Sec 3 - Lesson 1 Coasts
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The document discusses various coastal landform processes driven by wave energy. It defines key wave terminology like fetch and describes how wind velocity and direction of travel influence wave size and power. Larger fetches and higher wind speeds produce more energetic waves capable of eroding coastlines, while smaller waves predominantly transport and deposit sediments along shore through processes like longshore drift. Constructive and destructive waves shape coastlines differently based on the balance of their swash and backwash forces.
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This document discusses coastal landforms and sediment transport along coastlines. It explains that sediments move parallel to the shoreline through processes like longshore currents and longshore drift. Sediments are deposited when waves lose energy, with larger sediments deposited first in sheltered areas. Coastal landforms like cliffs, shore platforms, headlands, and bays form through erosion processes acting on rocks of varying resistance over time. Cliff retreat leads to the formation of shore platforms, while differential erosion of resistant and less resistant rock bands creates alternating headlands and bays along indented coastlines.
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1. The document defines coastal terminology like shore, backshore, foreshore, offshore, as well as wave terminology like crest, trough, wavelength, wave height, and wave period.
2. It explains how waves are formed by wind and the parts of a wave including crest, trough, wavelength, and wave height.
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This document provides an overview of coastal environments and processes. It begins with key thinking questions about coasts and their value. It then defines coasts and describes their main zones or parts. Two main factors that affect the coastal environment are tides and sea level changes. The document also discusses coastal erosion processes like abrasion and hydraulic action. Finally, it introduces coastal landforms like cliffs, shore platforms, headlands and bays that result from erosion.
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The coast is the zone where land meets the sea and is constantly changing due to land, marine, and air processes. Waves are created by wind blowing over water, transferring energy. Wave size depends on wind strength and duration (fetch). Destructive waves occur in storms with high energy from long fetches, eroding coasts, while constructive waves in calm weather deposit material and build beaches. Waves break when slowed in shallow water, becoming too steep.
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Coasts undergo change due to three main coastal processes: erosion, transportation, and deposition. Waves are a major force in coastal change, as they erode and transport sediment. The size and power of waves depends on factors like wind strength and duration, and fetch - the distance over which the wind blows to generate the waves. Destructive waves in storms can cause significant erosion, while constructive waves in calm weather tend to deposit material and build up beaches.
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2. It explains how waves are formed by wind and the parts of a wave including crest, trough, wavelength, and wave height.
3. The coast is described as a complex open system where landforms are shaped by energy from wind-generated waves interacting with surface materials, and coastal characteristics vary based on influencing factors like human activities and geology.
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Waves are caused by wind dragging on the surface of water, causing ripples that grow into waves as the wind continues. As waves reach shallow water, they slow due to friction and break as the water piles up in an irregular pattern. When waves reach the coast, the crest breaks as it moves faster than the wave base. The swash pushes the wave energy up the beach, then the backwash runs back down. Constructive waves build beaches by carrying material up the beach in low, breaking swashes that deposit material, while destructive waves remove beach material in high, frequent waves where the backwash transports material out to sea.
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The document discusses different methods of coastal management used to reduce erosion and protect coastlines. Hard engineering options like sea walls, groynes, and revetments aim to reduce erosion but are expensive and can damage the environment. Soft engineering options like beach nourishment, managed retreat, and beach reshaping are often more sustainable and cost-effective but provide only temporary protection. The document provides details on each method, including how they work, advantages, and disadvantages.
S3 GE Slides 1.2 - Coasts GW1
This document discusses different coastal landforms produced by coastal processes. It describes (A) cliffed coasts formed by erosion, including cliff and shore platforms, headlands and bays, and caves, arches and stacks. It also describes (B) depositional coasts, including beaches formed from sediment deposition, and spits and tombolos formed from longshore drift. Key coastal processes that form these landforms include abrasion, hydraulic action, erosion, deposition, wave refraction and longshore drift. The document provides detailed explanations and examples of each landform's formation through the effects of coastal erosion and deposition over time.
