In India, the conventional potato cultivation methods are not merely enough to solve the issues like high cost of cultivation, disease management and storage of seed tubers. Also, the novel technologies of potato production such as High tech seed production, Microplant based seed production system, Aeroponic based seed production system, Microtuber based seed production system etc. cannot be easily adopted by small & marginal farmers .
Thus, this void of cheap & cost effective , quality efficient method of potato cultivation can be successfully fulfilled by True Potato seed production technique, which comes with some excellent pros of high net profit, high quality produce, transport & storability.
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
Canopy management is a vital part of fruit cultivation. It influences the quality and quantity of fruits. Thus directly or indirectly, it involves farmers benefit and yield increase.
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
Canopy management is a vital part of fruit cultivation. It influences the quality and quantity of fruits. Thus directly or indirectly, it involves farmers benefit and yield increase.
Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus.pptxjana861314
Production technology of Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus from chromosomal level to the harvest and post harvest techniques for the under utilized vegetable crops. Helps to know the pest and disrases of the underutilized crops .this presentation also help to know the nutritional and antinutritional factors present in the underutilized bean and tubers.
Origin, Distribution, Botanical description, Cytogenetics, Genetic resources, Climate and soil, Propagation, Manures and fertilizers, Irrigation, Interculture, Use of PGR, Plant protection, Harvesting, Yield and Storage of Pointed gourd. 2.Glycemic Properties of Trichosanthes dioica Leaves.pptx
3.STUIDES ON h2, GENETIC ADVANCE.pptx
4.Characterization and evaluation of hybrid pointed gourd genotypes.pptx
5.GENETIC VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY AND GENETIC ADVANCE IN.pptx
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptx
TRUE POTATO SEED Production Technique
1. CHANDRA SHEKHAR AZAD
University of Agriculture & Technology
Kanpur 208002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
SST – 599 COURSE SEMINAR
Presentation on
TRUE POTATO SEED(TPS)
Production Technique
BY : A N K I T S I N G H
M.Sc. Ag. II YEAR
ADVISOR : Dr. V. P. Bajpai
Asst. Professor, Department of
Seed Science & Technology.
2. OUTLINE -
Introducing Potato Crop
Origin & History
Area & distribution
Botanical Description
Climate & Season
CONVENTIONAL POTATO PRODUCTION
Limitations
WHAT IS TPS ?
METHODOLGY OF TPS
UTILTY OF TPS
ADVANTAGES (WHY TPS ? )
CONCLUSION
3. Introducing Potato
Crop
• Kingdom : Plantae
• Phylum : Anthophyta
• Division : Magnoliophyta
• Class : Magnoliopsida
• Sub class : Asteridae
• Order : Solanales
• Family : Solanaceae
• Genus : Solanum
• Species : S. tuberosum
• Botanical Name : Solanum tuberosum L.
4. • The potato is a root vegetable crop ,
which is at the top in the category of
most widely consumed Vegetable crops in
the world.
• It a modified stem tuber
of Solanum tuberosum, a herbaceous
perennial plant of nightshade
family Solanaceae.
• It is a starch rich staple food, a
prominent source of vitamin B6 &
Vitamin C, widely cultivated &
consumed in many countries.
Introducing Potato
Crop
5. Centre Of Origin : Tropical South America
PERU TO SPAIN (1565)
SPAIN to ENGLAND (1586)
ENGLAND to EUROPE
EUROPE to INDIA (17th cent.)
Introducing Potato
Crop
IMAGE SOURCE : Beautiful World Travel Guide
6. Introducing Potato
Crop 1st
•CHINA
•99.12 Mt
2nd
•INDIA
•43.77 Mt
3rd
•RUSSIA
•31.1 Mt
PRODUCTION
(Million tonnes)
•WORLD POTATO
PRODUCTION :
376.87 Million
tonnes/Year
DATA SOURCE : www.atlasbig.com
7. • WORLD POTATO
PRODUCTION :
376.87 Million
tonnes/Year
Introducing Potato
Crop
1st
•CHINA
•5,815
2nd
•INDIA
•2,130
3rd
•RUSSIA
•2,030
ACREAGE
(Hectares)
DATA SOURCE : www.atlasbig.com
8. • POTATO PRODUCTION
in INDIA :
56.17 Million tonnes
(2020-21)
Introducing Potato
Crop
1st
• UTTAR
PRADESH
• 15.81
2nd
• WEST
BENGAL
• 15.09
3rd
• BIHAR
• 9.04
DATA SOURCE : www.agricoop.nic.in
PRODUCTION
(Million tonnes)
9. • POTATO ACREAGE in
INDIA :
2,203.03 Hectares
(2020-21)
Introducing Potato
Crop
1st
• UTTAR
PRADESH
• 620.44
2nd
• WEST
BENGAL
• 455.21
3rd
• BIHAR
• 327.58
DATA SOURCE : www.agricoop.nic.in
ACREAGE
(Hectares)
10. Introducing Potato Crop
MAJOR KHARIF POTATO
PRODUCING STATES -
MAJOR RABI POTATO
PRODUCING STATES -
UTTAR PRADESH WEST BENGAL
BIHAR ASSAM
GUJARAT CHATTISGARH
MADHYA
PRADESH
JHARKHAND
PUNJAB HARYANA
MAHARASHTRA
UTTRAKHAND
KARNATAKA
HIMACHAL PRADESH
TAMIL NADU
12. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION -
• Potato tuber is a modified stem with
shortened axis and poorly developed leaves.
