Seed Dispersal (Reproductive Biology of Angiosperms)MOHITSHARMA70059
Seed Dispersal refers to mobility of seeds from one place to another by several ways. It plays significant role in establishing the species in a new area. It is a miracle that nature has provided seeds with ideal qualities for this phenomenon to occur. Once seeds get detached from its parent plant, it disperses to considerable distances via external agencies, still retaining their viability for long periods. Moreover, withstand the hazards of environment up-to a large extent.
Seed Dispersal (Reproductive Biology of Angiosperms)MOHITSHARMA70059
Seed Dispersal refers to mobility of seeds from one place to another by several ways. It plays significant role in establishing the species in a new area. It is a miracle that nature has provided seeds with ideal qualities for this phenomenon to occur. Once seeds get detached from its parent plant, it disperses to considerable distances via external agencies, still retaining their viability for long periods. Moreover, withstand the hazards of environment up-to a large extent.
Polyembryony is the phenomenon of two or more embryos developing from a single fertilized egg. Due to the embryos resulting from the same egg, the embryos are identical to one another, but are genetically diverse from the parents.
this presentation describes the concept of growth and development of plants in details. it explains different types and phases of growth. it also contain notes on growth rate that ie arithmetic & geometric. Growth curve and growth requirements are also well explained in this ppt. it also define differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation.
Double fertilization is the process found in angiosperms in which out of the two male gametes released inside the embryo sac, one fuses with the egg cell (syngamy) and another fuse with secondary nucleus (triple fusion).
Folk remedies Short training Course on "Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , Boon...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Folk remedies Short training Course on "Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , Boon for Enterprise development March 24th to 26th March 2017 at PFI Peshawar Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan
Polyembryony is the phenomenon of two or more embryos developing from a single fertilized egg. Due to the embryos resulting from the same egg, the embryos are identical to one another, but are genetically diverse from the parents.
this presentation describes the concept of growth and development of plants in details. it explains different types and phases of growth. it also contain notes on growth rate that ie arithmetic & geometric. Growth curve and growth requirements are also well explained in this ppt. it also define differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation.
Double fertilization is the process found in angiosperms in which out of the two male gametes released inside the embryo sac, one fuses with the egg cell (syngamy) and another fuse with secondary nucleus (triple fusion).
Folk remedies Short training Course on "Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , Boon...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Folk remedies Short training Course on "Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , Boon for Enterprise development March 24th to 26th March 2017 at PFI Peshawar Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan
Information shared by M.Ali Lahore for the benefits of society. Get positive feedback after reading and serve the human being just through knowledge/money.You will get reward here and hereafter.Its depends upon you how you will use information for sake of ALLAH.You will be responsible for doing wrongs otherwise ALLAH have created human being for NAIKEE(Good Works).
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this ppt will give very good outlet about jamun its medicinal value with medicinal importance.it also provide information about cultivation practice and post harvest product.
Arid And Semi Arid zone Mediinal Plants A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
New arid zone Mediinal Plants A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Short training Course on "Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , Boon for Enterprise development March 24th to 26th March 2017 at PFI Peshawar
Which is a common trait among all land plantsVascular tissues tra.pdfneetuarya13
Which is a common trait among all land plants?
Vascular tissues transport water and nutrients, and provide support
Seeds facilitate survival and dispersal of the species
Flowers facilitate cross-pollination
The embryo is protected within maternal tissues
The haploid phase of the life cycle is the dominant phase
Flowers facilitate cross-pollination
The embryo is protected within maternal tissues
The haploid phase of the life cycle is the dominant phase
Solution
First we see common traits of land plants and then see listed traits in details one by one:
1. Ability to withstand desiccation. Extant land plants have a cuticle and guard cells.
2. Ability to withstand the effects of more intense radiation, particularly DNA-damaging
radiation. Extant land plants have several compounds in their vacuoles that absorb UV. Since the
vacuole of a plant occupies most of a mature cell, this helps protect the DNA in other organelles.
3. Ability to protect their spores from desiccation. Early land plants have spores that are encased
in a sporopollenin wall. Sporopollenin is a very resistant polymer, resistant to UV and almost
everything including desiccation, squashing, etc. To remove sporopollenin from spores, one boils
them in a mixture of acetic and hydrochloric acid.
4. Ability to move solutions from the ground to portions of the plant that are not in contact with
the ground, and from the photosynthetic portions of the plant to non-photosynthetic portions.
Some land plants do this better than others.
