- The rapid sand filter must treat 10 million liters of raw water per day, allowing 0.5% of filtered water for backwashing.
- Assuming a filtration rate of 5000 liters/hour/square meter and half an hour per day for backwashing, the required filter area is calculated to be 85.5 square meters.
- To allow for one filter to be taken offline for backwashing, the design calls for two filter beds, each with an area of 85.5 square meters.
Sedimentation is an effective techniques involved for treatment of waste water . Various sedimentation techniques are employed world wide for the purpose.
Plain sedimentation is the simplest technique involving quiescent settling or storage of water, such as would take place in a reservoir, lake, or basin, without the aid of chemicals, preferably for a month or longer, particularly if the source water is a sewage-polluted river water.
This presentation covers various plain sedimentation tanks & design considerations of the same .
If you like it ,Please press the thumb up button & donot forget to give your feedback in comments section, it would be extremely valuable . Any query ? Feel free to post in comments section. All the best ! Enjoy !
Deals with primary sedimentation tanks for the primary treatment of sewage. settling column test, settling profile graph construction and use of the settling profile graph for the design of primary sedimentation tank. both circular and rectangular settling tanks are described here.
Sedimentation is an effective techniques involved for treatment of waste water . Various sedimentation techniques are employed world wide for the purpose.
Plain sedimentation is the simplest technique involving quiescent settling or storage of water, such as would take place in a reservoir, lake, or basin, without the aid of chemicals, preferably for a month or longer, particularly if the source water is a sewage-polluted river water.
This presentation covers various plain sedimentation tanks & design considerations of the same .
If you like it ,Please press the thumb up button & donot forget to give your feedback in comments section, it would be extremely valuable . Any query ? Feel free to post in comments section. All the best ! Enjoy !
Deals with primary sedimentation tanks for the primary treatment of sewage. settling column test, settling profile graph construction and use of the settling profile graph for the design of primary sedimentation tank. both circular and rectangular settling tanks are described here.
This presentation provides with information regarding the processes , methods , applications of Water Treatment and simple design of water treatment filters. It incorporates chlorination, aeration, and other miscellaneous methods for water treatment
This presentation envisages on theory Of Filtration, Types of Filters, Slow Sand, Rapid Sand and Pressure Filters Including Construction, Operation, Cleaning, Operational Problems In Filters, Design criteria of Slow & Rapid Sand Filter Without Under Drainage System.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Raw water should be treated to make it potable/fit for drinking. So a line of treatments should be followed to treat the water. After Coagulation and sedimentation the process of filtration and disinfection are followed.
This presentation includes the estimation of storm sewage generated as a result of storm/rainfall events. It includes the detailed usage of rational formula for quantity estimation with solved examples.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
L8- Sedimentation aided with coagulation.pptxPRACHI DESSAI
Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.
This presentation provides with information regarding the processes , methods , applications of Water Treatment and simple design of water treatment filters. It incorporates chlorination, aeration, and other miscellaneous methods for water treatment
This presentation envisages on theory Of Filtration, Types of Filters, Slow Sand, Rapid Sand and Pressure Filters Including Construction, Operation, Cleaning, Operational Problems In Filters, Design criteria of Slow & Rapid Sand Filter Without Under Drainage System.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Raw water should be treated to make it potable/fit for drinking. So a line of treatments should be followed to treat the water. After Coagulation and sedimentation the process of filtration and disinfection are followed.
This presentation includes the estimation of storm sewage generated as a result of storm/rainfall events. It includes the detailed usage of rational formula for quantity estimation with solved examples.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
L8- Sedimentation aided with coagulation.pptxPRACHI DESSAI
Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.
Filtration is commonly the mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of products like solids from fluids by interposing a medium through which only the fluid can pass.
It deals with biological water quality improvement through disinfection, disinfectants and disinfection kinetics, chlorine and other commonly used disinfectants, breakpoint chlorination and chlorination system
Deals with rapid gravity filtration, slow sand filtration and Roughing filters.
Aspects covered include
Filter media and their characterization is described.
Filter running and filter backwashing,
Filter hydraulics.
Suspended solids, turbidity and bacterial removal from water.
