7. Atomic Structure
All matter, even solids, contain mostly e m p t y
space.
How can this be?
8. Atomic Structure
All matter, even solids, contain mostly e m p t y
space.
How can this be?
Although there might be little or no space between
atoms, a lot of empty space lies within each atom.
10. Atomic Structure
At the center of every atom is a nucleus containing protons
and neutrons.
11. Atomic Structure
At the center of every atom is a nucleus containing protons
and neutrons.
The nucleus makes up most of the mass of an atom.
12. Atomic Structure
At the center of every atom is a nucleus containing protons
and neutrons.
The nucleus makes up most of the mass of an atom.
The rest of the atom is empty except for the atom’s electrons,
which are extremely small compared with the nucleus.
13. Atomic Structure
At the center of every atom is a nucleus containing protons
and neutrons.
The nucleus makes up most of the mass of an atom.
The rest of the atom is empty except for the atom’s electrons,
which are extremely small compared with the nucleus.
The exact location of an electron cannot be determined, the
electrons travel in an area around the nucleus called the
electron cloud.
19. WOW
Atoms are extremely small.
One hydrogen atom is approximately
5x10 -8mm in diameter.
Think about a 1 mm line. It would take
_______ hydrogen atoms lined up beside
each other to make a line as long as the
mark.
20. WOW
Atoms are extremely small.
One hydrogen atom is approximately
5x10 -8mm in diameter.
Think about a 1 mm line. It would take
_______ hydrogen atoms lined up beside
each other to make a line as long as the
mark.
20 million!!!!
23. Electrons and our Solar System
Plants orbit the sun, just as electrons orbit the
nucleus of an atom.
24. Electrons and our Solar System
Plants orbit the sun, just as electrons orbit the
nucleus of an atom.
Some differences between electrons and plants are:
25. Electrons and our Solar System
Plants orbit the sun, just as electrons orbit the
nucleus of an atom.
Some differences between electrons and plants are:
Planets do not have a charge, electrons are negatively
charged
26. Electrons and our Solar System
Plants orbit the sun, just as electrons orbit the
nucleus of an atom.
Some differences between electrons and plants are:
Planets do not have a charge, electrons are negatively
charged
Planets orbits are predictable, electron orbits are not
as predictable.
28. Element Structure
Each element has a
different atomic
structure and a different
number of protons,
neutrons, and electrons.
12
29. Element Structure
Each element has a
different atomic
structure and a different
number of protons,
neutrons, and electrons.
The number of protons
and electrons is always
the same for a neutral
atom.
12
32. Electron Energy
All electrons in an atom are somewhere in the electron
cloud.
Some electrons are closer to the nucleus than others.
33. Electron Energy
All electrons in an atom are somewhere in the electron
cloud.
Some electrons are closer to the nucleus than others.
The different areas for an electron in an atom are called
energy levels.
34. Electron Energy
All electrons in an atom are somewhere in the electron
cloud.
Some electrons are closer to the nucleus than others.
The different areas for an electron in an atom are called
energy levels.
Each level represents a different amount of energy and
can hold a certain number of electrons.
35. Electron Energy
All electrons in an atom are somewhere in the electron
cloud.
Some electrons are closer to the nucleus than others.
The different areas for an electron in an atom are called
energy levels.
Each level represents a different amount of energy and
can hold a certain number of electrons.
The farther an energy level is from the nucleus, the more
electrons it can hold.
41. Energy Steps
Energy Level 1 has the lowest amount of energy.
Electrons furthest away have the most energy.
42. Energy Steps
Energy Level 1 has the lowest amount of energy.
Electrons furthest away have the most energy.
Electrons furthest away are the easiest to remove.
43. Energy Steps
Energy Level 1 has the lowest amount of energy.
Electrons furthest away have the most energy.
Electrons furthest away are the easiest to remove.
How many electrons can occupy an energy level?
44. Energy Steps
Energy Level 1 has the lowest amount of energy.
Electrons furthest away have the most energy.
Electrons furthest away are the easiest to remove.
How many electrons can occupy an energy level?
Use 2n2 (n represents the energy level).
64. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
Remember that the number of protons and
electrons are the same in a neutral atom (which
is what is represented on the periodic table).
65. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
Remember that the number of protons and
electrons are the same in a neutral atom (which
is what is represented on the periodic table).
The number of electrons increases by one as
you move across the period.
68. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
A few things to notice....
69. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
A few things to notice....
Groups 3-12 are not pictured.
70. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
A few things to notice....
Groups 3-12 are not pictured.
Group 18 is complete, it is full. It has _____ electrons.
71. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
Vertical Rows are called Groups or Families
26
72. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
Vertical Rows are called Groups or Families
26
73. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
Vertical Rows are called Groups or Families
26
74. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
Vertical Rows are called Groups or Families
26
75. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
Vertical Rows are called Groups or Families
26
76. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
Vertical Rows are called Groups or Families
26
77. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
Vertical Rows are called Groups or Families
26
78. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
Vertical Rows are called Groups or Families
26
79. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
Vertical Rows are called Groups or Families
26
80. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
Vertical Rows are called Groups or Families
Group
1
26
81. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
Vertical Rows are called Groups or Families
Group Group
1 2
26
82. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
Vertical Rows are called Groups or Families
Group Group Group
1 2 3
26
83. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
Vertical Rows are called Groups or Families
Group Group Group Group
1 2 3 4
26
84. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
Vertical Rows are called Groups or Families
Group Group Group Group Group
1 2 3 4 5
26
85. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
Vertical Rows are called Groups or Families
Group Group Group Group Group Group
1 2 3 4 5 6
26
86. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
Vertical Rows are called Groups or Families
Group Group Group Group Group Group Group
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
26
87. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
Vertical Rows are called Groups or Families
Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
26
88. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
Hydrogen is usually
considered separately,
so the first element
family begins with
lithium and sodium in
the first column.
