This document discusses various sectioning conventions used in engineering drawings. It defines different types of sections such as full sections, half sections, and broken-out sections. It describes how to represent features like ribs, spokes, holes and lugs when they are cut by the sectioning plane. Guidelines are provided for cross-hatching cut surfaces, showing hidden details, and aligning non-symmetrical elements in section views. The document also covers conventions for thin materials, breaks, and other techniques to clarify interior features in sectional views.
this is an essential originally power point created notes in section view of engineering graphics and drawing hope you enjoy this and take its benefits....
Basics of engineering drawing by Rishabh NatholiaRISHABH NATHOLIA
This is my work to make sure it is easy to understand the basic of Mechanical Engineer Drawing.It is a made for all and a quick bite to the very basics of engineering drawing. This data will also help the students to score more in their subjects. This will also help on design sector interviews.
this is an essential originally power point created notes in section view of engineering graphics and drawing hope you enjoy this and take its benefits....
Basics of engineering drawing by Rishabh NatholiaRISHABH NATHOLIA
This is my work to make sure it is easy to understand the basic of Mechanical Engineer Drawing.It is a made for all and a quick bite to the very basics of engineering drawing. This data will also help the students to score more in their subjects. This will also help on design sector interviews.
check it out: http://goo.gl/vqNk7m
CADmantra Technologies pvt. Ltd. is a CAD Training institute specilized in producing quality and high standard education and training. We are providing a perfact institute for the students intersted in CAD courses CADmantra is established by a group of engineers to devlop good training system in the field of CAD/CAM/CAE, these courses are widely accepted worldwide.
#catiatraining
#ANSYS #CRE-O
#hypermesh
#Automobileworkshops
#enginedevelopment
#autocad
#sketching
Download link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318852873_Engineering_Drawing_-_I
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.22512.56328
An engineering drawing is a type of technical drawing, used to fully and clearly define requirements for engineered items, and is usually created in accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance size, etc.
Its purpose is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a product or a component. The end goal of an engineering drawing is to convey all the required information that will allow a manufacturer to produce that component.
This lecture contains the detail of isometric projections of an object. This will improve your skills to draw isometric views which is the major part of engineering drawings.
check it out: http://goo.gl/vqNk7m
CADmantra Technologies pvt. Ltd. is a CAD Training institute specilized in producing quality and high standard education and training. We are providing a perfact institute for the students intersted in CAD courses CADmantra is established by a group of engineers to devlop good training system in the field of CAD/CAM/CAE, these courses are widely accepted worldwide.
#catiatraining
#ANSYS #CRE-O
#hypermesh
#Automobileworkshops
#enginedevelopment
#autocad
#sketching
Download link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318852873_Engineering_Drawing_-_I
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.22512.56328
An engineering drawing is a type of technical drawing, used to fully and clearly define requirements for engineered items, and is usually created in accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance size, etc.
Its purpose is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a product or a component. The end goal of an engineering drawing is to convey all the required information that will allow a manufacturer to produce that component.
This lecture contains the detail of isometric projections of an object. This will improve your skills to draw isometric views which is the major part of engineering drawings.
Exploring Sectional Orthographic Projections: A Comprehensive Study of 2D Rep...xahimo9315
Our mission is to provide a thorough understanding of Sectional Orthographic Projections, starting with the basics and progressing to advanced applications. We'll dissect cutting planes, sectional views, drawing methods, and the significance of these projections in conveying detailed object geometry.
This is a text book exclusively designed for Technical High School students of Kerala state. Technical High Schools in Kerala state are functioning under Department of Technical Education.
Basics of Different views, first and third angle projection in detail, examples of orthographic views, basics and rules of sectional views, types of sectional views, solved examples and to solve problems for sectional views.
The design of Farm cart 0011 report 1 2020musadoto
This report describes the best designing of a 200cc FARM CART MACHINE which will be useful to the farm fields due to the fact that, the purchase, repair and maintenance are affordable to all level of income earners. Despite the cost effectiveness of the machine, the report also tries to justify that the machine can be used multipurposely as it serves the purposes of been used as farm transport, mowering machine, boom spraying and or mini planter with two rows. All these can be achieved as long as the implements are attached with respect to the power capacity of the farm cart.
