Oceans also contain a huge amount of mineral resources. Deep ocean basins are the zones of continuous sedimentation. The oceans are the final destination for many of all the sediments to be deposited. About 200 million years of earth history are available in the fossiliferous sediments deposited within the ocean basins. This module explains the characteristics of marine sediments.
A2 Geography Revision for Coastal Environments, subchapter 8.2 Coastal Landforms of Cliffed and Constructive Coasts. It is suitable for Year 13 Geography, Cambridge Examination in November 2016. It contains: key terms and definitions, a topic summary, sketches and descriptions, additional work (6 questions for testing your knowledge) and some suggested websites.
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION OF COASTAL LANDFORMSGeorge Dumitrache
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION OF COASTAL LANDFORMS. It contains: the formation of erosional landforms: cliffs and wave-cut platforms, caves, arches and stacks
Learners should be able to explain the formation of depositional landforms: beaches in cross section (profile) and plan, swash and drift aligned beaches, simple and compound spits, tombolos, offshore bars, barrier beaches, coastal dunes, tidal sedimentation in estuaries, coastal saltmarshes and mangroves, the role of sea level change in the formation of coastal landforms.
Every continent or island is bordered by a long or short coastline. Coastline is the line separating the land and sea. Coastal zones are the transition zones between terrestrial and marine habitat. They form an interface between land and oceanic natural processes. Coastal areas also are varied in their topography, climate and vegetation. Some are sandy beaches, rocky shores, with or without tidal inlets. The climate of a coast are controlled by the land and sea breezes and the humidity controlled by marine water. Waves are powerful tools for constructive and destructive activities. Hence. the geomorphology of beach, materials and processes are always not constant due to the impact of everlasting action of tides, waves and currents.
Oceans also contain a huge amount of mineral resources. Deep ocean basins are the zones of continuous sedimentation. The oceans are the final destination for many of all the sediments to be deposited. About 200 million years of earth history are available in the fossiliferous sediments deposited within the ocean basins. This module explains the characteristics of marine sediments.
A2 Geography Revision for Coastal Environments, subchapter 8.2 Coastal Landforms of Cliffed and Constructive Coasts. It is suitable for Year 13 Geography, Cambridge Examination in November 2016. It contains: key terms and definitions, a topic summary, sketches and descriptions, additional work (6 questions for testing your knowledge) and some suggested websites.
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION OF COASTAL LANDFORMSGeorge Dumitrache
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION OF COASTAL LANDFORMS. It contains: the formation of erosional landforms: cliffs and wave-cut platforms, caves, arches and stacks
Learners should be able to explain the formation of depositional landforms: beaches in cross section (profile) and plan, swash and drift aligned beaches, simple and compound spits, tombolos, offshore bars, barrier beaches, coastal dunes, tidal sedimentation in estuaries, coastal saltmarshes and mangroves, the role of sea level change in the formation of coastal landforms.
Every continent or island is bordered by a long or short coastline. Coastline is the line separating the land and sea. Coastal zones are the transition zones between terrestrial and marine habitat. They form an interface between land and oceanic natural processes. Coastal areas also are varied in their topography, climate and vegetation. Some are sandy beaches, rocky shores, with or without tidal inlets. The climate of a coast are controlled by the land and sea breezes and the humidity controlled by marine water. Waves are powerful tools for constructive and destructive activities. Hence. the geomorphology of beach, materials and processes are always not constant due to the impact of everlasting action of tides, waves and currents.
The broad overview of the Oil and Gas Industry contained in this PowerPoint presentation contains more technical detail than the “Broad Overview for Non-technical Staff”. It is intended for executive staff who lack a background in Geoscience and/or Engineering and/or for new employees to the industry.
This presentation is for my school assessment on global environments. I chose coral reefs. My project explains coral reefs and the geographical processes involved with it as well.
·
archaeocyathid
o
Cambrian - sessile, reef-building marine organisms of warm tropical and subtropical waters that lived during the early (lower) Cambrian period.
