Sedimentary environment by uzair shah
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This document discusses different sedimentary environments including alluvial fans, rivers, eolian, glacial, flood plains, lakes, deltas, swamps, shorelines, shallow marine, and organic reefs. Alluvial fans are fan-shaped deposits formed at the base of mountains with poorly sorted sediments including gravel. They can be debris flow or stream flow dominated. Eolian processes involve wind erosion and deposition, important in arid areas. Glaciers erode and transport debris. Flood plains are flat river areas with sediments left during flooding. Lakes have diverse sediments that can include oil shales. Deltas are thick sediment deposits where rivers enter standing water. Swamps are dominated by woody plants near rivers or
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Sand Dune Ecosystems
The sand dunes show different stages of development as you move inland from the shoreline. Embryo dunes near the beach are less than 1 meter tall and only stabilized by debris. Foredunes a little further inland reach up to 5 meters tall with grasses like marram grass stabilizing the sand. Yellow dunes have greater plant diversity as conditions improve, with dunes 5-10 meters tall and 80% plant coverage.
Continental depositional environment
This document summarizes different depositional environments, including continental, transitional, and marine settings. It focuses on continental environments like fluvial and glacial systems. Fluvial environments include braided rivers, meandering rivers, and alluvial fans. Braided rivers contain bars that shift positions. Meandering rivers form point bars on the insides of bends. Alluvial fans are triangular deposits at the base of mountains. Glacial environments include tills deposited directly by glaciers and moraines that form ridges along glacier margins. Transitional environments include coastal plains and deltas. Marine environments involve deposition further offshore.
Depositional environments
The document discusses various depositional environments and their diagnostic criteria. It describes fluvial, aeolian, lacustrine, and glacial environments. Fluvial environments include features like meandering rivers, levees, and crevasse splays. Aeolian environments are characterized by dune types and loess deposits. Lacustrine deposits show rhythmic bedding and contain fossils. Glacial environments involve ice transport and deposition of unsorted sediments. Diagnostic criteria allow identifying depositional environments based on structures, fossils, and sediment characteristics.
Sedimentary environments
The document summarizes various sedimentary environments including terrestrial, coastal/marginal marine, and marine settings. It describes key characteristics of fluvial, eolian desert, lacustrine, paludal, deltaic, beach/barrier island, estuarine, lagoonal, tidal flat, continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, and abyssal plain environments. Sedimentary rocks form under unique physical, chemical, and biological conditions that are determined by factors like water depth, energy levels, sediment sources, and biological activity in each depositional environment.
Marginal marine depositional environments
This document discusses marginal marine depositional environments including deltas, beaches, barrier island systems, and estuaries. Deltas form where rivers enter standing bodies of water, depositing topset, foreset, and bottomset beds. Beaches have foreshores, backshores, and berms that change with seasons. Barrier islands are long and narrow, separated from the mainland by lagoons. Estuaries are coastal waters where rivers meet the sea, and can be wave-dominated or tide-dominated based on wave and tidal energy influences on sediment transport.
Lacustrine
This document discusses lacustrine facies and lake sedimentation. It describes how factors like lake size, basin shape, climate, and tectonics control lacustrine sedimentation. Lacustrine facies can include sand, mud, carbonates, and evaporites. Characteristics are discussed like stratification in the water column, different facies like shoreline and delta deposits, and characteristics of lake deposits like thin bedding and rare fossils. Overall it provides an overview of the factors that influence lake sedimentation and the types of facies and deposits that can form in lacustrine environments.
Geology
The document describes several types of rocks.
1) Shale is a dark gray, compacted sedimentary rock formed in a river in California.
2) Rhyolite is a light pink or gray igneous rock over 1.5 million years old that will eventually become sedimentary.
3) Slate is a dark gray to black metamorphic rock formed under high temperature and pressure deep in the earth.
DEPOSITIONAL_ENVIRONMENTS_Lesson_07
This presentation has animations that require that it be viewed in PowerPoint "Slideshow" mode for best effect…
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The sand dunes show different stages of development as you move inland from the shoreline. Embryo dunes near the beach are less than 1 meter tall and only stabilized by debris. Foredunes a little further inland reach up to 5 meters tall with grasses like marram grass stabilizing the sand. Yellow dunes have greater plant diversity as conditions improve, with dunes 5-10 meters tall and 80% plant coverage.
