This document discusses Dr. Arindam Sarkar's research on sea level change. It covers various topics related to sea level change including eustatic and isostatic changes, landforms associated with marine transgression and regression, causes of sea level change such as vertical land movement and changes in ocean surface, and evidence from geological periods of sea level fluctuation impacting drainage basins and river systems.
1) Upwelling occurs when surface waters are pulled away from shore by wind stress, causing deeper, colder, nutrient-rich waters to rise to the surface.
2) These nutrient-rich upwelled waters fuel large phytoplankton blooms, supporting rich fisheries and marine life. Approximately 25% of global fish catches come from upwelling regions.
3) Satellite imagery can identify areas of upwelling by detecting cooler sea surface temperatures and higher ocean color (chlorophyll) concentrations from phytoplankton blooms.
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's oceans, centered around the North Pole. It is surrounded by landmasses and its seas have seasonal or perennial ice cover, making it one of the least explored ocean basins. The Arctic Ocean may be highly sensitive to global climate change and could initiate dramatic climatic shifts through changes to ocean currents or the global albedo from alterations to its ice cover. The document then describes the ocean's origin from seafloor spreading, the sediments that provide evidence of its past warmer climate, its unique physical characteristics compared to other oceans like its extensive shallow marginal seas, and details of its water masses and circulation patterns.
This document discusses how oceanographic and climatic processes impact fisheries and stock assessments. It provides background on key properties of ocean waters like temperature, salinity, and density that create structure and movement. Climate influences ocean currents, winds, and the warm pool/cold tongue convergence zone in the Pacific. The El Niño Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation impact this zone and thus primary production, fish distributions, and catches. Understanding these relationships is important for fisheries management and development plans to account for natural fluctuations in fish populations.
The document summarizes the ocean's global conveyor belt circulation system. It describes how cold, dense water sinks near Iceland and flows south as the lower limb of the conveyor belt through the deep Atlantic. As it circulates around Antarctica, it mixes with other deep waters and loses its identity. About one part of the northern Atlantic deep water mixes with two parts of southern-sourced deep water to form the global deep water circulation. The upper limb returns water to the surface in the Pacific and Indian Oceans through upwelling that is more widespread than depicted by the iconic conveyor belt diagram.
The document discusses Earth's oceanographic history from its formation as a cloud of gas and dust to the development of oceans and atmosphere. It describes how Earth separated into layers over time due to gravity, with a molten iron core and cooler mantle and crust. Tectonic plate theory holds that the crust is divided into plates that move independently, causing geological activity like earthquakes and volcanoes along plate boundaries. Major events like the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami that killed over 200,000 people are discussed to illustrate the destructive power of phenomena related to plate tectonics.
EOPS_August_24_2016,
In July, conditions were normalizing, yet river flows remained lower, continuing into August. July also saw lower oxygen appearing in southern Puget Sound. By August, jellyfish are occurring in high numbers in Eld and Budd Inlet. South Puget Sound has Noctiluca drifting at the surface in large orange lines in many places and red-brown blooms widespread in finger inlets, as well as in Sinclair Inlet. Central Sound surface-water temperatures are high, still in the 60s, and algae are abundant. See what we are measuring to understand ocean acidification in Puget Sound.
Publication No. 16-03-076
Oceanography is the science that studies the oceans along with marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics, ocean currents and waves, plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor, and the chemical substances and physical properties of the world oceans.
1) Upwelling occurs when surface waters are pulled away from shore by wind stress, causing deeper, colder, nutrient-rich waters to rise to the surface.
2) These nutrient-rich upwelled waters fuel large phytoplankton blooms, supporting rich fisheries and marine life. Approximately 25% of global fish catches come from upwelling regions.
3) Satellite imagery can identify areas of upwelling by detecting cooler sea surface temperatures and higher ocean color (chlorophyll) concentrations from phytoplankton blooms.
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's oceans, centered around the North Pole. It is surrounded by landmasses and its seas have seasonal or perennial ice cover, making it one of the least explored ocean basins. The Arctic Ocean may be highly sensitive to global climate change and could initiate dramatic climatic shifts through changes to ocean currents or the global albedo from alterations to its ice cover. The document then describes the ocean's origin from seafloor spreading, the sediments that provide evidence of its past warmer climate, its unique physical characteristics compared to other oceans like its extensive shallow marginal seas, and details of its water masses and circulation patterns.
This document discusses how oceanographic and climatic processes impact fisheries and stock assessments. It provides background on key properties of ocean waters like temperature, salinity, and density that create structure and movement. Climate influences ocean currents, winds, and the warm pool/cold tongue convergence zone in the Pacific. The El Niño Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation impact this zone and thus primary production, fish distributions, and catches. Understanding these relationships is important for fisheries management and development plans to account for natural fluctuations in fish populations.
The document summarizes the ocean's global conveyor belt circulation system. It describes how cold, dense water sinks near Iceland and flows south as the lower limb of the conveyor belt through the deep Atlantic. As it circulates around Antarctica, it mixes with other deep waters and loses its identity. About one part of the northern Atlantic deep water mixes with two parts of southern-sourced deep water to form the global deep water circulation. The upper limb returns water to the surface in the Pacific and Indian Oceans through upwelling that is more widespread than depicted by the iconic conveyor belt diagram.
The document discusses Earth's oceanographic history from its formation as a cloud of gas and dust to the development of oceans and atmosphere. It describes how Earth separated into layers over time due to gravity, with a molten iron core and cooler mantle and crust. Tectonic plate theory holds that the crust is divided into plates that move independently, causing geological activity like earthquakes and volcanoes along plate boundaries. Major events like the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami that killed over 200,000 people are discussed to illustrate the destructive power of phenomena related to plate tectonics.