5. Ability to support themselves. Aquatic plants float; terrestrial plants cannot do so. Most
terrestrial plants have lignin in some of their conducting cells. There is some debate as to
whether this was selected for by the advantages of growing tall or the need to protect against
embolism in the conducting cells. Since both are important, it seems most realistic to accept that
both contributed to the success of plants with the ability to manufacture lignin, the tracheophytes
or vascular plants.
6. Ability to acquire the carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis from the atmosphere. This
ability is associated with stomatal cells, specialized cells that surround openings (stomates) in the
outer cell layer of land plants.
Now we see Options given one by one:
Vascular tissues transport water and nutrients, and provide support
Transport of Water and Minerals:
The xylem tissue transports water and minerals. It consists of interconnected vessels and
tracheids organized into continuous conducting tubes stretching from the roots to the leaves.
These tubes carry water and minerals to all parts of the plant.
Plants absorb water from the soil through the root and transport it to the stem, leaves and
flowers. Roots have root hairs that are unicellular, thin-walled outgrowths of the epiblema (skin
of the root).
The root hairs are in close contact with the thin film of water surrounding the soil particles.
There are mineral salts such as nitrates, chlorides, sulphates, phos.
Plants make seeds that can grow into new plants, but if the seeds just fall to the ground under the parent plant, they might not get enough sun, water or nutrients from the soil. Because plants cannot walk around and take their seeds to other places, they have developed other methods to disperse (move) their seeds. The most common methods are wind, water, animals, explosion and fire.
How do angiosperms increase the likelihood that their embryos arc mov.pdfarihantplastictanksh
How do angiosperms increase the likelihood that their embryos arc moved away from the parent
plant? Why does moving the embryos away from the parent plant increase the success of the
embryo?
Solution
Ans:
Angiosperms are the flowering plants and most are terrestrial and all lack locomotion. Gametes
are delicate single cells. For two plants to cross fertilize, there must be a mechanism for the two
gametes to reach each other safely. There must also be a mechanism to disperse their offspring
far enough away from the parent so that they do not have to compete with the parent for light,
water, and soil minerals.
Seeds from the parent plant need to be dispersed away from the plant to allow the seedlings a
chance at survival without having to compete with the parent plant for space, nutrients and
sunlight. Dispersion also allows the species to spread its population across a wider territory to
ensure its continued survival.
Explanation: When too many seeds are planted in the same pot or area, the seedlings tend to be
weaker and more fragile because they have to compete with the other seedlings for resources.
There are several ways in which seeds are dispersed naturally in plants. Gravity is sometimes
sufficient to pull down heavy seeds from tall plants. The seeds then roll away from the parent
plant and begin to grow. Animals also help with seed dispersion. The seeds can have surfaces
that facilitate their sticking to the fur or skin of the animals so they can be transported as the
animal moves around. When animals eat fruit containing seeds, the seeds pass through the
animals\' gastrointestinal tracts unaffected and are excreted at different locations along with
some fertilizer nutrients to help them grow. Some seeds are light enough or have special wing-
like adaptations to allow for dispersal by wind. Other seeds can float in water and move along
with streams to a new location where there are sufficient nutrients and no plants to compete with
for water and sun. Sometimes, seed pods burst with enough force that the seeds get thrown over
a distance to allow the seedlings to grow away from the parent plants. The numerous different
ways in which plants have evolved to perfect their technique of seed dispersion is a telltale sign
of how important it is for seedlings to grow away from the parent plants..
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
11. HYDROCHORY:
Many aquatic (water) and some terrestrial (ground) plant species use
hydrochory, or seed dispersal through water. Seeds can travel for
extremely long distances, depending on the specific mode of water
dispersal. The water lily is an example of such a plant. Water lilies'
flowers make a fruit that floats in the water for a while and then drops
down to the bottom to take root on the floor of the pond. The seeds of
palm trees can also be dispersed by water. If they grow near oceans, the
seeds can be transported by ocean currents over long distances,
allowing the seeds to be dispersed as far as other continents. Mangrove
trees live right in the water. Their seeds fall from the tree and grow roots
as soon as they touch any kind of soil. During low tide, they might fall in
soil instead of water and start growing right where they fell. If the water
level is high, however, they can be carried far away from where they fell.
Mangrove trees often make little islands as dirt and other things collect
in their roots, making little bodies of land.
12. BY WATER
The fruits of most water plants have buoyant, waterproof coverings that
allow them to float and disperse their seeds by water.