Continental depositional environment
This document summarizes different depositional environments, including continental, transitional, and marine settings. It focuses on continental environments like fluvial and glacial systems. Fluvial environments include braided rivers, meandering rivers, and alluvial fans. Braided rivers contain bars that shift positions. Meandering rivers form point bars on the insides of bends. Alluvial fans are triangular deposits at the base of mountains. Glacial environments include tills deposited directly by glaciers and moraines that form ridges along glacier margins. Transitional environments include coastal plains and deltas. Marine environments involve deposition further offshore.
Depositional environments
The document discusses various depositional environments and their diagnostic criteria. It describes fluvial, aeolian, lacustrine, and glacial environments. Fluvial environments include features like meandering rivers, levees, and crevasse splays. Aeolian environments are characterized by dune types and loess deposits. Lacustrine deposits show rhythmic bedding and contain fossils. Glacial environments involve ice transport and deposition of unsorted sediments. Diagnostic criteria allow identifying depositional environments based on structures, fossils, and sediment characteristics.
Sedimentary environments
The document summarizes various sedimentary environments including terrestrial, coastal/marginal marine, and marine settings. It describes key characteristics of fluvial, eolian desert, lacustrine, paludal, deltaic, beach/barrier island, estuarine, lagoonal, tidal flat, continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, and abyssal plain environments. Sedimentary rocks form under unique physical, chemical, and biological conditions that are determined by factors like water depth, energy levels, sediment sources, and biological activity in each depositional environment.
Marginal marine depositional environments
This document discusses marginal marine depositional environments including deltas, beaches, barrier island systems, and estuaries. Deltas form where rivers enter standing bodies of water, depositing topset, foreset, and bottomset beds. Beaches have foreshores, backshores, and berms that change with seasons. Barrier islands are long and narrow, separated from the mainland by lagoons. Estuaries are coastal waters where rivers meet the sea, and can be wave-dominated or tide-dominated based on wave and tidal energy influences on sediment transport.
Lacustrine
This document discusses lacustrine facies and lake sedimentation. It describes how factors like lake size, basin shape, climate, and tectonics control lacustrine sedimentation. Lacustrine facies can include sand, mud, carbonates, and evaporites. Characteristics are discussed like stratification in the water column, different facies like shoreline and delta deposits, and characteristics of lake deposits like thin bedding and rare fossils. Overall it provides an overview of the factors that influence lake sedimentation and the types of facies and deposits that can form in lacustrine environments.
Geology
The document describes several types of rocks.
1) Shale is a dark gray, compacted sedimentary rock formed in a river in California.
2) Rhyolite is a light pink or gray igneous rock over 1.5 million years old that will eventually become sedimentary.
3) Slate is a dark gray to black metamorphic rock formed under high temperature and pressure deep in the earth.
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This presentation has animations that require that it be viewed in PowerPoint "Slideshow" mode for best effect…
Sedimentary depositional environments
This document discusses different sedimentary environments including terrestrial, marginal marine, and marine settings. Terrestrial environments include fluvial systems like braided rivers and meandering streams, alluvial fans, glacial deposits, lacustrine environments, and aeolian deposits in deserts. Marginal marine environments are located along the continental boundary and include beaches, barrier islands, lagoons, estuaries, and tidal flats. Marine environments discussed are coral reefs, continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, and abyssal plain. Different sedimentary structures form in each environment providing clues to depositional conditions.
Deltaic Systems
Deltaic systems form where rivers enter standing bodies of water. They include a mixture of fluvial and marine processes. Deltas can be recognized by thick accumulations of terrigenous sediment that interfinger with fluvial deposits inland and marine deposits basinward. As river flow enters standing water, it loses velocity and deposits coarse material in channel-mouth bars, diverting multiple smaller channels that build the delta outward. Estuarine systems form in drowned river valleys during marine transgression or early regression, and are dominated by fluvial and tidal processes on a smaller scale than deltas.