06 Treatment of water -Filtration and Water Softeningakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
Design of a Filtration System for a Small Scale Water Treatment Plant for a R...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Design of a Filtration System for a Small Scale Water Treatment Plant for a R...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.
Components of Water Treatment Plant, Methods of Water Treatment, Process of Water Treatment such as Aeration, Sedimentation, Filtration and Disinfection etc.
filtration of water treatment. types of filters and filtration. slow sand filter. environmental engineering-1. water treatment methods. filtration of raw water. design and construction of slow sand filters. cleaning of slow sand filters. slow sand filters were explained. about rapid sand filters and pressure filters will be explained in next publication.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
4. Sedimentation removes a large percentages of settable solids,
suspended solids, organic matter and small percentage of bacteria.
But water still contains fine suspended solids, microorganisms and
color(if present).
To remove these impurities, still further and to produce potable and
palatable water, the water is filtered through the beds of granular
materials like sand and gravel.
Introduction
4
5. The process of passing the water
through the beds of granular
material(sand and gravel) is known
as Filtration.
By doing filtration, we can remove
bacteria, colour, taste, odours and
produce clear and sparkling water.
Introduction
5
6. When water is filtered through the bed of filter media, usually
consisting of clean sand, the following factors take place:
◦ (1) Mechanical straining
◦ (2) Sedimentation
◦ (3) Biological action &
◦ (4) Electrolytic action
Theory of filter
6
7. Mechanical straining
Sand contains small pores. The suspended particles which are bigger
than the size of the voids in the sand layer, cannot pass through these
voids and get arrested.
These arrested particles forms a mat on the top of the bed which
further helps in straining out
the impurities.
7
8. In mechanical straining only those particles which are coarser than
void size are arrested. Finer particles are removed by sedimentation.
The voids between sand grains of filter acts like small sedimentation
tanks.
The colloidal matter arrested in the voids is the gelatinous mass and
therefore attract other finer particles.
Sedimentation
8
9. Suspended impurities contain some portion of organic impurities such
as algae, plankton, etc., which are food of various types of micro-
organisms.
These organic impurities form a layer on the top of sand bed which is
known as ‘Schmutzdecke’ or ‘dirty skin’.
This layer further helps in absorbing and
straining out the impurities.
Biological action
9
10. Another function of the filter is to remove the particulate matter by
electrostatic exchange.
The charge of the filter medium neutralize the charge of floc, thereby
permitting the floc to be removed.
During the process of ‘back washing’ of filter, the electrostatically
neutral material is removed and the charge of the filter
media is replaced.
Electrolytic action
10
11. Sand(fine/coarse) is generally used as filter media.
The layer of sand may be supported on gravel, which permits the
filtered water to move freely to the under drains and allows the wash
water to move uniformly upward.
Filter materials:
◦ 1. Sand
◦ 2. Gravel
◦ 3. Anthracite
Filter materials
11
12. It should have following properties:
Obtained from hard rock such as – Quartzite, Trap, Basalt, etc.
Free from – Clay, Loam and Organic matter
Uniform size and nature
Hard and resistant
If placed in HCl for 24 hr, it should not
loose more than 5% of its weight.
Sand
12
13. Uniformity Coefficient(Cu):
◦ It is a measure of particle range and is
given by,
Sasasasaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaadsd
ddfsssssssssssssssds
Uniformity coefficient shall be,
◦ 3.0-5.0 for Slow Sand Filter
◦ 1.3-1.7 for Rapid Sand Filter
Sand
Effective size of sand(D10):
◦ Very fine sand: Clogged quickly &
reduce rate of filteration
◦ Very coarse sand: Suspended particles
and bacteria pass through the sand bed
Effective size shall be,
0.20-0.30 mm for Slow Sand Filter
0.45-0.70 mm for Rapid Sand Filter
Depth of sand bed should be between 60 cm to 90 cm
𝐶𝑢 =
𝐷60
𝐷10
13
14. It should be – hard, durable, free from impurities, properly rounded
and have a density of about 1600 kg/cubic meter.
It supports the sand and allows the filtered water to move freely
towards the underdrains.
Gravel
It allows the wash water to move upward
uniformly on sand.
The gravel is placed in 5 to 6 layers having
finest size on top.