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Coastal geography waves, features of erosion and deposition, longshore drift
Waves cause coastal erosion and depositional features through processes like abrasion, hydraulic action, and corrosion. As waves approach shorelines, they can form erosional landforms such as headlands, bays, wave-cut notches, and platforms. Waves also transport sediment via processes like traction, saltation, and suspension, building depositional features along coastlines through longshore drift. This can result in beaches, spits, tombolos, bars, and barrier islands.
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Coasts are shaped by the dynamic forces of the sea, air, and waves. Waves erode coastlines through hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and corrosion. Erosion carves out coastal landforms like cliffs, headlands, and bays. Waves also transport and deposit eroded material, building up beaches and forming depositional landforms such as spits, bars, and sand dunes. Managing coastal change involves either "hard engineering" using structures, or "soft engineering" techniques like beach nourishment and managed retreat that work with natural coastal processes.
COASTS ENM 142 Lecture 7.pptx
The document discusses coastal landforms and the processes involved in their formation. It covers both erosional and depositional coastal features. Erosional features like cliffs, arches and stacks are formed by processes like wave action, weathering and erosion concentrating on headlands. Depositional features such as beaches, spits and bars are produced by constructive waves depositing sediment transported by longshore drift. The key forces shaping the coast are waves, tides, currents and the underlying geology of the area.
Works Of The Sea And Development Of The Related Landforms For Presentation
The document discusses various topics related to oceans and coastal landforms including:
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- Deep ocean circulation is governed by gravity and density differences in water temperature and salinity, circulating water very slowly over 500-2000 years.
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There are two main types of waves: destructive and constructive. Destructive waves are tall with a weak swash but strong backwash, causing erosion. They form steep beaches. Constructive waves are low with a strong swash and weak backwash, building up coastlines into gently sloping beaches. Beach formation results from material transported by longshore drift and deposited by constructive waves. Beach profiles change from large boulders near cliffs to smaller, rounder materials like sand as one moves toward the shoreline.
The sea
The sea constantly changes coastlines through erosion, transportation, and deposition of material. Waves erode the coastline through processes like hydraulic action and abrasion, forming landforms such as cliffs, bays, and sea caves. Material is transported along the shore by swash and backwash and through longshore drift. Deposition by the sea creates beaches, sand dunes, sand spits, and lagoons. People build structures like sea walls, place boulders, and construct groynes to protect coastlines from erosion while also utilizing coastlines for tourism, industry, and recreation.
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The coast is a narrow contact zone between land and sea that is constantly changing due to various land, air, and marine processes. Waves are a major force shaping the coastline, with characteristics like height, period, length, and steepness influencing their constructive or destructive power. Coastal landforms like beaches, sand dunes, spits, bars, cliffs, and caves form through the interacting processes of erosion, sediment transport, and deposition that waves and currents bring about.
ppt coastal.pptx
Coastal processes shape coastal landscapes through erosion, deposition, and transportation of materials. Waves, wind, and tides are the main drivers of coastal processes, with waves providing over half the energy. Coastal processes form landforms like dunes, beaches, and barrier islands within 5 km of the coast through erosion of some areas and building up of sediments in others. Constructive waves deposit materials while destructive waves erode coastlines. Tides and wave types affect whether coastal areas experience erosion or deposition.
Sediment Cells And Sources
This document discusses sediment cells and sources along coastlines. It defines sediment cells as discrete areas where sediment movement is largely self-contained. Sediment can come from erosion of cliffs, sea beds, and rivers being transported by waves, currents, tides and wind. Sediment is either stored in depositional landforms like beaches or transported through the cell. The UK has 11 major sediment cells that operate in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Coastal processes like hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and corrosion cause different rates and types of erosion along coastlines. Mass movement processes also influence erosion, including soil creep, solifluction, and mudflows.