EOPS_August_24_2016,
In July, conditions were normalizing, yet river flows remained lower, continuing into August. July also saw lower oxygen appearing in southern Puget Sound. By August, jellyfish are occurring in high numbers in Eld and Budd Inlet. South Puget Sound has Noctiluca drifting at the surface in large orange lines in many places and red-brown blooms widespread in finger inlets, as well as in Sinclair Inlet. Central Sound surface-water temperatures are high, still in the 60s, and algae are abundant. See what we are measuring to understand ocean acidification in Puget Sound.
Publication No. 16-03-076
Oceanography is the science that studies the oceans along with marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics, ocean currents and waves, plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor, and the chemical substances and physical properties of the world oceans.
Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon caused by wind blowing parallel to coastlines. The wind generates a movement of coastal waters offshore due to the Coriolis effect. This creates a deficit of waters near the shore that is replaced by deep, nutrient-rich waters rising to the surface through Ekman transport. Upwelling results in huge productivity and makes coastal fisheries extremely important. The Coriolis effect causes objects to deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
Waves are rhythmic movements that transfer energy through matter or space. Ocean waves are caused by forces like wind, tides, and seismic activity. As waves approach shore, their wavelength decreases and height increases. There are different types of breaking waves depending on factors like slope and composition. Waves can be affected by processes like refraction, diffraction, interference, and reflection. Ocean currents are horizontal stream-like movements of water influenced by weather, Earth's rotation, and continental positions. Surface currents are driven by factors like winds, barriers, and the Coriolis effect, while deep currents form from dense, sinking polar waters. Upwelling occurs when surface waters are pushed offshore, bringing nutrient-rich deeper waters up.
This document analyzes the impacts of climate change on the Indian Sunderbans region from 1924-2008 through a time series analysis. It finds that both erosion and accretion processes are occurring in the region. Increased downstream salinity due to obstruction of upstream water flow has led to decreased water transparency and declines in phytoplankton, fish density, and diversity in the central sector of the Sunderbans. Analysis of above-ground biomass for three dominant mangrove species revealed better growth in the western sector compared to the central sector. The study shows the cumulative effects of climate change and human disturbance on biodiversity and productivity in the world's largest mangrove ecosystem.
The document discusses methods used by scientists to study Earth's oceans. It describes how oceanography developed as a field in the late 1800s and 1920s using ships equipped with new measuring devices like sonar. Modern techniques like satellites and submersibles now map ocean surfaces, temperatures, currents, and seafloor features. Studies indicate Earth's early oceans formed from water released by volcanism that condensed as the planet cooled. Oceans now contain 97% of Earth's water and cover 71% of its surface.
There are two main types of bodies of water: flowing and non-flowing. Rivers are a type of flowing body of water that carries water from higher elevations to oceans, lakes, or other rivers. There are different patterns that river channels can take, such as dendritic where many small streams join into larger tributaries, or trellis where tributaries join the main river at 90 degree angles. Seas can be formed through marine transgression when sea levels rise and flood land, marine regression when sea levels fall and expose seafloor, or marine ingression when the sea pushes farther inland.
This document provides an overview of oceanography and its subfields:
- Oceanography is the study of the ocean, its surroundings, and life within it, differing from marine biology which focuses more on individual organisms.
- The five principal oceans are the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern oceans.
- Oceanography involves the physical, chemical, biological, geological, and engineering aspects of the ocean.
- Important historical figures and voyages helped advance the field, including Darwin, Franklin, the Challenger expedition, and Cousteau.
This document provides an overview of oceanography. It discusses the beginnings of oceanography with the Challenger Expedition in the 1870s. It also covers key figures in the early development of oceanography like Matthew Fontaine Maury. The document then describes various topics in oceanography like the ecological subdivisions of the sea, pelagic and benthic environments, major topographic features, and the physico-chemical properties of seawater like light, temperature, salinity, pressure, sound, density, viscosity, and surface tension.
1. The document discusses methods to identify saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers, including geophysical methods, geochemical investigations, and numerical modeling. Geophysical surveys and monitoring of groundwater levels and chemistry can detect the intrusion of saline water. Numerical models like MODFLOW and EFDC are used to simulate groundwater flow and salinity transport.
2. Results from various studies are presented. Geophysical monitoring showed tidal influence on groundwater levels. Modeling indicated sources of recharge and the spatial extent of intrusion over time. Validation of models compared observed and simulated data.
3. Saltwater intrusion poses an environmental threat as human activities like groundwater pumping can lead to overexploitation and degradation
This document discusses several topics related to oceanography: 1) It describes how ocean currents are influenced by winds, the Coriolis effect, and continents. 2) It explains how density currents cause ocean water below the surface to circulate. 3) It defines parts of a wave and describes how waves are created by wind energy and gravitational forces.
Recovery Period of Fluvial Sediment Transport after a Major Earthquake by Guan-Wei Lin* and Hsien-Li Kuo in Advancements in Civil Engineering & Technology
The document discusses the composition and properties of seawater. It notes that seawater consists of approximately 3.5% dissolved mineral salts. The average salinity of seawater is 35 parts per thousand. The primary sources of these dissolved substances are the chemical weathering of rocks and volcanic outgassing from Earth's interior. Salinity, temperature, and density vary spatially and temporally in the ocean and influence water layering and circulation patterns.
The sun provides the primary source of energy driving ocean currents through heating the surface waters unevenly, with the greatest heating at the equator. Density differences created by variations in temperature and salinity are the main factors influencing ocean circulation patterns. Water properties like temperature, salinity, and density only change at the surface of the ocean and create distinct water masses.