• ‘Eye’ of tuber is a leaf-scar rwith a
subtended lateral bud having undeveloped
internodes.
• The underground stem called stolons have
nodes and internodes and grow horizontally
outwards.
• At the end of stolons, tuberisation takes
place from sub-apical region of stolon which
arises from basal nodes of stem below soil
level.
Introducing
Potato Crop
13. CLIMATE & SEASON -
• About 20 °C temperature is good for
tuber formation and it reduces as the
temperature increases.
• Potato is a long day plant, and it takes place
under cool climate and long day conditions
of more than 15 hours light.
• It has a wide range of seasonal adaptability.
In general, it is a summer crop in hills and a
winter crop in plains.
• In Gangetic plains, sowing season is
extended from mid September to mid
January for about four months.
Introducing
Potato Crop
14. CLIMATE & SEASON -
• In Punjab and Western UP, two crops in
succession are taken in same land, first in
September- October and second in
December —January.
• In Nilgiri hills, when winter temperatures
are not too low, three crops are raised
in succession by planting in April, August
and January.
Introducing
Potato Crop
15. Planting Time-
In Plains:
• Early Crop: Third week of September to first
week of October.
• Main crop: First week of October to third
week of October.
• Late Crop: Third week of October to first
week of November
In Hills:
• Potatoes are planted in hills from the third
week of February to second week ofApril.
Introducing
Potato Crop
16. CONVENTIONAL
Potato Cultivation
• In India, basic seed potato is produced by
conventional breeding methods & selection
and further multiplied as per standard seed
plot techniques.
• Some of the popular methods include -
FOUNDATION SEED PRODUCTION
CERTIFIED SEED PRODUCTION
SEED PLOT TECHNIQUE
17. • Low rate of multiplication
• Requires more number of disease free
propagules in the initial stage
• Development of 100% healthy seed
stock from infected material is slow and
time taking
• Progressive accumulation of
degenerative viral diseases in each field
exposure and,
• Many field multiplications of initial
disease-free material (7 years).
LIMITATIONS of
Conventional
Potato Cultivation
19. WHAT IS TPS
TECHNIQUE ?
TRUE POTATO SEED Production Technique :
An Alternative Method
For POTATO Production
IMAGE SOURCE : www.cultivariable.com
20. WHAT IS TRUE
POTATO SEED ?
• True potato seed is the
actual botanical seed
produced by the sexual
reproduction.
• TPS is formed within the
fruits/berries of potato
which remeble tomatoes
in appearance.
IMAGE SOURCE : www.cultivariable.com
21. WHAT IS TRUE
POTATO SEED ?
• True potato seed is a cheap & effective
source of planting material.
• The shortage of good quality tubers
can be easily fulfilled by the use of
true potato seeds.
• The concept of raising potato from
true potato seeds was given by Dr. S.
Ramanujan the founder of Central
Potato Research Institute.
IMAGE SOURCE : www.cultivariable.com
22. TRUE POTATO SEED vs SEED
POTATO?
• True potato seed is the actual botanical seed produced by the sexual
reproduction. TPS is formed within the fruits/berries of potato which
resemble tomatoes in appearance.
• Pre-sprout and cut potatoes used for potato cultivation are called as
SEED POTATO
IMAGE SOURCE : www.cultivariable.com
23. METHODOLY OF TPS Production
1. Selection of Parents
• In the production of hybrid TPS, Solanum tuberosum spp.
tuberosum should be used as female parent, and the Solanum
tuberosum spp. andigena as male parent (Upadhya,1994).
• Parents with the following characters are selected
• High yield potential
• Resistance to major diseases
• Ability to bloom under short day conditions
• Set berries containing high number of bold seeds.
• Progenies with high germination capacity and high yielding
potential.
24. METHODOLY OF TPS Production
2. Planting of HYBRIDIZATION Block
• Plant the male block about a week before planting female
block during the main season in the plains at the spacing
of 60 x 20 cm.
• In the female block, prepare beds of three rows each,
draw 3 rows at 50 cm inter row distance (in hills) and 45
cm inter row spacing (in plains) leaving 80 cm
walking space between two adjacent beds.
• Plant tubers at 15 cm intra-row distances.
• For both parents, tubers of 30 g weight are planted.
25. METHODOLY OF TPS Production
3. FLOWERING -
• The flowering in potato depends on
species, cultivar and environmental
conditions.
• It is known that photoperiods of 18-19
hours are optimal for maximizing
flowering and berry set.
• GA3 sprayed @ 75 ppm at 40 days
after planting was also effective in
flower induction (Lallan Singh, 1993).
26. METHODOLY OF
TPS Production
4. POLLINATION :
Genetic tools used for hybrid TPS production
are;
• 1. Hand emasculation and pollination
(Pollination without emasculation) and
• 2. Use of chemical hybridizing agents.