Costal landforms
Coastlines are formed through erosion and sediment deposition processes. They are shaped by sea level changes and the interaction between land and ocean. A coastline includes beaches, cliffs, and other landforms at the boundary between land and sea. Coastal zones experience continuous change from tidal movements and ocean interactions with the shore. Erosional landforms like sea cliffs and arches form through destructive wave energy, while depositional landforms like beaches and barrier islands are built up from sediment deposition.
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The document discusses various shoreline processes driven by wave motion. It explains that waves form as energy moves through water, with water particles moving in a circular pattern. As waves approach shallow water, they break due to friction, piling up water that rushes onto the shore and moves sediment. Waves typically approach the shore at an angle and carry sediment along the coast in a zig-zag pattern through longshore transport. Breaking waves can also transport sediment diagonally inland during swash before the sediment moves seaward during backwash.
Coastal erosion cliffs etc
The document summarizes coastal geomorphology and processes. It describes how marine processes like waves, along with sub-aerial processes and human activities, shape the coastline over time. Constructive waves build up sediment while destructive waves erode coasts. Coastal erosion occurs through abrasion, hydraulic pressure, corrosion, and sub-aerial processes like weathering and mass movement. The type and rate of erosion depends on factors like wave energy, beach material, and rock type. Material is transported along the coast through swash and backwash of waves.
Lithosphere Coasts
The document discusses various coastal landforms created by wave erosion and deposition along shorelines. It describes how alternating bands of hard and soft rock lead to the formation of headlands and bays through differential erosion. As waves erode the soft rock faster than the hard rock, an irregular coastline develops. Further erosion can form caves, arches, stacks, and stumps. Coves are formed when a stream cuts through a cliff, widening through erosion. Wave-cut platforms are flat terraces exposed when cliffs retreat inland. Longshore drift can build up spits, narrow accumulations of sand and gravel stretching from the shore into the sea.
S3 GE Notes - Coasts
This document discusses factors that affect coastal environments. Coasts are dynamic and constantly changing due to natural factors like waves, tides, currents, geology and ecosystems, as well as human activities such as building ports, marinas, and tourism. Waves are generated by wind and their size depends on wind speed, duration and fetch. As waves approach shore, they slow down, grow taller and change shape, eventually breaking on the beach and releasing energy that erodes the coastline.
Natural Disasters Topic 11 (Coastal Hazards)
1) Waves are formed by wind pushing across water, causing water particles to move in circular patterns.
2) As waves approach shorelines, they begin to break due to shallow depths and friction between water layers.
3) Shoreline types vary depending on geological factors - erosion-dominated coasts have cliffs and terraces while depositional coasts like deltas and beaches are shaped by sediment deposition.
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A2 Geography Revision for Coastal Environments, subchapter 8.1 Waves Marine and Subaerial Processes. It is suitable for Year 13 Geography, Cambridge Examination in November 2016. It contains: key terms and definitions, a topic summary, sketches and descriptions, additional work (6 questions for testing your knowledge) and some suggested websites.
Igcse coasts
Coasts are zones where land meets the sea. Coastal processes like waves, tides and currents shape the coastline and form landforms. Waves can be constructive or destructive depending on factors like swash strength. Coastal erosion forms landforms through various processes. Sediment is transported alongshore by longshore drift, forming features like spits and bars. Coasts experience both erosional and depositional landforms. Coasts need protecting for economic and social reasons, and various hard and soft engineering techniques are used for coastal management.
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Uneven development exists for several economic, social, and political reasons. Economically, the development of new industries in core regions leads to multiplier effects of increased employment, wealth, and expansion of businesses and infrastructure. This causes a backwash effect that drains resources from peripheral regions. Socially, factors like lack of education funding from governments, high population growth rates, and internal conflicts negatively impact development. Politically, problems such as wars, instability, and lack of good leadership and governance prevent equal development across regions.
Sec3 - How Can We Alleviate Uneven Development Part 7
International cooperation and agreements can help alleviate uneven development between countries in several ways:
1) Organizations like the World Bank and Asian Development Bank provide financial and technical assistance to less developed countries through loans, aid, and infrastructure projects.