The report tells only the design and testing of machine excluding its farm implements design. Some best reviews from other study projects done by other people in the world provided a good reference for designing and implementation of this project. The project is initially costly because it needs to develop a prototype and test the different first ideas.
The project report describes the important of choosing to use the designed farm cart machine compared to other farm machines at the market which are most efficiently to be used by farmers in their fields.
The challenges are inevitable in any project, here in designing of this 200cc farm machine, the major issue is the funding because the fund for this project is from the pocket which is always insufficient as it depends to the meals and accommodation money distribution sponsored from the HIGH EDUCATION STUDENTS LOAN BOARD (HESLB) thus it takes longer to accomplish the project by waiting another quarter of the semester to continue with the project which affects the other part of normal life(in terms of meals and accommodation).
The report recommends that, the department of engineering sciences and technology and Sokoine University of Agriculture as a whole should invest into this technology by utilizing fully the idea and funding the project for more better improvement so as to attain the desired standard that can with stand the different farm field factors. These when taken into consideration there is a possibility to achieve the industrialization policy in our country and thereafter it is a better approach to modern agriculture.
CONSTRUCTION [soil treatment, foundation backfill, Damp Proof Membrane[DPM] a...musadoto
With reference to a construction site visited recently, describe in details key features
that can be observed on site as follows
Foundations backfilling, hardcore, soil treatment, DPM and BRC works prior
to pouring oversite concrete
CONSTRUCTION [soil treatment, foundation backfill, Damp Proof Membrane[DPM] and BRC for engineers (civil)
BASICS OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING-TAKE HOME ASSIGNMENT 2018musadoto
Self- Check 1
Which of the following are Pascal reserved words, standard identifiers, valid identifiers, invalid identifiers?
end ReadLn Bill
program Sues‟s Rate
Start begin const
Y=Z Prog#2 &Up
First Name „MaxScores‟ A*B
CostaMesa,CA Barnes&Noble CONST
XYZ123 ThisIsALongOne 123XYZANSWER
ANSWERS
Paschal reserved words:
begin, end, program, Start, CONST, const
Standard identifiers:
ReadLn, „MaxScores‟, Bill, Rate
Valid identifiers:
XYZ123, ThisIsALongOne, A*B, Y=Z, CostaMesa, CA, First Name
Invalid identifiers:
123XYZ, Sues‟s, &UpFirstName, Barnes&Noble, Prog#2
Self- Check 2
Which of the following literal values are legal and what are their types? Which are illegal and why?
15 „XYZ‟ „*‟
$25.123 15; -999
.123 „x‟ “X”
„9‟ „-5‟ True
ANSWER:
The following values are legal and their type
Legal
Type
Illegal
15
Integer literal
$25.123
„XYZ‟
String Literal
.123
„X‟
Character Literal
„9‟
True
Boolean Literal
15;
-999
Integer Literal
-„5‟
Operator literal
„*‟
TP- Lecture 4.2
Self- Checked 1
Which of the following are valid program headings? Which are invalid and why?
(i) Program program; - INVALID using reserved ID
(ii) program 2ndCourseInCS; -INVALID because starts with digit
(iii) program PascalIsFun;- VALID program heading
(iv) program Rainy Day; -INVALID – contains space
Self- Checked 2
Rewrite the following code so that it has no syntax errors and follows the writing conventions we adopted
(i) Program SMALL;
VAR X, Y, Z : real;
BEGIN
Y := 15.0;
Z := -Y + 3.5;
X :=Y + z;
writeln (x, Y, z);
END.
