The document reports on a geological field mapping exercise conducted by a group of students in Oyo State, Nigeria. It includes an introduction, objectives, description of the study area location and accessibility. The dominant rock types identified are granite and gneiss. Structural features like folds, fractures, joints and veins were observed. Mapping tools used included a compass, GPS, hammer and sample bags. Economic minerals identified include quartz, feldspar and mica. The rocks have potential uses in construction. A geological map and cross-section of the study area are presented.
Geological sample preparation is a vital stage in the analytical process, given the highly variable nature of mineral samples. The purpose of sample preparation is the production of homogeneous sub-sample, representative of the material submitted to the laboratory.
Geological sample preparation is a vital stage in the analytical process, given the highly variable nature of mineral samples. The purpose of sample preparation is the production of homogeneous sub-sample, representative of the material submitted to the laboratory.
Historical geology Is the branch which deals with the history of the rocks of the earth’s crust with special emphasis on their approximate time of formation and the climate changes they have undergone since their formation.
ELEMENTS OF CORRELATION, STRUCTURAL FEATURES, METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION ,
Three principle kinds of correlations
A pumping test is a field experiment in which a well is pumped at a controlled rate and water-level response (drawdown) is measured in one or more surrounding observation wells and optionally in the pumped well (control well) itself; response data from pumping tests are used to estimate the hydraulic properties of aquifers, evaluate well performance and identify aquifer boundaries.
Afipko Field Mapping | Okoye David IkechukwuDAVID OKOYE
The environment of Ebonyi state especially Afikpo, lies between latitude 5degrees, 53minutes and 5degrees, 55 minutes, and longitude 7degrees, 53 minutes and 56 minutes. The area under study has mainly sedimentary environment which is geologically situated within Afikpo syncline which is a part of the lower Benue trough. The area comprises of the Ezeaku formation which is turonian in age, Amasiri sandstone, Ezeaku siltstone and Ezeaku shale. These formations are characterized by lithofacies like shale siltstone sandstone, generally dipping southeast. The basic sedimentary structure found there are planar beddings, cross beddings, biogenic structures, joints etc. The drainage pattern is dentritic and comprises of rivers, springs and streams. Paleontological analysis revealed the presence of fossils like Orphiomophia. Among other geologic features in the area of study.
Historical geology Is the branch which deals with the history of the rocks of the earth’s crust with special emphasis on their approximate time of formation and the climate changes they have undergone since their formation.
ELEMENTS OF CORRELATION, STRUCTURAL FEATURES, METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION ,
Three principle kinds of correlations
A pumping test is a field experiment in which a well is pumped at a controlled rate and water-level response (drawdown) is measured in one or more surrounding observation wells and optionally in the pumped well (control well) itself; response data from pumping tests are used to estimate the hydraulic properties of aquifers, evaluate well performance and identify aquifer boundaries.
Afipko Field Mapping | Okoye David IkechukwuDAVID OKOYE
The environment of Ebonyi state especially Afikpo, lies between latitude 5degrees, 53minutes and 5degrees, 55 minutes, and longitude 7degrees, 53 minutes and 56 minutes. The area under study has mainly sedimentary environment which is geologically situated within Afikpo syncline which is a part of the lower Benue trough. The area comprises of the Ezeaku formation which is turonian in age, Amasiri sandstone, Ezeaku siltstone and Ezeaku shale. These formations are characterized by lithofacies like shale siltstone sandstone, generally dipping southeast. The basic sedimentary structure found there are planar beddings, cross beddings, biogenic structures, joints etc. The drainage pattern is dentritic and comprises of rivers, springs and streams. Paleontological analysis revealed the presence of fossils like Orphiomophia. Among other geologic features in the area of study.