14
15. Substitute for sand
Can be used in conjunction with sand
Cost is more as compared to sand
Anthracite
15
17. Used in rural areas in place of a rapid gravity filter
Filtration rate is 50 to 100 times slower than that of a rapid gravity
filter (0.1 to 0.3 m/hour - 0.2 m/hr is the typical rate)
Used for the removal of turbidity (colloidal particles), suspended
solids and pathogens
Replaces the coagulation-flocculation-settling, the filtration and the
disinfection by chlorination treatments in rural areas
Slow Sand Filter
17
18. Filtered water has < 0.3 NTU turbidity (the goal is < 0.1 NTU)
Output water may require chlorination (for quality improvement)
A pre-treatment in roughing filters may be needed specially when the
turbidity is high (greater than 20-50 NTU)
Oxfam filters (use of geo-textile fabric on the top of the sand layer for
straining out the suspended matter (pre-treatment!)
Slow Sand Filter
18
19. Slow Sand Filter
Essential features:
1) Enclosure tank 2) Filter media 3) Base material
4) Under drainage system 5) Appurtenances
19
20. SSF is open basin, rectangular shape and built below finished ground
level.
Floor has Bed slope of 1:100 to 1:200 towards central drain
Surface area (As) of tank varies from
50 to 1000 sqm
Filtration rate – 100 to 200 lit/sqm/hr.
Depth – 2.5 to 4 m
1. Enclosure tank
20
21. Thickness of sand layer - 90 to 110 cm
Effective size – 0.20 to 0.35 (Common value -0.3)
Coefficient of uniformity – 2.0 to 3.0 (Common value - 2.5)
2. Filter media: Sand
21
22. Thickness of gravel bed - 30 to 75 cm
3. Base material: Gravel
Layer Depth Size(mm)
Top most 15 cm 3 to 6
Intermediate 15 cm 6 to 20
Intermediate 15 cm 20 to 40
Bottom 15 cm 40 to 65
22
23. Base material and filter media are supported by under drainage
system.
Under drainage system collects filtered water and delivers it to the
reservoir
Laterals – earthenware pipes of 7.5 to
10 cm dia.
Spacing of laterals- 2 to 3 m c/c
4. Under drainage system
23
24. Devices are required for
Gauge – to measure loss of head
Vertical air vent pipe – for proper functioning of filtering layers
Telescopic tube – to maintain constant discharge
A meter – to measure flow
5. Appurtenances
24
25. In a slow sand filter impurities in the water are removed by a
combination of processes: sedimentation, straining, adsorption, and
chemical and bacteriological action.
During the first few days, water is purified mainly by mechanical and
physical-chemical processes. The resulting accumulation of sediment
and organic matter forms a thin layer on the sand surface, which
remains permeable and retains particles even smaller than the spaces
between the sand grains.
Working of Slow Sand Filter
25
26. As this layer (referred to as “Schmutzdecke”) develops, it becomes
living quarters of vast numbers of micro-organisms which break down
organic material retained from the water, converting it into water,
carbon dioxide and other oxides.
Most impurities, including bacteria and viruses, are removed from the
raw water as it passes through the filter skin and the layer of filter bed
sand just below.
Working of Slow Sand Filter(contd..)
26
27. The purification mechanisms extend from the filter skin to approx.
0.3-0.4 m below surface of filter bed, gradually decreasing in activity
at lower-levels as water becomes pure & contains less organic matter.
When the micro-organisms become well established, the filter will
work efficiently and produce high quality effluent which is virtually
free of disease carrying organisms and biodegradable organic matter.
They are suitable for treating waters with low colors, low turbidities
and low bacterial contents.
Working of Slow Sand Filter(contd..)
27
28. Disadvantages:
Old fashioned and outdated
method of water purification
(but still in use)
Initial cost is low but
maintenance cost is much more
than rapid sand filter
These filters need a lot of space
Advantages:
Simple to construct and operate
Cheaper
Physical, Chemical and
Bacteriological quality of water
is very high
Reduces bacterial count by
99.9% & E. coli by 99%
Advantages & Disadvantages of SSF
28
29. Rapid Sand Filter
Essential features:
1) Enclosure tank 2) Filter media 3) Base material
4) Under drainage system 5) Appurtenances
29
30. Smaller in size, therefore can be placed under roof
Rectangular in shape and constructed of concrete or masonry
Depth – 2.5 to 3.5
Surface area – 20 to 50 m2.