ANSWER:
Program
ENGINEERING SYSTEM DYNAMICS-TAKE HOME ASSIGNMENT 2018musadoto
1. Read Chapter 4 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 4.1 to 4.12 in Matlab.
2. Read Chapter 7 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 7.1 to 7.11 in Matlab.
3. Read Chapter 9 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 9.1 to 9.6 in Matlab.
4. Read Chapter 11 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 11.1 to 11.7 in Matlab.
5. Read Chapter 2 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problem 2.18 (page 63).
6. Read Chapter 3 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problem 3.13 (pp 98 - 100).
7. Read Chapter 4 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problem 4.20 (page 146).
8. Read Chapter 5 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problems 5.15 (page 198), 5.21 (pp 199 - 200) and 5.27 (pp 201 – 202).
Hardeninig of steel (Jominy test)-CoET- udsmmusadoto
Controlling a material’s properties during processing is pivotal for any engineering field. A specific hardness for a metal is often a desirable characteristic for many applications, so controlling hardness is important during processing. To increase the hardness of steel, it is often quenched from a high temperature to form martensite, a hard yet brittle phase of iron. The extent of martensite formation, including hardness and depth of formation, is known as hardenability. This practical provides an experiment for measurement of hardenability in plain carbon steel and an alloyed steel according to, the Jominy End-Quench Test , (ASTM A255 – 10). The demonstration exercise involve quenching one end of a heated steel sample ,comparing and evaluating the hardness distribution using measurements obtained at different locations(distance interval) on the sample(specimens) surface.
1.1 The aim of the experiment
The aim of the experiment is to test the usefulness of the ultrasonic waves, by passing them through different
solids one can find out a lot of physical properties like young’s modulus , defects, Poisson ratio, Velocity of
sound in respective material this is due to the response of the received ultrasonic waves.
1.2 Theory of experiment
Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a family of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques based on the propagation of ultrasonic waves in the object or material tested. In most common UT applications, very short ultrasonic pulse-waves with center frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz, and occasionally up to 50 MHz, are transmitted into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize materials. A common example is ultrasonic thickness measurement, which tests the thickness of the test object, for example, to monitor pipework corrosion.
Ultrasonic testing is often performed on steel and other metals and alloys, though it can also be used on concrete, wood and composites, albeit with less resolution. It is used in many industries including steel and aluminium construction, metallurgy, manufacturing, aerospace, automotive and other transportation sectors.
Ae 219 - BASICS OF PASCHAL PROGRAMMING-2017 test manual solutionmusadoto
Whether the Pascal program is small or large, it must have a specific structure. This
program consists mainly of one statement (WRITELN) which does the actual work
here, as it displays whatever comes between the parentheses. The statement is
included inside a frame starting with the keyword BEGIN and ending with the keyword
END. This is called the program main body (or the program block) and usually
contains the main logic of data processing.
1. The background of Fluid Mechanics
2. Fields of Fluid mechanics
3. Introduction and Basic concepts
4. Properties of Fluids
5. Pressure and fluid statics
6. Hydrodynamics
Fluid mechanics (a letter to a friend) part 1 ...musadoto
1. The background of Fluid Mechanics
2. Fields of Fluid mechanics
3. Introduction and Basic concepts
4. Properties of Fluids
5. Pressure and fluid statics
6. Hydrodynamics
Fluids mechanics (a letter to a friend) part 1 ...musadoto
1. The background of Fluid Mechanics
2. Fields of Fluid mechanics
3. Introduction and Basic concepts
4. Properties of Fluids
5. Pressure and fluid statics
6. Hydrodynamics
Fresh concrete -building materials for engineersmusadoto
CONCRETE
is a building Material made from a mixture of gravel ,sand ,cement,water and air ,forming a stone like mass on hardenning.
FRESH CONCRETE
It is a concrete that has not reached the final setting time.
Course Contents:
Introduction; Linear measurements; Analysis and adjustment of measurements, Survey methods: coordinate systems, bearings, horizontal control, traversing, triangulation, detail surveying; Orientation and position; Areas and volumes; Setting out; Curve ranging; Global Positioning system (GPS); Photogrammetry.
Fresh concrete -building materials for engineersmusadoto
General introduction
CONCRETE
is a building Material made from a mixture of gravel ,sand ,cement,water and air ,forming a stone like mass on hardenning.