Granomeric Analysis of Mamu Formation and Enugu Shale around Ozalla and Its E...iosrjce
The study area lies within the Anambra Basin which geologically made up of Enugu Shale and
Mamu Formation. This study aimed at determining the geology and depositional environments of these
Formations through field relationship and grain size distribution as well as morphometric studies. The field
data shows Enugu Shale as fissile, light grey with extraformational clast which graded into Mamu Formation
which is made up of alternating sequence of shale, siltstone, mudstone, coal and sand, it shows a fluctuating
environment. The granulometric study of sand member of Mamu Formation shows characteristic very well
sorted, fine to medium grains which were deposited in relatively turbulent well aerated marine environment
probably above wave base. The bivariate and the multivariate results reveal Aeolian/shallow marine deposit.
The fissility of Enugu Shale suggests that it was deposited in low energy environment, distal to proximal lagoon
environment and the presence of extraformatonal clast indicates fluvial incursion. However, it can be concluded
that Mamu Formation was deposited in fluctuating environment ranging from an oxygenated shallow marine to
acidic swampy environment. Hence is paralic Formation.
Subsurface Models of Abitumen-Rich Area near Ode-Irele, Southwestern Nigeria.iosrjce
Subsurface geophysical investigation around Looda village, near Ode-Irele was carried out with the
principal objective of evaluating the depth to the bituminous sand and its thickness with a view to suggesting
better environmentally compatible exploitation technique.Electrical resistivity survey using the Schlumberger
array was employed to generate subsurface models. 13 VES points along three (3) traverses were established in
the study area with manual curve matching followed by Computer iteration of the vertical electrical sounding
(VES) data. A careful study of the results, together with the knowledge of the Stratigraphy of the area was used
to develop the subsurface models.Two distinct models were generated. The first model generated is
characterised by a thin top soil (less than 1m thick) comprising the overburden underlain by dry sand (1.0m -
4.6m thick) which overlies bituminous sand horizon (6m -19m thick). This horizon is underlain by sandy silty
clay. The second model generated is defined by top soil (0.5m -1.8m thick) underlain by bituminous sand
horizon (2.5m -14.8m thick) which overlies saturated sand (1.9-11.3m thick). A fairly impervious sandy silty
clay layer underlies this aquifer.Huge deposit of heavy oil sand with thickness ranging from about 2.5m to
19.0m was observed between a depth of about 0.5m and 5.4m in the study area. This depth is relatively shallow
andcan be exploited preferably by open cast mining. However, precaution must be taken to prevent burst out
and contamination of the aquifer sandwiched between the bituminous sand and sandy clay horizons in some
locations during exploitation.
Application of Geophysical and Remote Sensing Techniques to Delineate Laterit...Premier Publishers
Application of geophysical and remote sensing techniques was used to delineate lateritic bauxite zone in Orin Ekiti, Southwestern Nigeria. Three basic methods were employed to qualitatively define and identify plausible areas or zones of bauxite ore deposit within the study area. The remote sensing data utilized for the study were the Landsat (ETM) image and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data in Digital Elevation Model (DEM) image. From the processed remote sensing data, features like topography, vegetation, settlements, and rocks which are all favourable features for bauxite formation were all observed and delineated. The use of magnetic method through the use of high resolution aeromagnetic data (HRAD) of sheet 224, enables different enhancement magnetic maps to be generated. These maps were used to define boundaries, contacts and edges of different rock types within the study area, and the production of a mineralization potential map for the study area. Three major rock types were identified and mapped, these are magmatite, granite gneiss and charnockite rocks. Charnockite rocks which are considered as parent rock for bauxite have low magnetic susceptibility values; therefore, zones of low magnetic susceptibility are mapped, with values ranged between -92.4 nT to -56.9nT, observed at central part trending in the east to west, and also in the northwestern and southwestern parts of the study area. Five traverses were established for electrical resistivity imaging (ERI). Bauxite being a weathered product of charnockite rock, zones of its existence is expected to have high resistivity values. So, along the five traverses, zones of high resistivity values were mapped as bauxite zones, having value ranged between 600 Ωm to 101404Ωm, and occurred within the depth ranged between 0 (surface) to maximum depth probed (15m). All the techniques adopted in the investigation showed the bauxite deposits within the study area are surficial or near-surface occurrence.