Sedimentry environments
This document describes various sedimentary environments including continental, transitional, marine, and others. Continental environments include alluvium deposited by rivers, aeolian sediments deposited by wind, fluvial sediments from streams and rivers, and lacustrine sediments from lakes. Marginal marine environments along the shore include beaches, barrier islands, lagoons, estuaries, and tidal flats. Marine environments discussed are the continental shelf, reefs, continental slope, continental rise, and abyssal plain. Characteristics of sediments and deposition in each environment are provided.
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Classification of Marine Depositional Environment
The document classifies and describes four major marine depositional environments:
1) The continental shelf is a gently sloping edge where sediments ranging from coarse sand to clays wash off the continent. Coral reefs or carbonate muds may also dominate.
2) The continental slope is a more steeply sloping edge below the shelf, with fine silts and clays.
3) The continental rise is a fan-shaped deposit at the base of the slope containing turbidites from turbidity currents, with sands, silts and clays.
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Erosion and deposition are closely related processes where erosion involves the movement of rocks and sediment from one location to another under the forces of water, wind, or ice. Deposition then occurs when these agents carrying sediment slow down and drop their loads in a new location. Water is the primary agent of erosion, carrying sediment downstream as it erodes rocks and soil from higher elevations. As water velocity decreases, such as at the mouth of a river, its sediment load is deposited, potentially forming features like deltas or beaches over time. Wind is also an erosive force, picking up and transporting sediment which is later deposited in locations like sand dunes when winds calm.
Tidal Systems
Tidal flats are land areas that are covered by sea water during high tide and exposed during low tide. Sediment structures that commonly form on tidal flats include symmetrical ripples due to bi-directional tidal flows, flat-topped ripples when ripple tops are flattened during flow reversals, and flaser bedding where clay drapes form over silty sediments due to variable energy conditions. Burrows left by organisms moving between surface and subsurface areas during tides are also common, as are root casts from salt-tolerant vegetation and animal tracks.
Freshwater ecology
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This document summarizes various depositional environments including aeolian, fluvial, shallow marine/shoreline, deltaic, deep marine, and carbonates. For each environment, it describes the typical facies/depositional areas, geometries, trends, and potential reservoir and seal facies. The environments represent both clastic and carbonate depositional systems across continental, transitional, and marine settings.
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Deltaic environments are favorable for petroleum accumulation. Deltas form where rivers enter standing bodies of water through sediment deposition. Sediments are deposited in topset, foreset, and bottomset beds. Topset beds near the coast contain coarse sediments while bottomset beds farther from shore contain fine sediments. Deltas often contain hydrocarbon source rocks and porous reservoir sands within traps. They fulfill the necessary conditions for petroleum accumulation through their sedimentary processes and facies relationships between potential source and reservoir beds. As a result, deltas represent major hydrocarbon provinces globally.
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This document discusses different sedimentary environments including terrestrial, marginal marine, and marine settings. Terrestrial environments include fluvial systems like braided rivers and meandering streams, alluvial fans, glacial deposits, lacustrine environments, and aeolian deposits in deserts. Marginal marine environments are located along the continental boundary and include beaches, barrier islands, lagoons, estuaries, and tidal flats. Marine environments discussed are coral reefs, continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, and abyssal plain. Different sedimentary structures form in each environment providing clues to depositional conditions.
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Deltaic systems form where rivers enter standing bodies of water. They include a mixture of fluvial and marine processes. Deltas can be recognized by thick accumulations of terrigenous sediment that interfinger with fluvial deposits inland and marine deposits basinward. As river flow enters standing water, it loses velocity and deposits coarse material in channel-mouth bars, diverting multiple smaller channels that build the delta outward. Estuarine systems form in drowned river valleys during marine transgression or early regression, and are dominated by fluvial and tidal processes on a smaller scale than deltas.
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This document describes various sedimentary environments including continental, transitional, marine, and others. Continental environments include alluvium deposited by rivers, aeolian sediments deposited by wind, fluvial sediments from streams and rivers, and lacustrine sediments from lakes. Marginal marine environments along the shore include beaches, barrier islands, lagoons, estuaries, and tidal flats. Marine environments discussed are the continental shelf, reefs, continental slope, continental rise, and abyssal plain. Characteristics of sediments and deposition in each environment are provided.