FRESH CONCRETE
It is a concrete that has not reached the final setting time.
DIESEL ENGINE POWER REPORT -AE 215 -SOURCES OF FARM POWERmusadoto
The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition or CI engine), named after Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel which is injected into the combustion chamber is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to mechanical compression (adiabatic compression). Diesel engines work by compressing only the air. This increases the air temperature inside the cylinder to such a high degree that atomised diesel fuel that is injected into the combustion chamber ignites spontaneously. This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to petrol), which use a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture. In diesel engines, glow plugs (combustion chamber pre-warmers) may be used to aid starting in cold weather, or when the engine uses a lower compression-ratio, or both. The original diesel engine operates on the "constant pressure" cycle of gradual combustion and produces no audible knock.
A diesel engine built by MAN AG in 1906
Detroit Diesel timing
Fairbanks Morse model 32
The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency (engine efficiency) of any practical internal or external combustion engine due to its very high expansion ratio and inherent lean burn which enables heat dissipation by the excess air. A small efficiency loss is also avoided compared to two-stroke non-direct-injection gasoline engines since unburned fuel is not present at valve overlap and therefore no fuel goes directly from the intake/injection to the exhaust. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%.[1][2
Farm and human power REPORT - AE 215-SOURCES OF FARM POWER musadoto
Farm is an area of land and its building, used for growing crops a rearing of animals or an area of land
that is devoted primarily of agricultural process with the primary objective of producing food and other
commercial crops. Or an area of water that is devoted primarily to agricultural process in order to
produce and manage such commodities as fibers, grains, livestock or fuel.
The process of working the ground, planting seeds and growing of planting known as farming.it can
described s raising of animals for milk and meat as farming.
ENGINE POWER PETROL REPORT-AE 215-SOURCES OF FARM POWERmusadoto
What is an Engine?
Before knowing about how the Petrol Engine works, let's first understand what an engine is. This is common for both petrol and diesel engines alike. An engine is a power generating machine which converts potential energy of the fuel into heat energy and then into motion. It produces power and also runs on its own power.
The engine generates its power by burning the fuel in a self-regulated and controlled „Combustion‟ process. The combustion process involves many sub-processes which burn the fuel efficiently and results in the smooth running of the engine.
These processes include:
The suction of air (also known as breathing or aspiration).
Mixing of the fuel with air after breaking the liquid fuel into highly atomized / mist form.
Igniting the air-fuel mixture with a spark (petrol engine).
Burning of highly atomized fuel particles which results in releasing / ejection of heat energy.
How does an Engine work?
The engine converts Heat Energy into Kinetic Energy in the form of „Reciprocating Motion‟. The expansion of heated gases and their forces act on the engine pistons. The gases push the pistons downwards which results in reciprocating motion of pistons.
This motion of the piston enables the crank-shaft to rotate. Thus, it finally converts the reciprocating motion into the 'Rotary motion' and passes on to wheels.
A petrol engine (known as a gasoline engine in American English) is an internal combustion engine with spark-ignition, designed to run on petrol (gasoline) and similar volatile fuels.
In most petrol engines, the fuel and air are usually mixed after compression (although some modern petrol engines now use cylinder-direct petrol injection). The pre-mixing was formerly done in a carburetor, but now it is done by electronically controlled fuel injection, except in small engines where the cost/complication of electronics does not justify the added engine efficiency. The process differs from a diesel engine in the method of mixing the fuel and air, and in using spark plugs to initiate the combustion process. In a diesel engine, only air is compressed
TRACTOR POWER REPORT -AE 215 SOURCES OF FARM POWER 2018musadoto
A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction. Most commonly, the term is used to describe a farm vehicle that provides the power and traction to mechanize agricultural tasks, especially (and originally) tillage, but nowadays a great variety of tasks. Agricultural implements 0may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanised.
The word Tractor is derived prior to 1900, the Machine were known as traction motor (pulling-machine).After the year 1900 both the words are joined by taking ‘Tract’ from Traction and ‘Tor” from motor calling it a Tractor.