Geotechnical Investigation of Soil around Arawa-Kundulum Area of Gombe Town, ...iosrjce
This Project work involves the investigation of soil at Arawa- Kundulum area in Gombe town of
North Eastern Nigeria. The study area is a newly developing part of Gombe town but has been defaced by
cracks on buildings, and this calls for appropriate geotechnical investigation of soils of the area. Soil samples
were collected from eight (8) different locations within the study area. At each trial pit, four (4) samples were
collected at intervals of 0.5m, 1.0m, 1.5m and 2.0m depths below ground level and were investigated for their
Geotechnical properties with a view to classifying for their suitability or otherwise for infrastructural
development. The geotechnical tests carried out on these samples include: Natural moisture content, Specific
gravity, Physico-chemical tests, Particle size distribution (Sieve analysis), Atterberg limits and Compaction
tests. All these tests were carried out using the BS 1377, (1990) Parts 1 - 9 specification. Based on the test
results obtained from the study area, comparison were made with some standard specifications and it was
revealed that the soil samples are clayey soils which are unsuitable for most engineering construction because
they have poor bearing capacities. However from the investigation above, the main geotechnical problems that
affect design and engineering structures are found to be presence of expansive soil composed of silt and clay
with high plasticity index. This soil is therefore not recommended for Engineering purposes. In the event of
siting a building project, the soil should be stabilized before embarking on the project
Advances in Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Research _ Vol.3, Iss.2 A...Bilingual Publishing Group
Geochemical Classification and Geotectonic Setting of Granitic Gneisses from Southeastern Margin of Western Nigeria Basement
Assessment of Geologic Controls of Flooding in Parts of OBIO/AKPOR L.G.A., Rivers State, Nigeria
Comparison of U-spatial Statistics Method with Classical Statistics Results in the Determination of Geochemical Anomalies of Epithermal Gold in Khoshnameh Area, Hashtjin, Iran
Mineralogical and Geochemical Assessment of Clay Properties of Edda, Afikpo Sub Basin Nigeria for Possible Use in the Ceramics Industry
Importance of Instrumentation in Hydropower Projects
Paleoenvironment and Provenance Studies of Ajali Sandstone in Igbere Area, Af...theijes
The stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Ajali Sandstone successions in Igbere area,Afikpo Basin were studied in order to determine plaeoenvironmental setting and sourcemodel of the deposits. The studied deposits consist of five lithofacies namely: pebblysandstone facies, cross-bedded, laminated, bioturbated sandstone facies and mudstonefacies. Paleoenvironmental interpretation based on facies associations and sedimentarystructures revealed tide-influenced fluvial deposits, while inferences from bivariate plotsof calculated univariate parameters indicated fluvial deposits. The granulometricanalyses of the sediments indicated a predominantly moderately sorted, medium-grainedsandstone with some poorly sorted populations. The kurtosis ranged from mesokurticthrough leptokurtic to extremely leptokurtic sand populations and generally with somesymmetrical, positive and negative skewness. This result is suggestive of a sandpopulation with different tails, especially for the facies representing the poorly sortedpopulations. The sandstone in the area is essentially quartz sandstone or quartz arenitebased on petrographic analysis. The relative abundance of the framework elements (Q96, F 0 and R 4) suggests super-mature sand with a maturity index 19.0. Themineralogical and textural maturity of the sandstone therefore, indicated a polycyclicdeposit. This together with the constituent heavy minerals and paleocurrent directionsinferred that sources of detritus were from both the uplifted continental pluton and old sedimentary domain, respectively. The Crystalline Basement rocks of both theCameroon and Adamawa Highlands, the Oban Massif and western Nigeria Ilesha Spuron the one hand and the Abakaliki Anticlinorium on the other hand both satisfied suchsource models for the post-Santonian Ajali quartz–sand deposit.