The document provides a literature review on shelf seas and the Celtic Sea. Some key points:
1) Shelf seas experience important physical processes like topography, wind stress, tidal currents and stratification that influence circulation and biogeochemistry.
2) The Celtic Sea specifically experiences strong seasonal stratification and tidal forcing. Internal tides enhance cross-shelf exchange and mixing.
3) Submarine canyons act as conduits for dense water cascades and enhanced upwelling/downwelling, influencing shelf sea dynamics.
The document discusses several key topics related to oceans and oceanography:
- The study of oceans (oceanography) began in earnest in the late 1800s with explorations of the HMS Challenger.
- Modern technology like satellites and sonar have expanded understanding of ocean currents, seafloor topography, and conditions at the surface and below.
- Evidence indicates the Earth has had oceans throughout its history, and water was initially delivered via comet impacts and volcanic outgassing in the early Earth.
- The oceans cover over 70% of the planet and are composed primarily of salty water, with salinity variations caused by precipitation, evaporation, and river inflow.
- Ocean
The document discusses Earth's climate system and the complexity of factors involved. It describes Earth's climate system as being driven by interactions between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, biosphere, and anthroposphere. It also discusses evidence of past climatic changes from various climate proxy records, including ice cores, tree rings, corals, and pollen. Examples are given of past climates such as the last glacial period and warm middle Cretaceous period. The causes of climate change are explained as being both external factors like solar variations and Milankovitch cycles, as well as internal factors involving feedbacks within Earth's climate system.
The document discusses the hydrologic cycle, which describes the continuous movement and storage of water between the atmosphere, oceans, lakes, soils and land. Water is evaporated from oceans and land surfaces, transported by winds, condensed into rain or snow clouds, and precipitated back onto the Earth where it collects in streams, rivers and lakes before returning to the oceans, completing the cycle. The hydrologic cycle is powered by solar energy and influences climate patterns and variability across different timescales. It is an important process linking the water, energy and carbon cycles.
The document provides information about oceanography and the world's oceans. It discusses key topics such as:
- Oceanography is an interdisciplinary science that studies all aspects of the oceans.
- The world ocean covers 71% of the Earth's surface and has an average depth of 5,000 meters.
- The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean, covering over half the Earth's water area and having an average depth of 3,800 meters with the deepest point being the Challenger Deep.
- Other oceans discussed include the Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic Oceans along with their sizes, depths, and notable islands.
- The document outlines the composition of seawater, sources of ocean salts, layered structure
CLIMATE CHANGE, SEA-LEVEL RISE and COASTAL GEOLOGIC HAZARDSriseagrant
CLIMATE CHANGE, SEA-LEVEL RISE
and
COASTAL GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
URI Climate Change Symposium
5 May 2011
Jon C. Boothroyd
Rhode Island State Geologist,
Research Professor Emeritus – Quaternary Geology
-------------
Rhode Island Geological Survey and Department of Geosciences
College of the Environment and Life Sciences
University of Rhode Island
jon_boothroyd@uri.edu
Most of the world's population lives near coastal areas and relies on groundwater as a source of freshwater. As populations and water usage increase, aquifers are being depleted, causing issues like saltwater intrusion. Saltwater intrusion occurs when denser saltwater moves into freshwater aquifers due to changes in water pressure. The Ghyben-Herzberg principle states that for every meter of freshwater above sea level, there will be 40 meters below. Remedial measures to control intrusion include monitoring water levels, restricting pumping, using alternative water sources, and artificially recharging aquifers.
Sea levels are rising due to global warming caused by human activities like burning fossil fuels. This is occurring through two main processes: 1) the oceans are warming and expanding as they absorb more heat, and 2) land ice such as glaciers and ice sheets are melting and adding water to the oceans. If warming continues on its current trajectory, sea levels could rise several more meters by 2100, significantly flooding many coastal cities and populations. This will have devastating environmental, economic, and social impacts around the world, especially in highly vulnerable areas like South Florida, Bangladesh, and small island nations.
This document provides information on various topics related to oceanography. It discusses features of the ocean floor like the continental shelf and slope. It also covers properties of water such as its incompressibility and transparency to sound. Additionally, it summarizes the dissolved salts in seawater, how fresh water density varies with temperature, and temperature variations in the ocean. Further topics include salinity, density, freezing points, energy spectrums, sound speed, and ocean circulation forces like winds, Coriolis effect, and Ekman transport. The document also briefly outlines surface currents, deep water currents, upwelling and downwelling, and interactions between surface and deep sea currents.
Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon caused by wind blowing parallel to coastlines. The wind generates a movement of coastal waters offshore due to the Coriolis effect. This creates a deficit of waters near the shore that is replaced by deep, nutrient-rich waters rising to the surface through Ekman transport. Upwelling results in huge productivity and makes coastal fisheries extremely important. The Coriolis effect causes objects to deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
Waves are rhythmic movements that transfer energy through matter or space. Ocean waves are caused by forces like wind, tides, and seismic activity. As waves approach shore, their wavelength decreases and height increases. There are different types of breaking waves depending on factors like slope and composition. Waves can be affected by processes like refraction, diffraction, interference, and reflection. Ocean currents are horizontal stream-like movements of water influenced by weather, Earth's rotation, and continental positions. Surface currents are driven by factors like winds, barriers, and the Coriolis effect, while deep currents form from dense, sinking polar waters. Upwelling occurs when surface waters are pushed offshore, bringing nutrient-rich deeper waters up.
This document analyzes the impacts of climate change on the Indian Sunderbans region from 1924-2008 through a time series analysis. It finds that both erosion and accretion processes are occurring in the region. Increased downstream salinity due to obstruction of upstream water flow has led to decreased water transparency and declines in phytoplankton, fish density, and diversity in the central sector of the Sunderbans. Analysis of above-ground biomass for three dominant mangrove species revealed better growth in the western sector compared to the central sector. The study shows the cumulative effects of climate change and human disturbance on biodiversity and productivity in the world's largest mangrove ecosystem.