In our Country tractors were started manufacturing in real sense after independence and at present we are self-sufficient in meeting demand of country’s requirement for tractors. Our country is basically an agricultural country where 75% of our population is directly or indirectly connected with agriculture. This cannot be produced with our conventional bullock pulled agricultural implements. Tractor is one of the basic agricultural machines
used for speeding up agriculture production.
WIND ENERGY REPORT AE 215- 2018 SOURCES OF FARM POWERmusadoto
Wind is the flow of gases on large scale. On the surface of the earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. In outer space, solar wind is the movement of gases and charged particles from the sun though space, while planetary wind is the outgassing of light chemical from a planet’s atmosphere into space. Wind by their spatial scale, their speed, the type of force that cause them, the region in which they occur and their effect. The strongest observed winds on planet in solar system occur on Neptune and Saturn. Winds have various aspects, an important one being its velocity, density of the gas involved and energy content of the wind.
Wind is almost entirely caused by the effects of the sun which, each hour, delivers 175 million watts of energy to the earth. This energy heats the planet’s surface, most intensively at the equator, which causes air to rise. This rising air creates an area of low pressure at the surface into which cooler air is sucked, and it is this flow of air that we know as “wind”. In reality atmospheric circulation is much more complicated and, after rising at the equator air travels pole wards. As it travels the air cools and eventually descends to the earth’s surface at about 30° latitude (north and south), from where it returns once again to the equator (a closed loop known as a Hadley Cell). Similar cells exist between 30° and 60° latitude (the Ferrell Cells) and between 60° latitude and each of the poles (the Polar Cells). Within these cells, the flow of air is further impacted by the rotation of the earth or the "Coriolis Effect". This effect creates a sideways force which causes air to circulate anticlockwise around areas of low pressure in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere
In summary, the origin of winds may be traced basically to uneven heating of the earth’s surface due to sun. This may lead to circulation of widespread winds on a global basis, producing planetary winds or may have a limited influence in a smaller area to cause local winds.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Sectioning notes ppt
1. ME 114 – Engineering Drawing II
Dr. Oğuzhan Yılmaz
Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering
University of Gaziantep
SECTIONING
2. 1
Purpose of Sectioning
On many occasions, the interior of an
object is complicated or the component
parts of a machine are drawn assembled.
The interior features are represented by
hidden lines in usual orthographic views,
which results in confusion and difficulty in
understanding the drawing (Fig. 1a).
In order to show such features clearly,
one or more views are drawn as if a
portion had been cut away to reveal the
interior (Fig. 1b).
This procedure is called sectioning and
the view showing the cut away picture is
called section view.
Figure 1
3. 2
Definitions
A section is an imaginary cut taken through an object to reveal the shape or interior
construction. Fig. 2a shows the imaginary cutting plane in perspective view.
The imaginary cutting plane is projected on a standard view so that the sectional
view with orthographic representation is obtained as shown in Fig. 2c.
A sectional view must show which portions of the object are solid material and
which are spaces. This is done by section lining (cross-hatching) the solid parts
with uniformly spaced thin lines generally at 45º.
Figure 2
(a) (b) (c)
4. 3
Cutting Planes
Various cutting planes can be selected for obtaining clear sectional views.
The plane may cut straight across (Fig. 3a) or be offset (changing direction
forward and backward) to pass through features (Fig. 3b, 3c and 3d).
The plane may also be taken parallel to the frontal plane (Fig. 4a), parallel to the
profile and/or horizontal plane (Fig. 4b and 4c), or at an angle.
Figure 3
Figure 4
5. 4
Type of Sections
Depending on the number of cutting planes, sectional views can be simple with
one cutting plane (Fig. 5) or complex with two or more cutting planes (Fig. 6).
If the cutting plane-line cuts entirely across the object, it is called a full section.
If the cutting plane cuts halfway through the object, it is a half section.
In addition to these, there are broken-out sections, rotated sections, removed
sections, auxiliary sections, and assembly sections.