The geologic investigations of rocks around Angwan Madaki and its environs, N...Premier Publishers
The studied area lies within Latitude 8⁰41'40''N and 8⁰52'40''N and Longitude 8⁰41'10''E and 8⁰45'10''E within the North Central Nigerian Precambrian Basement Complex. It is bordered by Angwan Mission in the North, Konva in the West, River Arikiya in the South and Farin Ruwa in the south East. The rock types include the Precambrian gneisses; granite and porphyroblastic gneiss, banded gneiss and migmatites with characteristic pegmatites and vein intrusions. These rocks experienced various tectonic episodes which resulted to their different structural styles such as mineral lineation, foliation, jointing, veins, faults, dykes and minor folds. The geological mapping of the area reveals five (5) dominant lithologic units namely; migmatites, banded gneiss, granite and porphyroblastic gneiss, older granites and dolerite respectively. Systematic structural mapping of the area also confirmed the preponderance of different folds such as crenulation fold and ptygmatitic fold. Other structures such as dykes, joints, quartz-veins, fractures and micro-faults were detected on the rocks. The overall result showed that the studied area is a manifestation of Pan African deformation as revealed by the magnitude and style of the folding and other structural features of rocks in the area. Petrographic studies also reveal the mineral assemblages and structural features that were key in identifying these rock types.
Integrated Geophysical Studies Over Parts of Central Cross River State for th...iosrjce
A total of 71 Vertical Electrical Soundings were carried out using Schlumberger electrode
configuration for the evaluation of groundwater potential in parts of central Cross River State, Nigeria.
Interpretation of data showed three to six geoelectric layers. Productive shallow and deep aquifer zones were
identified at depths of 60 m and 150 m respectively, corresponding to a resistivity range of 100-500 Ωm for
shallow aquifers and 1000-2500 Ωm for deep aquifers respectively. The lithologic data of the aquifers revealed
sand/sandstone and very coarsed grained sand/fractured basement, respectively. Seismic refraction survey was
also carried out within the same study area for the foundation study of rocks. The studies revealed an average
thickness of 4.5 m (probably sand/clay) and 10.0 m (probably gravelly sand/shale) for the first and second
layers respectively. The range of velocities for the first three layers are 602 m/s to 960 m/s, 378 m/s to 2,424 m/s
and 1,587 m/s to 5,368 m/s, respectively, indicating that the soils in the area are not homogeneous. It is inferred
from the relative high values of calculated elastic constants in most of the locations, that the soils are well
consolidated and as such suitable for large engineering construction in such locations, while in the rest of the
locations the soils are considered unconsolidated and unsuitable for large construction work due to the relative
low values of the elastic constants.
Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential in Rufus Giwa Polytechnic...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Lithofacies Analysis and Petroleum Potentials of Parts of Ikom-Mamfe Embaymen...Premier Publishers
An integrated study involving detailed lithofacies analysis and source rock evaluation were carried out to reconstruct the paleoenvironment and assess the petroleum potentials of the Ikom–Mamfe embayment, southeastern Nigeria. Sedimentological field mapping involving detailed description of lithologic characteristics and facies characterisation was carried out. Geochemical studies were carried out to determine the quantity of organic matter total organic carbon (TOC), soluble organic matter (SOM), the organic matter quality (organic matter type) and level of maturity. Results show that the dominant vertical succession of the various lithofacies indicate a general finning upward succession with basal massive pebbly sandstone, medium to coarse grained sandstones with intercalation of shale and mudstones. Seven lithofacies A to G, were identified. These include: conglomerates, massive pebbly sandstone, trough cross-bedded sandstone, planar cross-bedded sandstone, shale/mudstone facies. These facies were compared with established standard facies association for determining paleoenvironment of deposition. The facies analysis carried out pointed to fluvial (alluvial – braided) depositional system as the environment of deposition. TOC values range from 0.05 – 4.13 wt% indicating poor to excellent and SOM range from 200 – 6000 ppm indicating also poor to excellent. The amount of pyrolizable carbon derived as S1 and S2 peaks suggested that the source rocks possess organic matter capable of generating hydrocarbons. Hydrogen and oxygen indices (HI and OI) ranged from 0.24 to 656 and 0.53 to 61.90 mg/gTOC respectively. Analyses of the evaluated source rock shows that the hydrocarbon potential of the study area is lean and typically of a reworked terrestrial deposit of fluvial depositional system.