The document discusses methods used by scientists to study Earth's oceans. It describes how oceanography developed as a field in the late 1800s and 1920s using ships equipped with new measuring devices like sonar. Modern techniques like satellites and submersibles now map ocean surfaces, temperatures, currents, and seafloor features. Studies indicate Earth's early oceans formed from water released by volcanism that condensed as the planet cooled. Oceans now contain 97% of Earth's water and cover 71% of its surface.
There are two main types of bodies of water: flowing and non-flowing. Rivers are a type of flowing body of water that carries water from higher elevations to oceans, lakes, or other rivers. There are different patterns that river channels can take, such as dendritic where many small streams join into larger tributaries, or trellis where tributaries join the main river at 90 degree angles. Seas can be formed through marine transgression when sea levels rise and flood land, marine regression when sea levels fall and expose seafloor, or marine ingression when the sea pushes farther inland.
This document provides an overview of oceanography and its subfields:
- Oceanography is the study of the ocean, its surroundings, and life within it, differing from marine biology which focuses more on individual organisms.
- The five principal oceans are the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern oceans.
- Oceanography involves the physical, chemical, biological, geological, and engineering aspects of the ocean.
- Important historical figures and voyages helped advance the field, including Darwin, Franklin, the Challenger expedition, and Cousteau.
This document provides an overview of oceanography. It discusses the beginnings of oceanography with the Challenger Expedition in the 1870s. It also covers key figures in the early development of oceanography like Matthew Fontaine Maury. The document then describes various topics in oceanography like the ecological subdivisions of the sea, pelagic and benthic environments, major topographic features, and the physico-chemical properties of seawater like light, temperature, salinity, pressure, sound, density, viscosity, and surface tension.
1. The document discusses methods to identify saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers, including geophysical methods, geochemical investigations, and numerical modeling. Geophysical surveys and monitoring of groundwater levels and chemistry can detect the intrusion of saline water. Numerical models like MODFLOW and EFDC are used to simulate groundwater flow and salinity transport.
2. Results from various studies are presented. Geophysical monitoring showed tidal influence on groundwater levels. Modeling indicated sources of recharge and the spatial extent of intrusion over time. Validation of models compared observed and simulated data.
3. Saltwater intrusion poses an environmental threat as human activities like groundwater pumping can lead to overexploitation and degradation
This document discusses several topics related to oceanography: 1) It describes how ocean currents are influenced by winds, the Coriolis effect, and continents. 2) It explains how density currents cause ocean water below the surface to circulate. 3) It defines parts of a wave and describes how waves are created by wind energy and gravitational forces.
Recovery Period of Fluvial Sediment Transport after a Major Earthquake by Guan-Wei Lin* and Hsien-Li Kuo in Advancements in Civil Engineering & Technology
The document discusses the composition and properties of seawater. It notes that seawater consists of approximately 3.5% dissolved mineral salts. The average salinity of seawater is 35 parts per thousand. The primary sources of these dissolved substances are the chemical weathering of rocks and volcanic outgassing from Earth's interior. Salinity, temperature, and density vary spatially and temporally in the ocean and influence water layering and circulation patterns.
The sun provides the primary source of energy driving ocean currents through heating the surface waters unevenly, with the greatest heating at the equator. Density differences created by variations in temperature and salinity are the main factors influencing ocean circulation patterns. Water properties like temperature, salinity, and density only change at the surface of the ocean and create distinct water masses.
The document provides a literature review on shelf seas and the Celtic Sea. Some key points:
1) Shelf seas experience important physical processes like topography, wind stress, tidal currents and stratification that influence circulation and biogeochemistry.
2) The Celtic Sea specifically experiences strong seasonal stratification and tidal forcing. Internal tides enhance cross-shelf exchange and mixing.
3) Submarine canyons act as conduits for dense water cascades and enhanced upwelling/downwelling, influencing shelf sea dynamics.
The document discusses several key topics related to oceans and oceanography:
- The study of oceans (oceanography) began in earnest in the late 1800s with explorations of the HMS Challenger.
- Modern technology like satellites and sonar have expanded understanding of ocean currents, seafloor topography, and conditions at the surface and below.
- Evidence indicates the Earth has had oceans throughout its history, and water was initially delivered via comet impacts and volcanic outgassing in the early Earth.
- The oceans cover over 70% of the planet and are composed primarily of salty water, with salinity variations caused by precipitation, evaporation, and river inflow.
- Ocean
The document discusses Earth's climate system and the complexity of factors involved. It describes Earth's climate system as being driven by interactions between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, biosphere, and anthroposphere. It also discusses evidence of past climatic changes from various climate proxy records, including ice cores, tree rings, corals, and pollen. Examples are given of past climates such as the last glacial period and warm middle Cretaceous period. The causes of climate change are explained as being both external factors like solar variations and Milankovitch cycles, as well as internal factors involving feedbacks within Earth's climate system.
The document discusses the hydrologic cycle, which describes the continuous movement and storage of water between the atmosphere, oceans, lakes, soils and land. Water is evaporated from oceans and land surfaces, transported by winds, condensed into rain or snow clouds, and precipitated back onto the Earth where it collects in streams, rivers and lakes before returning to the oceans, completing the cycle. The hydrologic cycle is powered by solar energy and influences climate patterns and variability across different timescales. It is an important process linking the water, energy and carbon cycles.
The document provides information about oceanography and the world's oceans. It discusses key topics such as:
- Oceanography is an interdisciplinary science that studies all aspects of the oceans.
