Research design

Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Research Design
Dr. Arindam Sarkar
Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College
arindam.srkr1@gmail.com

 The research design is the overall plan for relating the conceptual research
problem to relevant and practicable empirical research (Gauri and Gronhaug,
2005)
 There are four major types research design; exploratory, inductive, casual
and descriptive (Zikmund, 2003)
 Most appropriate way to get solutions to the research problems is through
exploratory design (Zikmund, 2003)
 In exploratory design, researcher will have a weak idea about the problems
as they are defined very poorly
 When author starts accumulating relevant information; the entire picture
becomes brighter and better thereby supporting to find healthier solutions to
the problems (Gauri & Gronhaug, 2005)
 Inductive design employs various theories built on observation
 Casual research is better structured than the other designs of research, cause
and effect relationship is often confronted. In fact, during majority of instances
it becomes very easy to predict the final results evolving from the changes
incorporated (Nargundkar, 2003).

 The research design used for this project is descriptive approach where a
concrete problem is identified and defined by exploiting secondary sources of
data existing
 It is frequently used to depict precise outline of person/persons events and
situations (Robson, 2002)
 Since research question is a problem which necessitate further investigation
to formulate anticipated results (Bjereld et al, 2002)
 Question for the current study is derived from the area of interest
 Passable numbers of study samples are involved right through the process
and unbiased measurements are practiced to execute and report about on
project
 Given that the sampling is important in this form of research, survey
questionnaires and interviews are included with definite time limits
UKEssays. (2018). Definition of Research and Research Methodology. Retrieved from
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/management/definition-of-research-and-research-
methodology-management-essay.php?vref=1

Design of an Academic research paper
 Selection of a topic/ Identify a problem  Purpose of selection
 Collection of literature (data, article, thesis )  Identify research problem/ Limitation
 Abstract with Key wards  Collection of data
 Introduction of the study  Methodology
 Literature review  Results
 Identification of research gap  Discussion
 Research question/ Hypothesis building  Major findings
 Objectives  Conclusion with recommendation
 Purpose of the study  Acknowledgement
 Significance of the study  Reference
 Selection of the study area (Location)  Bibliography

Feature of a perfect Research Design
 Perfect research design must be flexible, appropriate, efficient and
beneficial
 Reliability of data collection and analysis must be enhance by a
perfect research design
 Good research design has ability to minimize biasness of data
 Good research design is associated with less experimental error
 Perfect research design can enrich explanation quality of result
derived from experiment in the report
 Principal component of research design is objectives of research
 Well explained purpose and significance of the study
 Well defined research question and hypothesis
 Clear statement of research problem
 Well planned data collection techniques
 Well established methodologies

Integral part of
Research design
 Sample design
 Observational design
 Statistical design
 Operational design

Component of Research design
 Conceptual design Literature survey Pre field
 Pre field survey design
 Observational design
 Sample design Data collection Field survey
 Field survey design
 Data handling design Data management
and processing
Post field analysis
 Data preparation
 Data manipulation
 Data processing design
 Statistical design
 Operational design

Purpose of research design
 Research design can provide a detailed and well explained
plan of study
 Research design allows proper assessment of cause’s
impact relationship among dependent and independent
variables
 The classic controlled experiment is an ideal example of
perfect research design
 Source of variance deeply influenced by eliminating a
variable, randomization and matching of variable as a
significant part of research design
 Research design provides proper answer of research
question
 Study can be well organized by proper research design

Types of Research design
 Research design in case of exploratory
research
 Research design in case of descriptive and
diagnostic research studies
 Research design in case of hypothesis
testing research design

Exploratory research design
 Exploratory research is noted as formulative
research studies
 Formulation of a problem for more precious
investigation or formulation of working hypothesis
from an operational point of view is the prime
objective of exploratory research
 The prime importance of exploratory research is
focused on the discovery ideas and insights

Content of exploratory research design
 Exploratory research design
 Method
 Literature review
 Depth interview
 Focus group
 Case study
 Pilot survey
 Experimental study
Method of Exploratory research design
 Survey about existing literature
 Observation survey
 Experience survey
 Analysis of insight-simulating examples

Descriptive research design
 It is also known as Diagnostic research design
 Descriptive research design is concerned
with describing the characteristics of a
particular individual
 It has ability to give proper definition,
objective and method of research
 It can obtain accurate information about the
research

Content of Descriptive research design
 Descriptive research design
 Method
 Observation
 Panel
 Survey
 Case study
Type of Descriptive research design
 Cross-sectional design
 Longitudinal study
 Single cross sectional design
 Multi cross sectional design

Hypothesis testing research design
 In this design hypothesis of casual relationship
between variables can be tested
 It is also called as experimental research
design
 This study will allow to drawing inferences
about casualty
 This study has ability to reduce bias and
enhance reliability

Basic principal of experimental
design
 Principal of replication
 Principal of randomization
 Principal of local control

Principal of replication
 This experiment should be repeated more
than one
 Each treatment is associated with many more
experimental units instead of one
 Example: if we will do research with two
different type of pineapple species, we can
divide the field into two different part for
cultivation and observation. Conclusion may be
done from getting result from two different
parts.

Principal of randomization
 It can provide protection we are going to conduct an
experimental research against the effect of external factors by
randomization
 This is associated with the plan of experiment in order to
external factors derived variations
 External factors can be minimize through randomization
process
 Randomization process (random sampling) is very essential
useful when character of independent variables varies
 Example: if we cultivate different type of pine apple in
different plots of filed with different soil character then we can
use random sampling techniques in the arena of randomization
process to minimize error

Principal of local control
 Variability occur due to external factor from the experimental error can be removed
by principal local control
 Principal local control is considered as another important principal of experimental
design
 Through this we can perform two way analysis of variance
 In this regard total variability of data can be divided into three parts
 Treatment of attribute (variety of pineapple)
 External factors (soil character)
 Experimental error
 Example: According to Principal of local control
First: we need to divide the field into several homogeneous part (blocks)
Second: Each block is divided into parts same to the total count of treatments
Third: Then treatments are randomly assigned to this part of block
Fourth: Blocks are level at which we hold an external factor, fixed, so that we can
measure its contributions to the total variability of the data by means of a two-way
analysis of variance
(Reference: Research methodology: Methods and techniques by C.R.Kothari)

Important experimental design
Informal experimental design
 Before and after without control design
 After only with control design
 Before and after with control design
Formal experimental design
 Completely Randomized design (C.R. Design)
 Randomized block s design (R.B.Design)
 Latin square design (L.S Design)
 Factorial design

Research design

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