L/B ratio – 1.25 to 1.35
Designed filtration rate are 3000 to
6000 lit/sqm/hr
1. Enclosure tank
30
31. Should be free from dirt, organic matter and other suspended solids
It should be hard and resistant
Depth of sand media – 0.6 to 0.9 m
Effective size – 0.35 to 0.6 mm (Common value 0.45)
Uniformity coefficient – 1.2 to 1.7 (Common value -1.5)
2. Filter media: Sand
31
32. The depth of sand bed should be such that flocs should not break through the
sand bed.
Depth varies from 60 to 90 cm
Min depth required is given by Hudson’s formula
where,
q = Filtration rate in cum/sqm/hr [Assumed filtration rate x Factor of safety (2)]
D = sand size in mm
H = terminal head loss in m
l = depth of sand bed in m
Bi = Break through index = 4 x 10^(-4) to 6 x 10^(-3)
Estimation of depth
𝑞 ∗ 𝐷3
∗ 𝐻
𝑙
= 𝐵𝑖 ∗ 29323
32
33. Thickness of gravel bed – 45 to 60 cm
3. Base material: Gravel
Layer Depth Size(mm)
Top most 15 cm 3 to 6
Intermediate 15 cm 6 to 12
Intermediate 15 cm 12 to 20
Bottom 15 cm 20 to 50
33
34. To start with, a size gradation of 2 mm at top and 50 mm at bottom is
assumed.
The required depth (l) in cm of a component of gravel layer of size d
(mm) can be computed by following equation
where,
K can be taken as 12
d = gravel size in mm
Estimation of depth
𝑙 = 2.54 ∗ 𝐾 ∗ log(𝑑)
34
35. Objectives of under drainage system
1. To collect filtered water uniformly
over the area of gravel bed
2. It provides uniform distribution of
back wash water without disturbing
or upsetting gravel layer and filter
media
4. Under drainage system
35
36. Typical devices required are,
1. Wash water troughs
2. Air compressors
3. Rate control device
5. Appurtenances
[Wash water trough]
36
38. All valves are kept closed except valves A and B
Valve A is opened to permit water from clarifier
Valve B is opened to carry filtered water to clear water sump
Head of 2m over sand bed is maintained
Designed filtration rate are 3000 to 6000 lit/sqm/hr
Filter run depends on quality of feed water
Working of Rapid Sand Filter
38
39. Filter run may range between less than a day to several days
Objective of backwash is to remove accumulated particles on the
surface and within the filter medium
Backwash is performed using wash water or air scouring.
Working of Rapid Sand Filter
39
40. Disadvantages:
Relatively high skill operation
Costlier
Removes bacteria by 98-99%
Advantages:
Deal with raw water directly
Occupies less space
Filtration is rapid
Washing of filter is easy
More flexibility in operation
Advantages & Disadvantages of RSF
40
42. Filter is back washed when head loss through it has reached the
maximum permissible.
RSF are washed by sending air and water upwards through the bed by
reverse flow through the collector system.
2% - 4% filtered water is used for backwashing
Backwashing
42
43. 1. Close influent valve A
2. Close effluent valve B
3. Open air valve F, so that air blows at rate of 1 to 1.5 m3 free air
/min/m2 of bed area for @ 2 to 3 min. this will break up the scum
and loosen the dirt.
4. Close the air valve F and open the wash water valve E gradually to
prevent the dislodgement of finer gravel.
Steps in Back Washing
43
44. 5. Open the wastewater valve D to carry wash water to drain. Continue
backwashing till wash water appears fairly clear.
6. Close the wash water valve E. Close the wastewater valve D. wait for some
time till all matter in bed settles down.
7. Open valve A slightly, open valve C for carrying filtered water to drains for
few minutes.
8. Close the valve C and open valve B. Open valve A completely to resume
normal filtration
Steps in Back Washing(contd…)
44
48. 48
Problem: Design a rapid sand filter to treat 10 million litres of raw water
per day allowing 0.5% of filtered water for backwashing. Half hour per
day is used for backwashing. Assume necessary data.