- The world ocean covers 71% of the Earth's surface and has an average depth of 5,000 meters.
- The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean, covering over half the Earth's water area and having an average depth of 3,800 meters with the deepest point being the Challenger Deep.
- Other oceans discussed include the Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic Oceans along with their sizes, depths, and notable islands.
- The document outlines the composition of seawater, sources of ocean salts, layered structure
CLIMATE CHANGE, SEA-LEVEL RISE and COASTAL GEOLOGIC HAZARDSriseagrant
CLIMATE CHANGE, SEA-LEVEL RISE
and
COASTAL GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
URI Climate Change Symposium
5 May 2011
Jon C. Boothroyd
Rhode Island State Geologist,
Research Professor Emeritus – Quaternary Geology
-------------
Rhode Island Geological Survey and Department of Geosciences
College of the Environment and Life Sciences
University of Rhode Island
jon_boothroyd@uri.edu
Most of the world's population lives near coastal areas and relies on groundwater as a source of freshwater. As populations and water usage increase, aquifers are being depleted, causing issues like saltwater intrusion. Saltwater intrusion occurs when denser saltwater moves into freshwater aquifers due to changes in water pressure. The Ghyben-Herzberg principle states that for every meter of freshwater above sea level, there will be 40 meters below. Remedial measures to control intrusion include monitoring water levels, restricting pumping, using alternative water sources, and artificially recharging aquifers.
Sea levels are rising due to global warming caused by human activities like burning fossil fuels. This is occurring through two main processes: 1) the oceans are warming and expanding as they absorb more heat, and 2) land ice such as glaciers and ice sheets are melting and adding water to the oceans. If warming continues on its current trajectory, sea levels could rise several more meters by 2100, significantly flooding many coastal cities and populations. This will have devastating environmental, economic, and social impacts around the world, especially in highly vulnerable areas like South Florida, Bangladesh, and small island nations.
This document provides information on various topics related to oceanography. It discusses features of the ocean floor like the continental shelf and slope. It also covers properties of water such as its incompressibility and transparency to sound. Additionally, it summarizes the dissolved salts in seawater, how fresh water density varies with temperature, and temperature variations in the ocean. Further topics include salinity, density, freezing points, energy spectrums, sound speed, and ocean circulation forces like winds, Coriolis effect, and Ekman transport. The document also briefly outlines surface currents, deep water currents, upwelling and downwelling, and interactions between surface and deep sea currents.
Ocean currents are formed due to differences in temperature, density, and planetary winds. Warm currents flow away from the equator while cold currents flow toward the equator. In 1992, a strange incident occurred where a ship lost a container of toys in the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii. These toys then traveled through the ocean currents, with some reaching Alaska after 10 months and others crossing into the Arctic Ocean by 2000. Ocean currents impact climate by keeping some coastal regions warmer in winter and influencing precipitation levels in other areas. They also concentrate nutrients and plankton which leads to large fishing grounds.
The document discusses various topics related to oceanography including ocean bottom relief, islands, coral reefs, coral bleaching, movement of ocean water through waves, currents and tides, and salinity of ocean water. It provides details on factors influencing ocean currents like rotation of Earth, air pressure, density gradients, and Coriolis force. Types of islands like continental, volcanic, coral and sandbar are described along with examples. Formation and types of coral reefs as well as conditions for coral growth are summarized.
The document provides an overview of key facts about Earth's oceans:
- Oceans cover 71% of the planet and are composed primarily of sodium chloride, making ocean water undrinkable.
- Ocean currents are driven by global winds and the Coriolis effect, influencing climate by transporting warm and cold waters.
- Deep ocean currents are driven by differences in water density from temperature and salinity, not winds at the surface.
The document summarizes various topics in physical oceanography and coastal shoreline science. It discusses tides and how the gravitational pull of the moon and sun cause the rise and fall of ocean waters. It also describes ocean waves, density and temperature variations in ocean water layers, ocean currents like the Coriolis effect and global circulation patterns. Finally, it briefly touches on coastal features like beaches, estuaries, and how human structures can disrupt sediment transport.
The document discusses various topics related to freshwater and saltwater habitats on Earth. It describes how fresh water makes up a small percentage of the total water on Earth, found in lakes, ponds, rivers and streams. It also discusses the water cycle, how water is constantly recycled from clouds to ground and back again. Finally, it touches on how human activities like pollution can negatively impact water quality in oceans.
The presentation analyses the causative factors, phenomenon and effects of global warming and tries to find answers to this perplexing problem facing mankind
EUSTATIC CHANGES IN QUATERNARY_083406.pptxKuki Boruah
The eustatic sea level is the distance from the center of the earth to the sea surface.
Eustatic changes refer to global variations in sea level.
Eustatic changes can occur on a range of timescales, from decades to millions of years.
Understanding the causes and effects of eustatic changes is important for predicting and mitigating the impacts of future sea level changes.
One of the primary drivers of eustatic changes over geological time scales is the growth and retreat of ice sheets.
Changes in the eustatic sea level lead to changes in accommodation.
This document provides an overview of physical geography concepts related to rivers and coasts. It discusses the key processes that shape river landscapes including erosion, transportation, and deposition. It explains how rivers form V-shaped valleys and meanders. It also covers coastal landforms such as deltas, spits and cliffs, and the processes of longshore drift and coastal erosion. Examples are given of river flooding including the Boscastle floods of 2004 and factors influencing storm hydrographs.