Figure 5 Figure 6
6. 5
Full Section
When cutting plane passes fully through an object, it is called full section (Fig. 7).
Figure 7
7. 6
Full Section with Offset Planes
The cutting plane may be offset in any portion in order to show some detail or to
miss some part, as seen in Fig. 8.
Note that the change in plane direction is not shown on the sectional view (i.e. no
edge is present on the object at this position since the cut is purely imaginary).
Figure 8
8. 7
Full Section with Offset Planes
Fig. 9 and 10 are examples of full sections with offset cutting planes.
Figure 10Figure 9
9. 8
Half Section
Figure 11
A half section is made by cutting halfway through an object (Fig. 11).
Thus, one half is drawn in section and the other half is an outside view.
Usually, hidden lines are not used (inside details are visible on the section view).
10. 9
Half Section
In some cases, hidden detail on the unsectioned part may be shown for clarity
or for dimensioning purposes (Fig. 12).
Half sections can be used to have advantage with symmetrical parts (Fig. 13) as
well as with assemblies (Fig. 12).
Figure 13Figure 12
11. 10
Broken-Out Section
This type of section shows only an
interior portion of the object in section.
Cutting plane passes partially through
the object. The area immediately in
front of the plane is broken and
removed, which reveals interior details
in this area.
At the point where the object is
considered broken, an irregular break
line is used to indicate the break.
Fig. 14 and 15 illustrate the advantage
of the broken-out section, which
eliminates the need for excessive
section lining.
Figure 14
Figure 15
12. 11
Rotated Section
Some parts of an object have to be rotated to show the section.
The cutting plane is passed perpendicular to the axis of the part to be cut.
The cut portion is revolved 90º and drawn in this position (i.e. turning the section
until it is parallel with the plane of projection).
The resulting view is a rotated section.
Figure 16 Figure 17
13. 12
Removed Section
Figure 18 Figure 19
This type of section is a revolved section drawn outside of the normal view.
They are used if there is restricted space for section or dimensioning prevents
the use of an ordinary rotated section.
Several sections may be required when shape of the part is not uniform.
These sections are represented by a series of cutting planes and identifying
letters (e.g. Section A-A, B-B, C-C and so on).
15. 14
Assembly Sections
Assembly sections consist of a combination of parts.
The purpose of an assembly section is to reveal the interior of a machine or
structure so that the separate parts can be clearly shown and identified. However,
the separate parts do not need to be completely described.
Small amount of clearances between mating or moving parts on assembly drawing
is not shown. Even the clearance between a bolt and its hole (which may be as
much as 1 mm) is rarely shown.
On assembly drawing, only such hidden details (as needed for part identification or
dimensioning) are drawn.
Figure 22
16. 15
Hidden Edges and Surfaces in Section
Sections are primarily used to replace hidden lines with visible lines. As a rule,
hidden lines and surfaces should be omitted in sectional views.
Sectional view in Fig. 23a is incorrect. Because, hidden lines do not clarify the
drawing. Thus, preferred sectional view should be as in Fig. 23b.
In some cases, hidden edges and surfaces can be shown for describing the object
or to omit a view. Fig. 24b must be used for complete representation of the object.
Figure 23 Figure 24
17. 16
Visible Edges in Section
A section-lined area is always completely bounded by a visible outline, never by
a hidden line or edge.
Therefore, all visible edges and contours behind the cutting plane must be shown in
sectional view (Fig. 25b).
Otherwise, a section will appear to be made up of disconnected and unrelated parts
(as in the case of Fig. 25a).
Figure 25
18. 17
Section Lining (Cross-Hatching)
Section lining of a cut surface is indicated by fine lines, which are drawn as
continuous lines usually at an angle of 45º with uniform distance (about 2 mm).
For smaller or larger areas, distance between lines can be from 1 mm to 4 mm.
Section lining or cross-hatching lines should not be parallel or perpendicular to any
main visible line bounding the sectioned area.
Figure 27
Figure 26
19. 18
Cross-Hatching of Adjacent Parts
Section lines on two adjacent pieces should slope at 45º in opposite directions. If
a third or fourth piece adjoins the other pieces (as in Fig. 28), they ordinarily are
cross-hatched at 30º and 60º.