·
bioturbation
o
Cambrian - the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. Its effects include changing texture of sediments (diagenetic), bioirrigation and displacement of microorganisms and non-living particles. Common bioturbators include annelids and bivalves (mussels, clams, gastropods).
·
Burgess Shale
o
Cambrian - located in the Canadian Rockies of British Columbia, is one of the world's most celebrated fossil fields. It is famous for the exceptional preservation of the soft parts of its fossils. At 505 million years (Middle Cambrian) old, it is one of the earliest fossil beds containing soft-part imprints.
·
Cambrian explosion
o
Cambrian - the relatively rapid appearance, around 530 million years ago, of most major animal phyla, as demonstrated in the fossil record, accompanied by major diversification of organisms
·
Iapetus Ocean
Cambrian/Ordovician - Precursor to the Atlantic. An ocean that existed in the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic eras of the geologic timescale (between 600 and 400 million years ago). The ocean disappeared with the Caledonian, Taconic and Acadian orogenies, when these three continents joined to form one big landmass called Laurussia.
maturity Cambrian
·
Paleozoic Era
o
Cambrian - the earliest of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon, spanning from roughly 541 to 252.2 million years ago. It is the longest of the Phanerozoic eras, and is subdivided into six geologic periods (from oldest to youngest): the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian.
·
passive margin
o
Cambrian - the transition between oceanic and continental crust which is not an active plate margin. It is constructed by sedimentation above an ancient rift, now marked by transitional crust. Continental rifting creates new ocean basins.
·
trilobite
o
Cambrian - extinct marine arthropods that form the class Trilobita. Trilobites form one of the earliest known groups of arthropods. Trilobites finally disappeared in the mass extinction at the end of the Permian about 250 million years ago. The trilobites were among the most successful of all early animals, roaming the oceans for over 270 million years.
·
bentonites
o
Ordovician - essentially impure clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite. Bentonite usually forms from weathering of volcanic ash, most often in the presence of water. However, the term bentonite, as well as a similar clay called tonstein, has been used to describe clay beds of uncertain origin.
·
Cincinnati arch
o
Ordovician - when continents crashed together during the two orogeny's you have the Appalachian mountains and then a down drop into the Appalachian basin going west and then going west the next rise is the Cincinnati arch and the next basin is the Illinois basin.
epeir.
Similar to DEPOSITIONAL_ENVIRONMENTS_Lesson_07 (20)
This presentation introduces the concept or where oil comes from. In PowerPoint "Slide Show" mode there are animations that will enhance the presentation that cannot be seen in still images alone.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
5. 5
Mountains get eroded, forming sediment (gravel, sand, silt and mud). Rivers move that
sediment into lakes and oceans. Waves and tides continue to move that sediment
around. Incredible volumes of organic matter ‘rain down’ to the sea floor and get
deposited together with the sand, silt and mud. Sediments and organic matter get buried
deeper and deeper over time, eventually forming source rocks and reservoirs.
22. Sea level fluctuates and sediment builds up layer by layer…
When sea-level rises and falls, rises and falls…
23. Sea level fluctuates and sediment builds up layer by layer…
The sediments are deposited horizontally… and stack one upon the other…
24. The ‘Stacking Pattern’ and ‘layering’ of sediments
can be seen in the next couple of slides in ‘small’
scale by way of the layers of beach sands and on a
much ‘larger’ scale in whole mountains (especially
evident in places like the Grand Canyon).
Geoscientists must always be aware of the scale of
the data-sets that they are working with.
25. Sands found on a beach show layering. That layering is also seen in a “core”
sample obtained from the Hibernia reservoir which is currently more than two miles
below the seafloor but which originally formed in a beach environment just like this.
26. That layering seen in a “core” sample can also be seen on a much larger scale
over vast distances in hills and mountains. Studies of “outcrops” help geologists
determine where to look for oil and gas in the “subsurface”.
27. This should be a familiar
scene. Note the ‘lineations’
in the “outcrop” of Signal Hill.
It is evident that the ‘layering’
of the “beds” is very steeply
“dipping” and nearly vertical.