Sea level change can occur through two main processes: isostatic and eustatic. Isostatic changes are local and caused by land height changes, while eustatic changes are global and caused by ocean water volume changes. During ice ages, water is stored in glaciers causing eustatic sea levels to drop; melting then causes levels to rise. Coastlines can emerge from isostatic uplift or submerge through subsidence. Emergent coasts may have raised beaches and cliffs, while rias and fjords form in submerged areas. Sea level changes impact coastal ecosystems and infrastructure through flooding and erosion.
This document provides information on physical geography concepts related to rivers and coasts. It begins with a section on rivers that describes the erosion, transportation, and deposition processes that occur in rivers. It then discusses landforms created by rivers such as V-shaped valleys, meanders, and floodplains. The next section covers coastal landforms including spits, deltas, and cliffs, as well as coastal erosion processes like longshore drift. It concludes by examining causes of river flooding and storm hydrographs. Overall, the document presents a concise overview of key physical geography concepts.
Presented by Guillaume Lacombe at the Regional Conference on Risks and Solutions: Adaptation Frameworks for Water Resources Planning, Development and Management in South Asia, on July 12, 2016, at Hilton, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Saltwater intrusion occurs when saline water from the ocean moves into freshwater aquifers located near the coast. It is often caused by groundwater pumping or construction activities that provide pathways for saltwater. Saltwater intrusion impacts freshwater resources and can lead to the loss of vegetation. The Ghyben-Herzberg relation describes the interaction between fresh and saltwater, and estimates that for every foot of freshwater above sea level, there will be 40 feet below. Management strategies aim to maintain groundwater levels and include conservation, alternative water sources, recharge, and monitoring wells.
The Hydrology of high Arctic Lakes and Climatechris benston
The document discusses how climate change is affecting the phenology of Arctic and Antarctic seabirds. It finds that seabird phenology is influenced by numerous variables, including species, location, sea ice extent, food supply, and temperature. Data presented shows that Emperor Penguin populations decline with decreased sea ice and warmer springs, while Snow Petrel populations increase with more sea ice. In the Arctic, Common Murre and Thick-billed Murre colonies do best with moderate sea surface temperature increases but are negatively impacted by extreme temperature changes. The conclusion is that while climate change is having adverse effects, more long-term research is needed to determine its full impacts due to high variability between species and locations.
ok final Natural Hazards 2 Landslides and Floods.pptxAnuragDavesar
Climate change is predicted to cause major increases in global famine and flooding. By 2050, climate change may result in 30 million more people going hungry due to flooding reducing crop yields. Bangladesh already experiences severe flooding due to climate change, with two-thirds of the country underwater in 1998 flooding. Similar or worse flooding is predicted for Bangladesh and many coastal cities by 2100 if climate change continues unabated, including New York City, San Francisco, New Orleans, Miami, and Shanghai.
This document provides information about oceanography and beaches. It discusses how the oceans formed from volcanic activity and impacts from comets and meteorites over 4.6 billion years. Key topics covered include ocean composition, temperature variation with depth, ocean currents like gyres, and coastal landforms shaped by wave erosion and deposition such as barrier islands, spits, and sea stacks. Ocean features like continental shelves, trenches, and guyots are also mentioned.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on hydrology. It begins by providing background on hydrology and defines it as the study of the movement of water through different reservoirs on Earth. It then discusses how climate change affects the global hydrological cycle by accelerating evaporation and precipitation patterns, which increases flooding and drought risks. Specific impacts discussed include increased heavy rainfall and droughts, sea level rise, disruptions to ocean currents, more toxic algal blooms, stress on coral reefs, and increased storm intensity. The document also covers the use of remote sensing, GIS, digital elevation models, and hydrological models to study these climate change impacts on water resources.
This document discusses GIS data analysis techniques including raster to vector conversion and spatial analysis through vector overlay. It provides information on various data types and models in GIS. Key analysis techniques covered are raster and vector data overlays, terrain mapping and analysis, and spatial interpolation methods. Specific vector and raster overlay methods like point-in-polygon, line-in-polygon and polygon-on-polygon are described. Spatial data editing techniques involving digitization errors and topological/non-topological editing are also summarized.
This document contains information from Dr. Arindam Sarkar of the Department of Geography at Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College. It provides an overview of geospatial data types including raster data (represented through digital images), vector data (representing location and shape through geometric shapes), and attribute data. It also lists several sources for accessing geospatial data online, such as the USGS Earth Explorer, Copernicus Open Access Hub, and Bhuvan Indian Geo-Platform of ISRO.
The document discusses Z-scores and how to calculate them. It notes that Z-scores indicate how many standard deviations a data point is from the mean, that they are used to standardize data in a normal distribution between -3 and +3 standard deviations, and that calculating a Z-score requires knowing the population mean and standard deviation. An example is provided to demonstrate how to calculate Z-scores for percentages of the scheduled caste population in different police blocks in Howrah district, West Bengal.
The document discusses the calculation of mean center of population for districts in West Bengal, India for the census years 1981, 1991, 2001, and 2011. It provides background on mean center analysis and outlines the steps to calculate mean center, which involves determining the x and y coordinates of each district's geographic center, multiplying the population by x and y distances, and calculating the total x and y values. Tables of population, x and y distances, and calculated x population and y population values are provided for each census year, along with the final x and y coordinates of the mean center. Maps show the mean center location for each time period.
Dr. Arindam Sarkar discusses research methodology, which he defines as the specific procedures used to identify, process, analyze, and map data about a research topic. These include determining what type of data is needed, how it will be collected, managed, analyzed, and represented cartographically or through models. Both qualitative and quantitative methods may be used, involving primary and secondary data collection, as well as statistical analysis and mapping of the results. The document provides examples of different data collection methods, variables, sampling techniques, data processing steps, statistical analyses, types of maps and models that can be used in geographic research methodology.
The document discusses various aspects of research design, including:
- The four major types of research design: exploratory, inductive, causal, and descriptive.