27
90. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
Human family members often have similar looks
and traits.
91. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
Human family members often have similar looks
and traits.
Also, members of element families have similar
properties, chemical properties, because they
have the same number of electrons in their outer
energy levels.
92. Our Wonderful and Perfect
Periodic Table
It was the repeating pattern of properties that
gave Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev the idea
for his first periodic table in 1869.
95. Why so Noble,
Group 18?
Noble Gases have energy levels that are complete. They have
8 electrons in their outer energy levels.
96. Why so Noble,
Group 18?
Noble Gases have energy levels that are complete. They have
8 electrons in their outer energy levels.
Do not combine well with other elements – originally thought
they would not combine at all, but they will on rare occasion.
97. Why so Noble,
Group 18?
Noble Gases have energy levels that are complete. They have
8 electrons in their outer energy levels.
Do not combine well with other elements – originally thought
they would not combine at all, but they will on rare occasion.
Because they are so stable they are used to protect filaments in
light bulbs.
98. Why so Noble,
Group 18?
Noble Gases have energy levels that are complete. They have
8 electrons in their outer energy levels.
Do not combine well with other elements – originally thought
they would not combine at all, but they will on rare occasion.
Because they are so stable they are used to protect filaments in
light bulbs.
Also used as to produce coloured lights in signs…electricity
causes the noble gases to emit a certain colour light.
Neon – orange/red; Argon – lavender; Helium – yellowish
white
101. Halogens From Halifax
(Group 17)
Halogens only need one more electron, so they are very
reactive.
102. Halogens From Halifax
(Group 17)
Halogens only need one more electron, so they are very
reactive.
Fluorine is the most reactive because the electrons are so
close to nucleus.
103. Halogens From Halifax
(Group 17)
Halogens only need one more electron, so they are very
reactive.
Fluorine is the most reactive because the electrons are so
close to nucleus.
Remember that when electrons are close to the nucleus,
there is a stronger pull from the protons.
107. Halogens From Halifax
(Group 17)
The further you go down group 17, the
reactivities decrease.
108. Halogens From Halifax
(Group 17)
The further you go down group 17, the
reactivities decrease.
This is because there is more energy levels,
and so the electrons are further away from the
pull of the protons.
112. Alkali Metals
Have One Extra Petal
(Group 1)
Alkali Metals have one electron in outer most
energy level.
113. Alkali Metals
Have One Extra Petal
(Group 1)
Alkali Metals have one electron in outer most
energy level.
This electron will be removed when alkali metals
reacts.
114. Alkali Metals
Have One Extra Petal
(Group 1)
Alkali Metals have one electron in outer most
energy level.
This electron will be removed when alkali metals
reacts.
The easier it is to remove an electron, the more
reactive the atom is.
116. Alkali Metals
Have One Extra Petal
(Group 1)
Reactivities increase as you go down
the group. Why?
117. Alkali Metals
Have One Extra Petal
(Group 1)
Reactivities increase as you go down
the group. Why?
Alkali metals want to give away one of
their electrons. That electron is further
away from the pull of the proton as
you move down group 1 in the
periodic table.
119. Electron Dot Diagrams
An electron dot diagram is the symbol
for the element surrounded by as many dots as
there are electrons in its outer energy level.
120. Electron Dot Diagrams
An electron dot diagram is the symbol
for the element surrounded by as many dots as
there are electrons in its outer energy level.
Only the outer energy level electrons are
shown because these are what determine how an
element can react.
123. Electron Dot Diagrams
Start by writing one dot on the top of the
element symbol
Then work your way around, adding dots to the
right, bottom, and left.
124. Electron Dot Diagrams
Start by writing one dot on the top of the
element symbol
Then work your way around, adding dots to the
right, bottom, and left.
Add a fifth dot to the top to make a pair.
125. Electron Dot Diagrams
Start by writing one dot on the top of the
element symbol
Then work your way around, adding dots to the
right, bottom, and left.
Add a fifth dot to the top to make a pair.
Continue in this manner until you reach eight
dots to complete the level
128. Question 1
Electrons are now known to swarm around
the nucleus of an atom in a configuration
known as the _______.
A. electron circle
B. electron cloud
C. electron configuration
D. electron swarm
129. Answer
The answer is B. The “cloud” includes all the
regions where an electron might be found.
131. Answer
This image is an example of an electron dot
diagram. It tells you that nitrogen contains
five electrons in its outer energy level.
132. Question 3
The _______ an energy level is from the
nucleus, the _______ electrons it can hold.
A. closer, more
B. closer, less
C. farther, less
D. farther, more
133. Answer
The answer is D. The farthest shells contain
the greatest number of electrons.