However, the widely followed method for
TPS production is pollination without
emasculation.
IMAGE SOURCE : www.cultivariable.com
27. METHODOLY OF
TPS Production
5. Berry Set and Harvest
• Berries are ready for harvest after about 6-
7 weeks of pollination.
• Under field conditions, a flowering
plant will produce 20 berries on an average.
• A berry contains about 200
seeds. Upadhya et al. (1982)
reported genotypic variations for
seeds /berry.
• Harvest well developed
and fully riped berries.
IMAGE SOURCE : www.cultivariable.com
28. METHODOLY OF TPS
Production
6. True Potato Seed Processing
• A hand operated reverse screw juice
extractor is used to extract the seed.
• The seed and pulp is treated with 10%
HCL with continuous stirring for 20
minutes.
• The debris is removed by nylon net of
3.13mm mesh size.
• The seed is washed 3-4 times for acid
removal.
IMAGE SOURCE : www.cultivariable.com
29. METHODOLY OF TPS
Production
6. True Potato Seed Processing
• Seed is spread over a thin layer &
dried under shade for 72 hours and
exposed to sunlight for 30 minutes.
• The moisture content is
maintained upto 5-7 %.
7. Grading : Seeds are graded using
sieves of sizes 1/14”, 1/16”, 1/18”, 1/20”
round perforated sieves .
IMAGE SOURCE : www.cultivariable.com
30. METHODOLY OF
TPS Production
8. STORAGE & Packaging -
• The seed is packed in double walled
polythene bags of required thickness.
• Short term storage : Room
temperature, (several months upto 2
years)
• Long term Storage : 6-10degree
Celcius(At 4 degree Celcius, TPS can be
stored for several years without any
loss to germinability).
IMAGE SOURCE : www.cultivariable.com
31. UTILIZATION OF TPS
FIELD SOWING
1
TRANSPLANTING
TO FIELD
2
PLANTING SEED
TUBERS
PRODUCED
FROM TPS
3
Using TPS potato crops can be grown by the following approaches -
32. UTILIZATION OF
TPS -
1. FIELD SOWING
• About 100-200g seeds are
sufficient to cover 1 ha. area
• Suitable for areas with mild
temperatures
• Evenly distributed light rainfall
• It supports good germination &
seedling establishment in the
field.
IMAGE SOURCE : www.sciencedirect.com
33. UTILIZATION OF TPS
-
2. TRANSPLANTING
• TPS can be sown in trays or in
nursery beds.
• Seedling emergence normally
occurs between 8-10days after
sowing.
• However, the seedlings are
ready to transplant in the main
field after 35 days of sowing.
IMAGE SOURCE : www.youtube.com
34. UTILIZATION OF TPS -
3. PLANTING SEED TUBERS
• The first generation of tubers produced
from seedlings of TPS are referred to
as "seedling tubers".
• Small tubers (40 g size) produced in
the seedlings of TPS are also used to
serve as planting material to produce
potatoes for consumption.
• Simultaneosly, seedling tubers cab also
be utilized to increase seed tuber
supply.
IMAGE SOURCE : www.feedipedia.com
35. WHY WE NEED TPS(Advantages) ?
• By using TPS, the entire tuber harvest would become
available for table purpose.
• About 200g of seeds can replace 2tonnes of seed
tubers required for 1 hectare land.
• TPS would minimize the problems associated with
tuber transmitted diseases.
• Seed tubers are perishable & difficult to transport to
distant production areas.
• Transport of TPS is inexpensive and simple.
• No cold storage facility is required for TPS, which is
otherwise needed for seed tubers.
• The heterogeneity of the population derived from TPS
is expected to offer wide genetic diversity and greater
resistance to pathogens. IMAGE SOURCE : www.vecteezy.com
36. Conclusio
n
In India, the conventional potato cultivation
methods are not merely enough to solve the issues
like high cost of cultivation, disease management
and storage of seed tubers. Also, the novel
technologies of potato production such as High tech
seed production, Microplant-based seed production
system ,Aeroponic based seed production
system ,Microtuber-based seed production
system etc. cannot be easily adopted by small &
marginal farmers .
Thus , this void of cheap & cost effective , quality
efficient method of potato cultivation can be
successfully fulfilled by True Potato seed production
technique, which comes with some excellent pros of
high net profit, high quality produce, transport &
storability.
37. Refrences
• CLIP SLIDE TRAINING SERIES III-I, TRUE POTATO SEED,
INTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTRE((CIP).
• Monthly Report Potato,
APRIL 2020, HORTICULTURE STATISTICS DIVISION, Departme
nt of Agriculture, Cooperation
& Farmers Welfare ,MoA & FW, Government of India, India.
• https://www.intechopen.com/journals/novel-potato-
breeding-technologies
• https://vikaspedia.in/agriculture/crop-production/package-
of-practices/vegetables-1/potato
• https://www.cultivariable.com/potatoes-extracting-true-
potato-seed/
• https://www.krishisewa.com/seed-production/1110-
techniques-for-high-quality-seed-potato-production.html
• https://www.atlasbig.com/en-in/countries-by-potato-
production