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18. ALLOCHORY
Anemochory (wind dispersal) is one of the more primitive means of
dispersal. Wind dispersal can take on one of two primary forms: seeds
can float on the breeze or alternatively, they can flutter to the ground.
The classic examples of these dispersal mechanisms include
dandelions, which have a feathery pappus attached to their seeds and
can be dispersed long distances, and maples, which have winged seeds
(samara) and flutter to the ground
19. BY WIND
Some seeds are enclosed in wing-like husks (with one or two propeller
blades) or fluffy coverings that help them drift some distance away from
the parent plant.
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22. DANDELION SEEDS FLOAT AWAY IN THE WIND. TO MAKE SURE AT
LEAST SOME OF THE SEEDS LAND IN A SUITABLE GROWING PLACE,
THE PLANT HAS TO PRODUCE LOTS OF SEEDS.
25. EPIZOOCHORY:
Seeds can be transported on the outside of vertebrate animals (mostly
mammals), a process known as epizoochory. Plant species transported
externally by animals can have a variety of adaptations for dispersal,
including adhesive mucus, and a variety of hooks, spines and barbs. A
typical example of an epizoochorous plant is Trifolium angustifolium, a
species of Old World clover which adheres to animal fur by means of
stiff hairs covering the seed. Epizoochorous plants tend to be
herbaceous plants, with many representative species in the families
Apiaceae and Asteraceae. However, epizoochory is a relatively rare
dispersal syndrome for plants as a whole; the percentage of plant
species with seeds adapted for transport on the outside of animals is
estimated to be below 5%. Nevertheless, epizoochorous transport can
be highly effective if seeds attach to wide-ranging animals. This form of
seed dispersal has been implicated in rapid plant migration and the
spread of invasive species
26. ENDOZOOCHORY:
Seed dispersal via ingestion by vertebrate animals (mostly birds and
mammals), or endozoochory, is the dispersal mechanism for most tree
species. Endozoochory is generally a coevolved mutualistic
relationship in which a plant surrounds seeds with an edible, nutritious
fruit as a good food for animals that consume it. Birds and mammals
are the most important seed dispersers, but a wide variety of other
animals, including turtles and fish, can transport viable seeds. The
exact percentage of tree species dispersed by endozoochory varies
between habitats, but can range to over 90% in some tropical
rainforests
27. MYRMECOCHORY:
Seed dispersal by ants is a dispersal mechanism of many shrubs of the
southern hemisphere or understorey herbs of the northern hemisphere.
Seeds of myrmecochorous plants have a lipid-rich attachment called
the elaiosome, which attracts ants. Ants carry such seeds into their
colonies, feed the elaiosome to their larvae and discard the otherwise
intact seed in an underground chamber. Myrmecochory is thus a
coevolved mutualistic relationship between plants and seed-disperser
ants. Myrmecochory has independently evolved at least 100 times in
flowering plants and is estimated to be present in at least 11 000
species, but likely up to 23 000 or 9% of all species of flowering plants.
28. SEED PREDATORS,
which include many rodents (such as squirrels) and some birds (such as
jays) may also disperse seeds by hoarding the seeds in hidden caches.
The seeds in caches are usually well-protected from other seed
predators and if left uneaten will grow into new plants. In addition,
rodents may also disperse seeds via seed spitting due to the presence
of secondary metabolites in ripe fruits.
29. SECONDARY ZOOCHORY:
Secondary dispersal by animals: Seeds may be secondarily dispersed
from seeds deposited by primary animal dispersers. For example, dung
beetles are known to disperse seeds from clumps of feces in the
process of collecting dung to feed their larvae.
30. ANTHROPOCHORY: DISPERSAL BY HUMANS
Dispersal by humans (anthropochory) used to be seen as a form of
dispersal by animals. Recent research points out that human dispersers
differ from animal dispersers by a much higher mobility based on the
technical means of human transport. Dispersal by humans on the one hand
may act on large geographical scales and lead to invasive species
31. BY ANIMALS / HUMANS
Animals often serve as seed carriers. Seeds (with sticky hairs, bristles,
hooks, or barbs) are transported by sticking to the fur of animals or on
the clothing of human beings.
Birds and other animals eat the fleshy fruits and discard the seeds or they
may eat both but the seeds are not digested and are passed out with
their droppings, often far away from the parent plant.
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44. THE KERERŪ IS IMPORTANT IN THE SEED DISPERSAL OF LARGE NATIVE
BERRIES IN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS. TREES SUCH AS THE KAWAKAWA RELY
ON NATIVE BIRDS FOR SEED DISPERSAL