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The document classifies and describes four major marine depositional environments:
1) The continental shelf is a gently sloping edge where sediments ranging from coarse sand to clays wash off the continent. Coral reefs or carbonate muds may also dominate.
2) The continental slope is a more steeply sloping edge below the shelf, with fine silts and clays.
3) The continental rise is a fan-shaped deposit at the base of the slope containing turbidites from turbidity currents, with sands, silts and clays.
4) The abyssal plain is the deep ocean floor, flat and covered by fine-grained sediments like clay and shells of microorganisms
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Types of marsh shore, models for sedimentation, and the features and ecology of mangroves are outlined in this presentation.
Transitional Environments
The document discusses various transitional depositional environments between continental and marine settings. It describes deltas, lagoons, estuaries, tidal flats, and barriers. Deltas form where rivers enter standing bodies of water, and can be classified as river-dominated, tide-dominated, or wave-dominated based on dominant processes. Estuaries are drowned river valleys influenced by both freshwater and seawater. Lagoons are coastal bodies of water separated from the ocean by barriers, and can be choked, restricted, or leaky depending on water exchange. The key difference between estuaries and lagoons is that estuaries have faster water flow while lagoons have more sluggish flow
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Erosion and deposition are closely related processes where erosion involves the movement of rocks and sediment from one location to another under the forces of water, wind, or ice. Deposition then occurs when these agents carrying sediment slow down and drop their loads in a new location. Water is the primary agent of erosion, carrying sediment downstream as it erodes rocks and soil from higher elevations. As water velocity decreases, such as at the mouth of a river, its sediment load is deposited, potentially forming features like deltas or beaches over time. Wind is also an erosive force, picking up and transporting sediment which is later deposited in locations like sand dunes when winds calm.
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This document summarizes various depositional environments including aeolian, fluvial, shallow marine/shoreline, deltaic, deep marine, and carbonates. For each environment, it describes the typical facies/depositional areas, geometries, trends, and potential reservoir and seal facies. The environments represent both clastic and carbonate depositional systems across continental, transitional, and marine settings.
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Deltaic environments are favorable for petroleum accumulation. Deltas form where rivers enter standing bodies of water through sediment deposition. Sediments are deposited in topset, foreset, and bottomset beds. Topset beds near the coast contain coarse sediments while bottomset beds farther from shore contain fine sediments. Deltas often contain hydrocarbon source rocks and porous reservoir sands within traps. They fulfill the necessary conditions for petroleum accumulation through their sedimentary processes and facies relationships between potential source and reservoir beds. As a result, deltas represent major hydrocarbon provinces globally.
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The document describes various continental sedimentary environments including rivers, lakes, swamps, glacial, and desert settings. It focuses on meandering river systems, explaining their sinuous channels and associated features like point bars, oxbow lakes, levees, crevasse splays, and floodplains. Transitional environments at the land-sea boundary are also outlined, specifically mentioning deltas, tidal flats, beaches, barrier islands and lagoons. Deltas are described in more detail, dividing them into delta plains, delta fronts, and prodeltas.
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LAKE-.pptx
A lacustrine environment is a type of aquatic environment that is characterized by a large body of standing water, such as a lake. Lacustrine environments are typically low-energy environments, meaning that the water is relatively calm and there is little wave action. This allows for the deposition of fine-grained sediments, such as silt and clay.
Lacustrine environments are home to a variety of plants and animals, including algae, fish, and amphibians. The types of plants and animals that live in a lacustrine environment will vary depending on the climate, the depth of the water, and the nutrient content of the water.
Lacustrine environments are important for a number of reasons. They provide a habitat for a variety of plants and animals. They also help to regulate the water cycle and to prevent flooding. Lacustrine environments can also be used for recreation, such as swimming, fishing, and boating.
Here are some of the characteristics of lacustrine environments:
Low-energy: Lacustrine environments are typically low-energy environments, meaning that the water is relatively calm and there is little wave action. This allows for the deposition of fine-grained sediments, such as silt and clay.