Of course, these beds would
have originally been laid down
in a near horizontal position.
28. This should be a familiar
scene. Note the ‘lineations’
in the “outcrop” of Signal Hill.
It is evident that the ‘layering’
of the “beds” is very steeply
“dipping” and nearly vertical.
Of course, these beds would
have originally been laid down
in a near horizontal position.
38. 38
Algal ‘blooms’ can be seen by satellite.
This one (off the coast of SW England)
covers an area in excess of hundreds of
square kilometers! The inset white line is
80km in length.
This is a singular occurrence. Imagine the
volume of algae in a hundred years, a
thousand, a million or more!
That’s an incredible amount of organic
matter which can eventually be converted
into oil and gas.
39. 39
Another potential source of “unconventional” oil and gas reserves is the
“Shale Plays”. What was once considered “source rock” with little to no
permeability is now being drilled and fractured to produce gas and oil.
40. Sands found on a beach show layering. That layering is also seen
in the “core” sample from the Hibernia reservoir (taken from more
than two miles below the seafloor). Those sands were originally
formed in a beach environment much like this one. 40
41. Sands found on a beach show layering. That layering is also seen in a “core”
sample obtained from the Hibernia reservoir which is currently more than two miles
below the seafloor but which originally formed in a beach environment just like this.
43. 43
Oil and Gas reservoirs occur in sediments that
were deposited and buried in ‘ancient’
depositional environments.
The following slides show these environments in
‘modern’ settings.
The current Hibernia, Terra Nova, White Rose
and Hebron Fields that are buried thousands of
meters below the sea-floor were once much like
these environments, at or near sea-level.
45. 45
Mountainous ‘highlands’ with
alluvial fans at the base and
terraced sediments deposited
by rivers and streams.
Rivers redistribute the
sediment and carve river
valleys that form terraces
(‘steps’) from ‘earlier’ incised
valleys.
The eroded rock and sediment
spills out onto floodplains. In
addition to coarse grained
sediments there are fine
grained sediment (clays and
muds) that support vegetation.
This type of environment is
ideal for farmland.
46. 46
Braided fluvial channels in
an incised valley. Note the
‘rocky outcrop’ along the
valley edges.
There is very little vegetation
within the river valley which is
typically evidence of high
rates of water flow and
relatively steep gradients. The
fertile farmland in the
background contains muds
and clays from times when
the river overflows its banks
unto the ‘floodplain’.
47.
48.
49. 49
Where rivers meet the sea you
frequently find barrier Islands
with sandy beaches, tidal
inlets and muddy lagoons.
These environments are great
places to live for a time but
they are constantly changing
due to waves and tides and as
sea level rises and falls
through time.
Shoreline erosion and
migration is constant despite
man’s ceaseless efforts to
prevent such change.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54. 54
Where fluvial (river) systems
merge with open ocean
(marine) systems and
sedimentation rates are high
deltas may form.
This delta has multiple
distributary channels that
‘fan out’ and distribute the
sediment into the nearshore
environment. These deposits
are constantly modified by
waves and tides.
‘Modern’ deltas have played
a very important role in the
history of humans on this
planet. ‘Ancient’ deltas are
frequently targeted for their
oil and gas reserves.
55. 55
The Nile delta (shown here)
clearly shows the importance
of fresh water river systems for
agriculture.
Arid conditions exist
everywhere within only a very
short distance from the ‘life
sustaining’ waters of the Nile.
This is a ‘modern’ delta.
‘Ancient’ deltas are frequently
targeted for their excellent oil
and gas reservoir qualities.
57. 57
From ‘modern’ depositional
environments to ‘ancient’
depositional environments.
The following slides illustrate the
types of depositional environments
that contribute to the reservoirs
found in the Jeanne d’Arc Basin.
62. The yellow highlighted area indicates ‘sand’ and ‘silt’ (even smaller than the smallest sand
grains). The “meandering” river or stream moves from one side of the ‘river valley’ to the
other. This type of depositional environment produces excellent quality oil and gas
reservoirs when/if they are buried deeply underground over millions of years.