An alternate use would be to vary the spacing without changing the angle.
Figure 28
20. 19
Cutting Plane Lines
The cutting plane line is an imaginary plane
passing through an object at the place where a
section is to be made.
This imaginary line is identified with reference
letters along with arrows to show the direction in
which the sectional view is taken.
The beginning and end styles of cutting plane
lines are made bold. This is also done at the
portions where the cutting plane is offset (Fig. 29).
Figure 29
21. 20
Thin Materials in Section
Very thin sections (such as sheet metal parts, gaskets or structural-steel shapes to
small scale) may be shown in solid black with white spaces between the parts.
Figure 30
22. 21
Ribs and Webs in Section
Ribs and webs are used to strengthen the parts. When the cutting plane passes
through the ribs lengthwise, cross-hatching would give the misleading impression
that the section was conical (Fig. 31b).
Therefore, cross-hatching is eliminated from the ribs and webs (as if the cutting
plane was just in front of them) when the cutting plane passes longitudinally
through them (Fig. 31a and 32).
Figure 31 Figure 32
23. 22
Ribs and Webs in Section
However, they are always cross-hatched if the cutting plane cuts them at right
angles to their length or axis direction to show their thickness (Fig. 33).
Figure 33
24. 23
Spokes and Arms in Section
When a cutting plane passes through
pulley spokes or arms, cross-hatching
is eliminated where the plane is thought
of as being just in front of the spokes.
Even though the cutting plane passes
through two of the spokes in Fig. 34, the
sectional view in Fig. 34a must be made
without cross-hatching the spokes in
order to avoid the appearance of a solid
web as in Fig. 34b.
Figure 34
25. 24
Lugs and Ears in Section
Small lugs or ears are treated like spokes and ribs.
Fig. 35a is an example in which the projecting lugs were not sectioned.
However, large lugs are considered as the solid base of the part, and hence they
are sectioned (Fig. 35b).
Figure 35
26. 25
Aligned Ribs, Spokes, Holes and Lugs
Ribs, spokes, holes and lugs are most common
parts that may occur in odd numbers.
These parts will give an unsymmetrical and
misleading section if the principles of true
projection are strictly obeyed.
A combination of holes and ribs shown in one
view is illustrated in Fig. 36.
The correct projection and section is shown at
Fig. 36c where rib and hole are drawn as if
they were aligned (in other words, rib and hole
are rotated to the path of vertical cutting plane
and then projected to the top view).
Note that neither rib or hole was cross-hatched.
Figure 36
27. 26
Aligned Ribs, Spokes, Holes and Lugs
When there are an odd number of spokes in a wheel (Fig. 37), they should be
shown aligned in the sectioned view so as to reveal their true location with
reference to the rim and the axis of the wheel.
Figure 37
28. 27
Aligned Ribs, Spokes, Holes and Lugs
Odd number of holes and lugs must also be treated likewise.
Fig. 38 and 39 show other examples of conventional representation. The sectional
views are drawn as if hole and lug had been swung until the portion of the cutting
plane passed through them and formed a continuous plane with the other portions.
Figure 38 Figure 39
29. 28
Aligned Elements in Full and Sectional Views
In full views, as well as in sectional views, certain violations of the rules of true
projection are accepted as a good practice because they add to the clearness of
the drawing. Fig. 40 may be shown straightened out or aligned in one view. This
is to avoid drawing in a foreshortened position.
When the space available is limited to allow a satisfactory scale to be used for the
representation of a symmetrical piece, it is a good practice to make one view a
half, as shown in Fig. 41.
Figure 40 Figure 41
30. 29
Conventional Breaks
In order to shorten certain views of
long parts, conventional breaks are
recommended.
Parts considered as broken must
have the same section throughout,
or if tapered they must have a
uniform taper.
The breaks used on cylindrical shafts
or tubes are often referred to as “S-
breaks” and are usually drawn
entirely or partly freehand.
Figure 42