- Key components of research design like objectives, methodology, and data collection techniques.
- Different types of research designs for exploratory, descriptive, and hypothesis testing studies.
- Important principles of experimental design like replication, randomization, and local control.
- Formal experimental designs like completely randomized design, randomized block design, and Latin square design.
The document discusses research objectives and their importance in research. It states that research objectives should be specific and directly linked to the research question. Objectives help focus the research, guide the methodology, and structure what will be achieved. Good objectives are SMART - specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and time-bound. They provide direction and help determine data needs, analysis and interpretation of results. Objectives should be clearly defined using action verbs and based on the research problem or gap identified from the literature review.
The document discusses hypothesis testing and different aspects related to formulating and testing hypotheses in research. It provides definitions of hypothesis, describes the different types of hypotheses like simple, complex, associative, causal hypotheses. It also discusses the importance of clearly defining hypotheses in research and listing potential sources of hypotheses. Different types of errors in hypothesis testing and the process of hypothesis testing is summarized.
This document provides information about conducting a literature review. It defines a literature review as a survey of scholarly sources on a particular topic that can provide an overview of what has been said about that topic. The purposes of a literature review are listed as critical analysis, understanding perspectives, classification, comparison, and informing further research. Sources of literature discussed include books, journals, online databases, reports, and statistical records. The document outlines steps for conducting a literature review such as searching, archiving, classifying sources, evaluating studies, and identifying gaps to address in new research. Methods of literature review evaluation and the structure of the literature review body are also described.
The document discusses geographical research, including its definition, characteristics, significance, steps, objectives, types and approaches. Geographical research is defined as a systematic investigation of physical and human geography that uses various tools and techniques. It has key characteristics such as being systematic, following research ethics, using logical reasoning, and prioritizing accurate data. The significance of geographical research is that it is problem-focused and aims to develop generalizations to predict future occurrences. The main steps involve forming a topic, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reaching conclusions.
This document discusses residual mapping, which is used to analyze the relationship between two areal variables. It provides steps for calculating residual values, which indicate the difference between observed and estimated dependent variable (y) values. Positive residual values mean y is higher than estimated, while negative values mean y is lower. The document includes a calculation and data table applying this process to analyze the relationship between area and population in West Bengal districts. The resulting residual map shows major parts of several districts have well-distributed populations relative to their areas, while northern districts generally have negative residuals.
This document discusses soil textural plotting using a ternary diagram. It explains that soil texture is determined by the proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles in a soil sample. The USDA soil textural classification system is presented, which categorizes soils based on these components. Instructions are provided on how to construct a ternary diagram and plot soil texture data points on it to determine the textural class. An example demonstrates plotting four soil samples on such a diagram.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
Sea level chnage
1. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Sea Level Change
Dr. Arindam Sarkar
Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College
arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
2. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Valentine Classification of Advancing and Retreating coast
Valentine's
Classification of
Coastal Contexts
(1952)
Identified coasts as
………
Erosional or
Depositional
Emerging or
Submerging coast
3. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Scale and Process
Scale and Process of Sea Level Change
Eustatic Global or large scale sea level change
caused by addition of large volume of water
into the ocean
Isostatic Local scale sea level change caused by
uplift or submergence of land comparative to
the level of sea
Marine
Regression
Impact associated with relative fall in sea
level
Marine
Transgression
Impact associated with relative rise of sea
level
4. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Eustatic Sea Level Change
Decrease of global temperatures leads to more
precipitation occurring in the form of snow.
Eventually this now turns to ice and so water is
stored on land rather than being returned to
ocean store.
Consequently there is global fall of sea level.
If global temperature subsequently rise,
glaciers retreat and ice melts causing a rise in
global sea level.
5. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Eustatic
Sea Level Change
6. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Isostatic Changes of sea level
Glacial Period
During a glacial period the weight of ice
sheets and glaciers adds weight to the earth
crust
This causes the crust to sink lower into
the mantle rock beneath
This results in an apparent rise in the
level of the sea
Interglacial Period
At the end of the glacial period the ice
melts and weight is lost from the crust
It causing it to slowly rise.
The sea level will then appear to fall
Some places.
At the east coast of Scotland are rising at
a rate of 7mm/year
7. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Landforms associated with Marine Transgression
(Submergence landforms)
Ria Coast of Ferrol Fjords of Kenai
8. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Landforms associated with Marine Regression
(Emergence landforms)
Raised
Beach
Turakirae
Head,
Wellington
9. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Landforms associated with Marine Regression
(Emergence landforms)
Abandoned
Coastline
Britain’s abandoned
coastal area
10. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Facts behind Sea Level Change:
Rising and lowering of sea level is called sea level change.
Two important events are associated with sea level change (Cooling
and Warming)
Global Cooling Global Warming
Decrease of temperature
Cooling in high latitude and high
altitude
Evaporation in low latitude
Sea level decrease in low latitude
1° decrease of temperature causes
2m lowering of sea level
Gradual increase of temperature
Melting of glacier in the high
altitude and high latitude
Water accumulation in low latitude
Rise of sea level in low latitude
Submergence of islands and
coastal area
Conversion of marine ecology to
land ecology
Cycle of erosion
11. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Causes of Sea Level Change
Vertical Land Movement
Isostatic adjustment
Tectonic effect
Sedimentation
Human factor (Ground water and extraction of oil)
Changes in level of ocean surface
Glaciers
Ice sheets
Ocean current
Tidal behaviour
Changes in hydrological cycle
Expansion or contraction
12. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Facts of contemporary sea level rise
Sea level rises over 8 inches (23 cm) during 1880—present
Sea level rises 3 inches in last 25 years
Sea level rise rate is .13 inch (3.2 mm) per year
Major causes behind contemporary sea level rise
Thermal expansion due to increase of sea surface temperature
Melting of land-based ice (glaciers ice sheet)
Impact of sea level rise on drainage basin
Reduce drainage basin area
It brings greater aridity in the basin area
It reduces run off in the basin area
Sea level change and related mechanism
Rise of sea level-reduction of drainage basin are-greater aridity-reduction of runoff
Fall of sea level- Enlarge drainage basin area 9downstream enlargement)-increase
drainage basin relief-increase the potential energy available in the landscape
13. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Evidences from historical past (Geological age)
The sea level fluctuation in Late Cenozoic caused major shifts in drainage area
and the periodic submergence of extensive drainage system in the relatively brief
interludes of high inter glacial sea level such as we are experie4ncing at the
present day (Summerfield,1991).