2) The UN promotes goals like the Millennium Development Goals to encourage sustainable development worldwide.
3) The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea establishes exclusive economic zones for coastal nations to control fishing and resource use off their coasts.
Sec3 - Why Does Uneven Development Exist Part 5
Colonialism led to uneven development between colonial powers and their colonies. Colonial powers like the UK, Netherlands, and France exploited colonies for raw materials to fuel their own industrialization. While colonial powers developed advanced technologies and industries, colonies mainly developed infrastructure to facilitate exporting raw materials. This caused development to widen between the more developed colonial powers and underdeveloped colonies that remained dependent on exporting raw materials.
Sec3 - Differences In Level Of Development Between D Cs & Ld Cs Part 4
There are key differences in economic development between developed countries (DCs) and less developed countries (LDCs). Income per capita, which measures average income per person, is typically higher in DCs. Employment opportunities also differ - DCs have more jobs in tertiary industries like services that require higher education, while LDCs rely more on primary industries like agriculture and lower-skilled secondary industries. Access to resources like healthcare, education, clean water and sanitation is generally better in DCs compared to LDCs.
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The document discusses the characteristics of core and periphery countries and their relationship. It introduces the Human Development Index (HDI) which is used by the UNDP to measure a country's development level based on factors like economic well-being, health standards, and education. Countries are classified as having high, medium, or low HDI. While HDI provides insights, it has limitations in accurately assessing less developed countries where data collection can be more difficult.
Sec3 - Looking At Uneven Development Part 2
The document discusses uneven development between core and periphery countries. The core countries, consisting of developed first world nations, have higher population concentrations, more wealth, and higher standards of living compared to periphery less developed second and third world countries. Periphery countries have lower populations, less wealth, and lower living standards, relying more on primary sectors like agriculture and extracting raw materials, with fewer employment opportunities and a greater focus on service and investment in core countries.
Sec3 - Development Part 1
Development can be measured by living conditions, infrastructure, and economic advancement. Developed countries like Japan, Norway, and the USA generally have good living conditions, well-developed infrastructure, and advanced economies, while less developed countries like Myanmar, Ethiopia, and Bolivia tend to have poor living conditions, lack of infrastructure, and poor economies. Standard of living is defined by access to education, healthcare, clean water, and basic amenities, and quality of life depends on satisfaction with one's living conditions and lifestyle given local infrastructure, transportation, communication, social benefits, and tax policies.
Sec2 - Ageing Population & Increasing Br
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Sec1 - Deciduous & Coniferous Forest
Temperate forests are found in areas with four seasons, such as Western Europe and Eastern North America. They have three layers - a canopy layer of large, broad-leaved trees up to 30 meters tall; a middle shrub layer; and a bottom floor layer of grasses, mosses and ferns. The trees shed their leaves in autumn to avoid water loss in winter when there is no rainfall.
Sec1 - Forests Of The World Worksheet
The document describes three main types of forests: tropical rainforests, deciduous forests, and coniferous forests. Tropical rainforests have three layers, evergreen leaves with drip tips and broad leaves, and trees that grow very close together, forming a thick canopy that prevents sunlight from reaching the forest floor. They have an average temperature of 20-30°C and annual rainfall of 1000-2000mm, and examples include the Amazon and Congo basins, with plants like meranti, seraya and ebony. Deciduous forests and coniferous forests are also described but provide less detail regarding their characteristics.
Sec 2 - Introduction To Population Part I
The key factors that cause population to increase are improvements in standard of living including access to healthcare, education, and amenities. Higher standards of medical care have decreased death rates while increased food production has supported population growth. Industrialization has also boosted population by creating more jobs and income. Currently, the world's population is growing by 3 people every second due to high birth rates outpacing death rates in developing countries, while life expectancy has increased in developed nations.
Sec 2 - Birth Rate & Death Rate
The document discusses factors that influence birth rates and death rates.