Variety of plants and animals: Lacustrine environments are home to a variety of plants and animals, including algae, fish, and amphibians. The types of plants and animals that live in a lacustrine environment will vary depending on the climate, the depth of the water, and the nutrient content of the water.
Important for water regulation: Lacustrine environments are important for a number of reasons. They provide a habitat for a variety of plants and animals. They also help to regulate the water cycle and to prevent flooding.
Used for recreation: Lacustrine environments can also be used for recreation, such as swimming, fishing, and boating.
Here are some examples of lacustrine environments:
Lakes: Lakes are the most common type of lacustrine environment. They are typically formed by glacial activity, volcanic activity, or tectonic activity.
Oxbow lakes: Oxbow lakes are formed when a river bends and then cuts off, leaving a crescent-shaped lake behind.
Crater lakes: Crater lakes are formed when a volcano erupts and collapses, leaving a depression that fills with water.
Lakes can be formed in a variety of ways, but the most common are:
Glacial activity: Glaciers are large masses of ice that slowly move across the land, carving out depressions as they go. When a glacier melts, the depression is filled with water, forming a lake.
Glacial activity lake formationOpens in a new window
www.pmfias.com
Glacial activity lake formation
Volcanic activity: When a volcano erupts, it can leave behind a crater that fills with water, forming a lake.
Volcanic activity lake formationOpens in a new window
www.nps.gov
Volcanic activity lake formation
Tectonic activity: Tectonic activity is the movement of the Earth's plates. When tectonic plates move, they can create cracks
Processes of River
The document summarizes various river, wind, and glacier processes. It discusses the three main types of processes that occur in rivers - erosion, transportation, and deposition. Erosion involves wearing away material from the river bed and banks. Transportation moves eroded material downstream, gradually reducing its size. Deposition occurs when energy levels drop and material is dropped from the river. Similar processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition occur for wind and glaciers.
Levees.ppt
This document describes several sedimentary environments and features found within fluvial (river) systems. It discusses levees, point bars, and crevasse splays that form along river channels. Meandering rivers are described as having sinuous channels and associated features like point bars, oxbow lakes, and crevasse splays. When meander loops are abandoned, they form oxbow lakes filled with fine sediments.
LANDFORMS
Landforms are shaped over hundreds to thousands of years by both external and internal geological processes. External processes like erosion and deposition are caused by factors such as wind and water and shape the Earth's surface by transporting and depositing sediments. Internal processes like volcanic eruptions and plate tectonics are caused by movement in the Earth's core and mantle and result in changes below the surface like uplifting and sinking of layers. Common landforms include mountains, which are formed via processes like folding, faulting, and volcanic activity; plains, which are formed by processes like deposition, flooding, and lava flows; and valleys, which are formed by erosion from rivers, glaciers, and other forces.
Soil, Lec 2, Residual soil.pptx
This document discusses different types of soils including residual soils, transported soils, and organic soils. Residual soils are formed by weathering of bedrock in place. Transported soils include gravity transported soils like colluvium from landslides, and fluvially transported soils like alluvium deposited by rivers in different environments like braided streams, meandering streams, lakes, and glaciers. Organic soils are formed in wet areas where plant matter accumulates under saturated conditions. The document provides detailed descriptions and examples of each soil type.
Hydrosphere notes
The document summarizes the structure and distribution of Earth's hydrosphere. It notes that oceans contain 97% of the planet's water, with the remaining 3% consisting of fresh water found primarily as ice (2.3%), groundwater (0.4%), and surface fresh water (0.05%). It describes the locations and characteristics of oceans, ice, fresh water in rivers, lakes, groundwater aquifers, and wetlands.
Grade 11 Chapter 4 Module Earth Science : Water Resources
- Water resources are natural resources that are potentially useful for agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. All living things require water to grow and reproduce.
- Water exists on Earth in different forms and locations, including oceans, atmosphere, ground, and within living things as part of the hydrologic cycle. The hydrologic cycle involves the continuous movement of water between these different reservoirs through various processes like evaporation and precipitation.