Sea level fluctuation in Quaternary geological age leads lowering of base level
up to 100m during past 1Ma; large scale valley incision along the continental
margin has been promoted by this lower of base level. Successive erosion takes
palace with the formation of knick point and intensive down cutting.
Valley aggregation has been laded buried of incised valley, huge sediment
carried by the perennial river due to rapid melting of high altitude glacier.
Aggradations process is called as process of alluviation. Aggradation is a
geological term popularly used to represent the process of increase elevation of
land through rapid sedimentation by a dedicated river system.
Aggradations occur when supply of sediment is greater than capacity to
transport.
14. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Evidences from historical past (Geological age)
After end of ice age, during Holocene temperature rises frequently, that leads
spontaneously melting of high altitude glacier. Upstream water source of
perennial river increase. Stream power increase with increase of discharge of
channel. Leading with excessive carrying capacity of sediment load towards
downstream and deposited in the less sloped foothill area due to loss of energy
for sudden change of slope.
Mississippi river is the best example of river aggregation.
Mississippi valley has been produced by the deposition of huge glacially
derived sediment carried from upstream (North) enhanced by the melting of
Lauren tide ice sheet (glacier).
Some result has been derived from several dynamic research work done on
terrace deposition in the lower Mississippi valley about phases of
sedimentation distribute with episodes of valley incision, which are associated
with fluctuation of sea level (rise and fall) in the Pleistocene age.
Impact of Quaternary sea level change on drainage basin can be easily
explained through reference of Amazon river system.
15. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Evidences from historical past (Geological age)
River Amazon was deeply entrenched during last glacial age, when sea level
was low but transformation has been observed in the lower starch of Amazon
river due to rise of sea level during past glacial age.
But when sea level gets stabilized during Holocene age sediment behavior
has been changed, due to this wide low gradient flood plain has been spotted at
lower course of Amazon river.
Frequent accumulation of sediment at the flood plain blocks mouth of the
tributaries of lower Amazon.
When vertical movement of land is greater than sea and relative fluctuation
in sea observed then it has significant effect on drainage system and that also
depends on nature of crustal deformation. Here tectonic force and sea level
change both operating together.
16. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Sea level change and river hydrostatic
consequences
Fall of sea level-reduce water load on continental margin-flex upward.
Rise of sea level maximize sediment load.
Landward reversal of river course with less discharge and low coastal gradient
has been observed at Rhone and Nile river during Late Miocene. Because
desiccation of the Mediterranean sea cause flexural swarp of its NE and SE
margins.
Major shift in drainage area and periodic submergence of extensive drainage
system due to frequent fluctuation of sea level has been observed in the Late
Cenozoic era.
Effect of sea level change in drainage system in concentrated on its base level
of erosion.
Shoreline migration is also an important impact of sea level change.
Other related factor of shoreline migration are coastal geological configuration,
beach morphology etc.
17. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Sea level change spatially non-uniform in the globe
Sea level affected by Geo-physical changes or process
Local sea level observation connected with
Ice age dynamics
Dynamic topography
Sediment fluxes
Eustatic sea level is closely related to volume of ice as well as sate of water
Modelling of Sea Level Change
Modelling sea level change requires a gravitationally self- consistent model
18. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Gravity matter
Changes in gravity filed drive changes in the sea surface
Solid earth matter
Glacial Isostatic adjustment is a significant component of projected sea level change over
the next century
Definition of sea level
Elevation difference between the sea surface equi-potential and the solid surface
19. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Modern Sea level models are built on the foundation of Ferrel and
Clark (1976)
Gravitationally self consistence
Deformable viscous-elastic earth
Later model introduced
Shoreline migration (Johnston, 1993)
Earth rotation (Milne and Mitrovica, 1996,1998)
Sediment redistribution (Dalca et al. 2013)
Dynamic topography (Austermann and Mitrovica, 2015)
Sea level change : Main fact from Model
Changes in surface loading
Crustal evolution
Gravity field
Earth rotation axis
20. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Modelled Sea level response to ice and sediment loads are
governed by
Spherically Symmetric
Elastic lithosphere
Density and elasticity profile ( PREM; Dziewonski and Anderson, 1981)
Viscosity profile (VM2; Peltier, 2004)
Discretized at spherical harmonic degree
Changes in ice loading produce spatially variable changes in sea
level
input- ice thickness (Peltier, 2004)
Output- sea level changes
This is a specific example of general principal
All geophysical process produce spatially variable sea level change
Shore line migration
Sea level response to sediment distribution
21. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Figure 1 shows the key
contributions to sea-
level changes at the
different operational
scales used in this paper.
The contribution of
glaciers, ice sheets and
land water storage
changes are calculated
using ofine models
forced with boundary
conditions derived from
climate model
projections (mainly
temperature and
precipitation), implying
that feedbacks between
freshwater flux and
ocean circulation are not
captured.
22. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Further readings..