Base Metal Mineralization in the Precambrian Rocks of Okemesi-Ijero Area, So...Scientific Review SR
The evaluation of base metals in the bedrocks of Okemesi / Ijero area, southwestern Nigeria has
been carried out to assess their potentials, level of accumulation and enrichment. The methodology included
systematic geological and geochemical mapping of the rocks using grid-controlled sampling method at a
sampling density of one sample per 500m. Ten rock samples were collected at different locations of the study
area. The results obtained showed that the major oxides such as SiO
2, Al2O3, TiO
2,
Fe
2O3, MnO, MgO, CaO,
Na2O, K2
O and P2O5 were detected in variable proportions. While SiO2 varied between 70.59% and 98.70%,
Al2O3 ranged between 15.73% and 0.61%. There is abundance of barium (Ba), silver (Ag) and gold (Au) with
concentration values of 1.6-9.8, 1.24-7.1 and 0.05-10.00 ppm respectively. Base metals such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Bi
and Cr enrichment factors and their geo-accumulation index indicates moderately significance to very high
enrichment of Cu (10 – 70%) , Pb (20 – 40%) and Bi (10 – 40%). The geo-accumulation indices suggest
geogenic concentration of the base metals in the host rocks rather than anthropogenic inputs. The PCA elements
loaded Au, As, Ag, Pt and Os on the same factor and they are pathfinder elements of Gold. Correlation
coefficients indicate strong positive correlations between the elements. This implies that they are strongly related
and therefore of the same source, also suggesting geogenic sources.
Sedimentology and Paleoenvironment of Deposition of the Deba-Fulani Member of...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The sedimentology and paleoenvironment of the Deba-Fulani Member of the Pindiga Formation were investigated on the basis of their grain size distribution. Granulometric analysis has indicated that the samples are generally well to moderately sorted with skewness values ranging from negatively to positively skewed which may indicate influence of both marine and fluvial conditions. Bivariate plot relationships of standard deviation vs. mean, standard deviation vs. skewness, first percentile vs. mean also indicated both fluvial and marine setting for the middle part of the Pindiga Formation member. However, most of the bivariate plot showed dominance of fluvial environment. The probability curve plot shows a prevalence of three-sand population curves which are usually associated with wave processes indicating marine conditions for most part of the Deba-Fulani Member.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
Group 4 presentation 2019
1. OLABISI ONABANJO UNIVERSITY
PMB 2002, AGO-IWOYE, OGUN STATE.
GEOLOGICAL FIELD MAPPING REPORT WRITING
GEY 316
PRESENTED
BY
GROUP 4
SUBMITTED TO
EARTH SCIENCE DEPARTMENT,
FACULTY OF SCIENCE,
OLABISI ONABANJO UNIVERSITY.
25TH OF OCTOBER 2018
2. S/N NAMES MATRIC NO
1. BENEDICT DEBORAH M. SCI/16/17/0407
2. AMBALI AKEEM A. SCI/16/17/0303
3. OLUWOLE DAVID SCI/16/17/0871
4. OLASOJI IYANUOLUWA A. SCI/17/18/0849
5. AFOLABI BEULAH I. SCI/16/17/0190
6. OGUNYEMI TOLANI J. SCI/16/17/0749
7. OBIEKE MERCY N. SCI/16/17/0666
8. AKANBI FATIMAT O. SCI/16/17/0238
9. OKWENDO GODSPOWER SCI/15/16/1280
10. KAMORU NURUDEEN O. SCI/16/17/0577
3. INTRODUCTION
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY
GENERAL PHYSIOGRAPHY CHARACTER OF THE STUDY AREA
PREVIOUS WORK
GEOLOGY OF NIGERIA
PRESENT WORK
GEOLOGY HISTORY OF THE STUDY AREA
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED IN GEOLOGICAL FIELD
MAPPING
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
ECONOMY GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
4. Geologic map is a map that shows the aerial distribution of
various rock types of different ages. It usually consist
topographical map (a map giving information about the earth
surface) which is shaded or colored to show where different
rock unit occur at or just below ground or earth surface.