- Freshwater, which makes up a very small percentage of the total water on Earth, is found as glaciers, groundwater, atmospheric water vapor, and surface water resources like rivers, lakes, and wetlands that are important for human and other uses.
earth and life 5.pptx
This document discusses exogenic processes, which are external processes that occur near Earth's surface and are part of the rock cycle. It describes various types of weathering including mechanical and chemical weathering. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their mineral composition through processes like frost wedging, insolation, and unloading. Chemical weathering decomposes rocks through oxidation, hydrolysis, carbonation, and biological processes. The document also discusses mass wasting, which transports weathered materials down slopes through various types of movements like rock falls, landslides, and flows that are influenced by gravity, water, and earthquakes. Erosion by agents like water, glaciers, and wind further transports materials by processes like solution
Eath sci (compuesto, dimabayao)
Water exists in four main spheres on Earth and cycles between them through evaporation and precipitation. It covers 71% of the planet's surface. The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, land, and oceans through various processes. This includes evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. Water is essential but threats like pollution, overuse, and climate change increase pressures on this critical resource that requires wise management.
Our earth
The document discusses various geological features formed by different earth processes. It describes lithospheric plates, which are composed of continental and oceanic plates, and how earthquakes and volcanoes commonly occur at their boundaries. It then explains different landforms created by internal forces like volcanoes and earthquakes, and external forces like weathering, erosion, wind and water flow including glaciers, sand dunes, waterfalls and deltas.
Lo 8 STGIS
Water plays an important role in forming landforms in deserts through mechanical and chemical weathering. Sources of water include irregular rainfall, rivers that flow through deserts such as the exotic Nile River, and endoreic rivers that drain into inland lakes. Ephemeral rivers flow seasonally after storms. Canyons and wadis are formed by flash floods. Wind erosion processes like deflation and abrasion shape desert landscapes, forming yardangs and ventifacts. Chemical and physical weathering break down rocks into sediment and form soil, influenced by factors like temperature fluctuations, salt crystallization, and the pressure of expanding salt crystals.
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Sedimentary environment by uzair shah
- 2. Fluvial Systems Two broad environmental settings: Alluvial fans River systems
- 3. Alluvial fans Alluvial fans are deposits with fan shaped Sediments are poorly sorted. Abundant gravel(>2mm) size detritus. Generally formed at the base of a mountain range.
- 4. Alluvial fans are classified into two types: i. Debris flow dominated fans ii. Stream flow dominated fans Debris flow dominated fans: Poorly sorted Lacking sedimentary structures Impermeable and nonporous Stream flow dominated fans: Well sorted Sedimentary structures
- 5. Eolian Eolian processes is the activity of the winds. Winds may erode, transport, and deposit materials, and are effective agents in regions with sparse vegetation and a large supply of sediments. Although water is much more powerful than wind, eolian processes are important in arid environments.
- 6. Glacial Glaciers not only transport material as they move, but they also sculpt and carve away the land beneath them. The ice erodes the land surface and carries the broken rocks and soil debris far from their original places, resulting in some interesting glacial landforms
- 7. flood plain A flood plain is a flat area on the edge of a river, where the ground consists of soil, sand, and rock left by the river when it floods
- 8. Lakes Lacustrine environments (or lakes) are diverse; they may be large or small, shallow or deep, and filled with terrigenous, carbonate, or evaporitic sediments. Fine sediment and organic matter settling in some lakes produced laminated oil shales.
- 9. Delta Deltas are large accumulations of sediment that are deposited where a river empties into a standing body of water. The deposit as a whole consists of a thick accumulation of sand, silt, and mud.
- 10. Swamps A swamp is a wetland that is dominated by woody plants (shrubs and trees). Swamps are often near rivers or streams
- 11. shoreline The shoreline is the place where a large body of water, like an ocean, lake, or river, meets the land.
- 12. Shallow Marine Shallow water marine environment refers to the area between the shore and deeper water, such as a reef wall or a shelf break.
- 13. Organic Reef An organic reef is a structure built of the shells and secretions of marine organisms. A highly fossiliferous limestone commonly is the result of these organisms in the rock record.