 Suitable for cultivation in Bihar & U.P.
 Avg. yield 150-170 q/ha
 Faizabad parwal-1: Developed at Narendradev
university of agriculture &
 technology,Faizabad,U.P.
 It produces very attractive green round fruits.
 Avg. yield is 150-170 q/ha
 It is recommended for commercial cultivation in U.P &
adjoining parts of Bihar.

67.  Ches hybrid-1: It is the 1st parwal variety developed in
CHES Bhubaneswar india
 • Fruits are very attractive ,large sized, dark green stripped
weighing about.
 • Avg. yield 280-300q/ha. It is adopted to upland of Bihar,
U.P, Odisha, W.B. & parts of Assam.
 • Resistant to Fruit fly infestation.
 Ches Hybrid-2: It is a high yielding variety produced
dark green stripped fruits.
 • Avg. wt. of each fruit is 25-30g.
 • Avg. yield is 300-400 q/ha.

68.  Chhota Hilli: Fruits are medium sized, oval to spindle
shaped, swollen in middle.
 • Greenish with prominent white stripped ,blunt at the
stalk .
 Dandali: Fruits medium sized, egg shaped, light green.
 • Stalk end dispersed, slightly stripped & group towards
distal end.
 Hilli: Fruits are oblong,length of fruit is avg.9.6 cm &
width is avg. 3 cm.
 • Greenish fruit with white stripe, tapering towards distal
end with disperse neck.

69.  • Konkan Haritha
 • Fruits dark green, 30-35 cm long tapering at both the
ends, yields
 10 -12 fruits per vine.
 Varieties developed from IIVR, Varanasi:
 • IIVR PG-1,IIVR PG-2,IIVR PG-105(seedless).
 •CHPG-15
 • It has been identified as most promising line of pointed
gourd
 • It is tolerant to powdery mildew & Fusarium wilt.

70. Climate and Soil
 Climate
 • Prefers warm, humid climate.
 • Severe cold / frost are unfavourable for plant growth &
development, crop remains dormant during winter.
 • Vigorous growth starts only with the onset of spring.
 Soil
 • Well drained sandy to sandy loam soil with good fertility
 • Does not with stand water logging
 • In W.B. it is commonly grown in river beds.

71. PROPAGATION
 • By vine cuttings & root suckers
 • Seed propagation is avoided due to poor germination &
inability to determine sex of the plants before
flowering(50% plants may be male).
 • Fresh vines with 8-10 nodes per cuttings are suitable for
field planting.
 Prepared cuttings
 Spacing = (2 X 2)m
 Female to male = 10:1

72. Watering to the prepared cuttings

73. FIELD LEVELING

74. PIT PREPARATION

75. Nutrition
 • At the time of land preparation 20-25 tonnes of farmyard
manure per ha is mixed with the soil in the furrows or in
pits.
 • A fertilizer dose of 90kg of N, 60kg of P2O5 and 60kg of
K2O per hectare is advocated to the pointed gourd.

76. PLANTING OF CUTTINGS

77. DIFFERENT METHODS OF PLANTING
 •Lunda and Lachhi method
 •Moist lump method
 • Straight vine method
 •Small rooted cuttings

78. DIFFERENT METHODS OF PLANTING
 Lunda and Lachhi method
 Vines 1-1.5m lomg with 8-9 nodes are folded an “8’’
known as lunda or lachhi and placed flat in the pit
 Pressed 3-5cm deep in the middle in to soil and cover with
fresh cow dung
 Moist lump method 60 -90cm vine circled over a lump of
moist soil leaving both ends free and planting in the pit
leaving both end above the ground.
 Under growing vine develops root and exposed ends give
sprout.

79. DIFFERENT METHODS OF PLANTING
 Straight vine method
 Cuttings are planted end to end horizotally 15cm deep in to
furrows filled with mix of
 FYM and soil
 Small rooted cuttings:
 small cuttings with 3-4 nodes treated with IBA@100 ppm
planted in poly bags contains mix of soil: sand: and FYM at
1:1:1
 Root suckers:
 Roots are uprooted and planted in the mounds
 It is easy and faster method
 Tuber size of 58.53g with appln of NPK 60:60:60 kg /ha

80. Manure & fertilizer
 Manure & fertilizer
 • FYM @20-25 t/ha should be applied to the field at the
time of field preparation before planting of cuttings.
 • Singh et al.(1989) recommended 90:60:40 kg N,P,K/ha
for maximum return.
 Irrigation
 • Pointed gourd requires irrigation at 20 days interval
during winter & 10 days interval during summer for better
crop.

81. Training system

82. Vines trained on trellis system facilitate effective pollination &
luxuriant growth leading to
earlier Flowering & higher yield than flat bed system (Singh
1989;Yadav et al 1989)

83. Bower system

84. TRIANGULAR STAKING SYSTEM
Practical utility of innovation
1-It is low cost as compared to other
trailing system.
2-Increased yield up to 38.1 % over
farmers’ practice.
3-Easy plucking of fruits.
4-Easyness in intercultural operation.
5-Improved quality of fruits as there is
no rotting.
6-Suitable for high rainfall area.
7-Suitable for small and marginal
farmers.

85. POLLINATION

86. USE OF PLANT GROWTH
REGULATORS
 • NAA@ 100-500 ppm also induces parthenocarpy in cv.
White Oval.
 • Application of GA3 @ 40 ppm increases the no. of
female flowers by 20% resulting in increased fruit set by
18.7%.(Basu et al.,1999)
 • Application of silver nitrate @ 1000 ppm induces
hermaphrodite flower.(Hoque et al.,2002)
 • Silver nitrate also induces parthenocarpy.

87. HARVESTING & YIELD
 • Harvesting of fruits is done at mature green marketable
stage i.e. at 15-18 days after fruit set.
 • Harvesting at weekly interval gives more yield.
 • In 1st year: 75-90q/ha but subsequent years yield
increases up to 150-200 q/ha.
 • Pointed gourd produces maximum yield for 3-4 years,
after which -
 • In tropics yielding potential gradually declines.

88. STORAGE
 • Singh (1989) recommended treatment of Pointed gourd
fruits with Waxol (12%) for increasing the shelf-life up to
8 days.
 • In ordinary condition pointed gourd fruits can be easily
kept at room temperature for 3-4 days.

89. Immature fruits
Mature fruits