Geological field mapping is a process of selecting an area of
concern and identifying all the geological aspect of that area
with the purpose of preparing a geological report and a map to
summarize the report. Geological field mapping have been
found more useful in many geological aspect .
5. OBJECTIVES
Identification and description of the rock types in the
study area
Identification of the structures present in the rocks
studied
Identification of minerals present in the rock in the
study area
To obtain rock samples for petrographic studies
To deduce the usefulness of rocks in the area for
economical and other purposes
To train students in the technique employed in the
geological field mapping.
To investigate the geologic and tectonic history of the
study area
6. The study area is located in Ibarapa east region of Oyo state,
Nigeria. Lying between latitude 7⁰ 33’ 00’’ - 7⁰ 35’ 00’’N and
longitude 3⁰ 24’ 00’’ - 3⁰ 26’ 00’’E. The study area is accessible
by a major road that connects it with other part of the state and so
many minor road and foot path. Places within the study location
include; AGASA,ABA-IJESHA,ALARIWO,AND OHU. The
study area falls within the Basement Complex of Nigeria.
7.
8.
9. RELIEF
The area mapped is an area of high relief towards the eastern region of the map
and low terrain at western region. The area has highlands with the highest
elevation of 209.8m above sea level.
CLIMATE
The climate of the study area is moderately hot ,humid tropic climatic zone of
southwestern of Nigeria. There are two types of climates namely the rainy and
dry season. The rainy season which takes the period from March/April to
October/November and the dry season with the period from
October/November to March/April. These influence two air masses. The dry
dusty continental air mass (CT) or the North-East trade wind emanating from
the northern part of Africa and the west tropical maritime air mass (MT) or the
south west Monsoon from the Atlantic ocean in the south (Oguntoyinbo 1978,
Adebayo 1986, Akanni 1992).
10. VEGETATION
The vegetation of the study area is more of tropical rain forest and
is characterized by shrubs, thick dry grasses. The area studied has
a dense vegetation cover.
The vegetation of the area is denser than it was as at the time of
the production of the Topographic map
Crop such as cassava, maize, and fruits such as cashew, mango
etc. are the major agricultural produce
Soils in the area are varied according to the geological history and
soil formation in different localities.
HUMAN ACTIVITIES
The major activities of the mapped area include farming majorly
cassava and cocoa plantation, nomadic farming, hunting, and some of
the rocks has undergone human activities as a result of physical
weathering such as using of sledge hammer and mechanized tools for
breaking of the rocks.
11. A previous work for papers have been shown that many
studies have been carried out on the geological mapping and
structural analysis of rocks in southwestern Nigeria, and even
Nigeria at large e.g Folorunso et al; 2013 etc.
Folorunso et al; 2013 carried out Geological Mapping,
Petrological study and structural analysis of pre Cambrian
basement complex rocks in part of OYO STATE southwestern
Nigeria. The work involved intensive geological mapping. The
type of rocks found are granite, porphyritic granite, gneiss,
granite gneiss, migmatites and many more, the study concluded
that the mineralogical assemblages of those rocks are Quartz,
micas, hornblende, feldspars and others.
However, this study is aimed at identifying and describing both
the geological classification and mechanical components of it
outcrops and to deduce the usefulness of the rocks for
economical embracement.
12. Nigeria lies approximately between latitudes 8O and 140N and
Longitudes 4Oand 14OE, within the Pan African mobile belt in
between the West African and Congo Cratons. It covers a
surface area of approximately 923,768sq.km and bounded to
the south by the southern Atlantic Ocean, North by chad
republic, east by Cameroun republic and on the west by Benin
republic.
The geology of Nigeria is made up of three major litho-
petrological components, namely:
The Basement Complex
Younger Granites
Sedimentary Basins
13.