Solution: Total filtered water = 10.05 x 24 x 106 = 0.42766 Ml/h
24 x 23.5
Let the rate of filtration be 5000 l / h / m2 of bed.
Area of filter = 10.05 x 106 x 1 = 85.5 m2
23.5 5000
Provide 2 units. Each bed area 85.5/2 = 42.77. L/B = 1.3; 1.3B2 = 42.77
B = 5.75 m ; L = 5.75 x 1.3 = 7.5 m
Assume depth of sand = 50 to 75 cm.
Rapid Sand Filter Design
49. 49
Underdrainage system:
Total area of holes = 0.2 to 0.5% of bed area.
Assume 0.2% of bed area = 0.2 x 42.77 = 0.086 m2
100
Area of lateral = 2 (Area of holes of lateral)
Area of manifold = 2 (Area of laterals)
So, area of manifold = 4 x area of holes = 4 x 0.086 = 0.344 = 0.35 m2 .
So, Diameter of manifold = (4 x 0.35 /p)1/2 = 66 cm
Assume c/c of lateral = 30 cm. Total numbers = 7.5/ 0.3 = 25 on either
side.
Rapid Sand Filter Design(contd…)
50. 50
Length of lateral = 5.75/2 - 0.66/2 = 2.545 m.
C.S. area of lateral = 2 x area of perforations per lateral. Take dia of
holes = 13 mm
Number of holes: n p (1.3)2 = 0.086 x 104 = 860 cm2
4
So, n = 4 x 860 = 648, say 650
p (1.3)2
Number of holes per lateral = 650/50 = 13
Area of perforations per lateral = 13 x p (1.3)2 /4 = 17.24 cm2
Spacing of holes = 2.545/13 = 19.5 cm.
Rapid Sand Filter Design(contd…)
51. 51
C.S. area of lateral = 2 x area of perforations per lateral
= 2 x 17.24 = 34.5 cm2.
So, Diameter of lateral = (4 x 34.5/p)1/2 = 6.63 cm
Check: Length of lateral < 60 d = 60 x 6.63 = 3.98 m. l = 2.545 m (Hence
acceptable).
Rising washwater velocity in bed = 50 cm/min.
Washwater discharge per bed = (0.5/60) x 5.75 x 7.5 = 0.36 m3/s.
Velocity of flow in lateral = 0.36 = 0.36 x 10 4 =2.08 m/s (ok)
Total lateral area 50 x 34.5
Manifold velocity = 0.36 = 1.04 m/s < 2.25 m/s (ok)
0.345
Rapid Sand Filter Design(contd…)
52. 52
Washwater gutter
Discharge of washwater per bed = 0.36 m3/s. Size of bed = 7.5 x 5.75 m.
Assume 3 troughs running lengthwise at 5.75/3 = 1.9 m c/c.
Discharge of each trough = Q/3 = 0.36/3 = 0.12 m3/s.
Q =1.71 x b x h3/2
Assume b =0.3 m
h3/2 = 0.12 = 0.234
1.71 x 0.3
So, h = 0.378 m = 37.8 cm = 40 cm
= 40 + (free board) 5 cm = 45 cm; slope 1 in 40
Rapid Sand Filter Design(contd…)
53. 53
Clear water reservoir for backwashing
For 4 h filter capacity, Capacity of tank = 4 x 5000 x 7.5 x 5.75 x 2
1000
= 1725 m3
Assume depth d = 5 m. Surface area = 1725/5 = 345 m2
L/B = 2; 2B2 = 345; B = 13 m & L = 26 m.
Dia of inlet pipe coming from two filter = 50 cm.
Velocity < 0.6 m/s. Dia. of wash water pipe to overhead tank = 67.5 cm.
Air compressor unit = 1000 l of air/ min/ m2 bed area.
For 5 min, air required = 1000 x 5 x 7.5 x 5.77 x 2 = 4.32 m3 of air.
Rapid Sand Filter Design(contd…)
54. 54
Water supply engineering by S.K.Garg,1977
Picture Courtesy: http://www.google.com
www.historyofwaterfilterrs.com/filteration
References