High birth rates can be caused by better healthcare allowing more babies to survive, early marriage and childbearing, lack of family planning education, preference for male children, and the need for child labor.
Low birth rates can result from women pursuing higher education and careers, the high cost of raising children, more people remaining single, and greater availability and use of birth control methods.
Lower death rates are influenced by better healthcare with more trained doctors and nurses and better equipment, improved hygiene controlling diseases, more efficient food production through agriculture, and an improved diet and knowledge about health.
Higher death rates may occur due to poor medical facilities,
Sec 1 - How Weather And Climate Affect Us
Weather and climate impact many aspects of daily life from activities to housing to food and water supplies. Extreme weather can result in loss of lives and property. Different factors of weather like wind speed can be measured using scales to understand conditions and their effects.
Sec1 - Major Climatic Types Of The World
The document outlines three major climatic types: tropical, temperate, and polar. Tropical climates near the equator have high rainfall between 1000-2000 mm and temperatures from 20-30°C. Temperate climates between the tropics and polar circles experience summer highs of 34°C and winter lows below 0°C with rainfall of 300-1000 mm. Polar climates within the polar circles have low rainfall and temperatures.
Sec 3Coastal Protection Measures Soft Engineering
Soft engineering techniques can be used to stabilize coastal areas and reduce erosion. Planting vegetation on coastal dunes traps and binds sand to prevent it from blowing away. Mangrove trees have roots that anchor in soil and protect against erosion. Beach nourishment involves adding large amounts of sand to eroded beaches, which is carried further down the coast by longshore drift. Coral reefs reduce wave energy and protect beaches by absorbing wave energy before it reaches the shore.
Coastal Protection Measures Hard Engineering
Hard coastal protection measures like seawalls, breakwaters, groynes, and gabions can help defend against wave erosion. Seawalls made of concrete absorb wave energy during storms. Breakwaters are often granite and create shallow water to reduce wave impact on coasts. Groynes prevent longshore drift from transporting materials away from the coast. Gabions are wire cages filled with rocks that reinforce other structures and river banks against erosion.
Sec 3 Coastal Management
Hard engineering approaches involve physical structures like seawalls and breakwaters to protect against coastal erosion. Soft engineering focuses on planning and behavior changes, encouraging minimal interference and using natural protections like beach nourishment, relocating properties, and planting mangroves. While hard structures provide effective short-term protection, they require high maintenance and can cause erosion in unprotected areas. Soft approaches are often more sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions.
Sec 2 Ozone Depletion
The ozone layer is being depleted by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released into the atmosphere. The ozone layer protects life on Earth from harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. CFCs used in aerosol sprays, refrigerants, and styrofoam are the main cause of ozone depletion as chlorine in CFCs destroys ozone molecules. This depletion increases UV exposure and can damage plants and animals, weakening the food chain and potentially causing human health issues like skin cancer. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have banned CFCs and alternative products are used in refrigerators, air conditioners, and other applications to reduce ozone depletion.
Sec 1 Exp Wind
Wind is the movement of air over the Earth's surface. Wind speed can be measured using an anemometer or estimated using the Beaufort scale by observing the effects of wind on the landscape. The Beaufort scale ranges from 0 to 12, with 0 being no wind and 12 being hurricane conditions. Wind direction is shown by a wind vane, which is placed in an open, high location like a rooftop without obstructions. A wind rose is a diagram showing the frequency of winds between different directions over a period of time, with the longest arm indicating the prevailing wind direction.
Sec 1 Express Rain Gauge
Clouds form when moist air rises and condenses. Clouds are classified by height, shape, and whether they bring precipitation. Rainfall is measured using a rain gauge placed in an open area, partially buried in the ground and 30cm above the ground to prevent inaccurate readings. Rainfall amounts are usually measured in millimeters.
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- 25. This movement of sediment along the coastline is called longshore drift . Direction of movement swash Backwash Backwash is always at right angles to the beach Longshore drift