14. The area mapped include some villages and forest that is
on the area given to be mapped, It takes a period of about
7days which started on TUESDAY 15TH OCTOBER to
WEDNESDAY 23RD OCTOBER 2019 .The
Geological Field Mapping was carried out systematically
and we were able to achieve the following which include;
Identifying the rock types present in the area, Identifying
structures present in the rock units, Identifying the
minerals present in the rock units observed, Constructing
the geologic and Tectonic history of the area and
Collection of rock samples for petrographic studies.
15. There are basically two types of rocks in the area of study of
latititude 7⁰ 33’ 00’’ - 7⁰ 35’ 00’’N and longitude 3⁰ 24’ 00’’ -
3⁰ 26’ 00’’E which are granite and gneiss. Granite being the
oldest was formed about 6million years ago during Pan
African Orogeny which later metamorphosed by regional
metamorphism then lead to the formation of Gneiss and
banded gneiss after several years. The entire outcrop visited in
the study area exhibit either light or dark colour (Leucocratic
or mesocratic).The entire outcrops in the study area experience
physical, chemical and biological weathering, tentative names
were given to the outcrops according to their
texture,colour,grain size and the visible mineral present.
17. Fig 5. Picture showing solution cavities as a result of chemical weathering on
one of the outcrop in the study area.
18. The equipment used during the course of the geological field
mapping includes the following:-
Topographical Maps
Compass Clinometer
GPS (Global Positioning System)
Geological hammer
Sample bags
Measuring tape
Field notebook
Paper Tape
Camera
Chisel
19. Structural geology is concerned with deformation structures and
processes occurring in rocks due to tectonic forces. It include
studies of the forces that produces rock deformation. These
structures include
Folds
Fracture
Joints
Veins
Intrusions
Solution cavity
20. Folds are wave like structure that are produced by deformation of bedding,
foliation or other planar surfaces in the rocks and behave in a ductile manner.
Fig 6. Picture of an outcrop showing Folds
21. Fractures are points of discontinuity with limited displacement,
two main types of fracture are Joint and Fault.
Fig 7. Picture showing a type of fracture (Fault)
22. Joint is fracture in rock along which there has been no
displacement.
Fig 8. Picture showing joint on the rock of
the study area
23.
24. Faults are fracture in rock along
which there is a discernable
displacement.
.Fig 10. Picture showing a
type of fault on the rock in
the study area
25. Vein is a distinct sheetlike
body of crystallized minerals
within a rock.
Fig 11. Picture showing a
cross cutting vein on the rock
in the study area.
26.
27. Intrusion is any formation of
intrusive igneous rock which
forms when magma cools and
solidifies before it reaches the
surface.
Fig. 13. Picture showing Quartz
intrusion on the rock in the
study area.
28.
29. They are rock fragment
enveloped in a body of rock.
Fig 15. Picture showing
Xenolith on the rock of the
study area.
30. Foliation refers to repititive layering in metarmorphic rocks and it
have a sheet-like structure.
Fig 16. Picture showing foliation
on the rock in the study area.
31. Economic geology is concerned with earth materials
that can be used for economic and/or industrial
purposes. The prominent minerals found in the study
area include Quartz(SiO2),Feldspar(KAlSi3O8-
NaAlSi3O8-CaAlSi2O8),Muscovite(KAl2
(AlSi3O10)(OH)2),Biotite (K (Mg,Fe)3(AlSiO10)(OH)2).
The granite and gneiss in the study area can be used in
the construction of roads, bridges, buildings, as a gem
stone, for decoration etc. and this will serve as a
means of revenue generation
32. The study area is a basement complex area composed of
the following rock types from youngest to the oldest,
Gneiss, porphyritic to Granite. It is hoped that further
research work on outcrops of part of Eruwa (Agasa)
Southwestern Nigeria; including, geochemical,
geotechnical, isotopic and geothermobarometric studies
will throw more light on the evolutionary history, tectonic
setting and economic significant mineral of the rock units
of the study area.
33. .
Omosanya et al, Introduction to Geological Field Mapping (Field Guide and Notes);
Oyawoye, M.O.(1972): The basement complex of Nigeria in African Geology, Ibadan 1970.
Folorunso et al; (2013) carried out Geological Mapping