Research material and method

Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Research Material
and
Methods
Dr. Arindam Sarkar
Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College
arindam.srkr1@gmail.com

Research Methodology
Data (Material)
Techniques (Method)
Research methodology
 Research methodology is the specific procedures to identify,
process and analysis data or information about the concern research
topic.
 Research methodology is full proof master plan to clarify the
method and process of data collection , mapping and analysis.
 Research methodology is a cumulative study of how research has
been conducted scientifically.
 There is little confusion about research method and methodology.
The method which is adopted by the researcher for fulfil research
called research method. On the other hand research methodology is
a systematic way to solving research problem.

Nature and Character of Research Methodology
 Validity and reliability of research can be identified
through research methodology.
 Methodology is systematic as well as theoretical
analysis of the method used to conduct a research.
 Research methodology indicate how a research
would been conducted?
 Methodology can explain key research objectives.
 Most of the geographic research is associated with
qualitative and quantitative method using primary and
secondary data.

Question about Research Methodology
 What type of data is required? Data type
 Who to collect data? Surveyor
 Whom from collect data? Respondent
 How to collect data? Data collection method
 Where to collect data? Location
 When to collect data ? Time of data collection
 How to manage or rectify data? Data management
 How to analyse data? Data analysis

Data Collection Method
 Observational
 Experimental
 Simulation
 Derived

Content of Research Methodology
1.Data Collection
2. Data Processing
3. Data Analysis
4. Cartographic Representation
5. Mapping
6. Modelling

Way of Data Collection
Primary Secondary
Interview
1. Individual
2. Group
Survey
1. Online
2. Of line
Observation
1. Direct
2. Indirect
Monitoring
1. Weather station
(Tem, Rain, RH,Pressure etc.)
2. Tidal station (Tidal height)
3. Fluvial station
(Discharge , Gauge height)
Sampling
Field
Measurement
Geospatial
Statistical
Others
Raster Vector
Attribute
1. Documents 2.Records 3. Scientific article 4. Report
5. Case Study 6. Thesis or Dissertation 7. Published map 8. Sketches
9. Photograph 10. Film or Video 11. Documentary
1. Data Collection

Field Measurement
Slope Clinometers,
Abney’s level
Elevation Altimeter,
Dumpy Level,
Auto Level,
Theodolite,
Total Station
Bearing Prismatic compass
Location GPS,
DGPS
Soil Properties Soil Ph meter
Soil moisture
meter
Hydrological Current meter
Echo sounder
Rock or surface
soil resistance
Resistance meter
Variable
Qualitative Nominal (i.e. Name)
Ordinal (i.e. Rank , order, position)
Quantitative Discreet
Continuous
Sampling
Probability sampling Non-probability sampling
1.Random
2. Systematic
3. Stratified
4. Cluster
1. Convenience
2. Purposive
Quota sampling
Judgmental

Data processing
Editing
Coding
Laboratory experiment
Classification
Tabulation
Laboratory experiment in
Geographical science
Sedimentlogy Grain size analysis
Pedology Physical and
Chemical properties
Cartography Mapping
Geoinformatics Mapping, Modelling
SEDIMENTOLOGY LABORATORY
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY &
EARTH SCIENCES
HARRINGTON’S SOIL TESTING
LABORATORY
2. Data Processing

Descriptive
Uni-dimensional Bivariate Multivariate
 Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
Dispersion
 Measures of
Skewness and
Kurtosis
 Time series
analysis
 Index number
Composite Index
number
 One-way ANOVA
 Simple
Regression
 Simple
Correlation
 Correlation
Co-efficient
 Two-way
ANOVA
 Partial
Correlation
 Multiple
Regression
 Multi-ANOVA
 Factor
analysis
 Cluster
analysis
 Multiple
Discriminate
analysis
Statistical
Estimation of
Parameter values
Hypothesis Testing
Point estimation Parametric
Interval estimation Non-parametric
Data Analysis3. Data Analysis

4. Cartographic representation
Cartogram Graph
One-Dimensional Two-Dimensional Three Dimensional
1 Vertical (Bar diagram)
2. Horizontal (Bar diagram)
3. Dot
4. Pyramid
Bar diagram
Simple
Compound
Composite
Square
Rectangle
Triangles Circle
1.Simple
2. Divide circle
Or Pie diagram
Cube
Sphere

Cartographic representation
Cartogram Graph
Bi-axial (Line graph) Tri-axial Special
4. Cartographic representation
Open Polygon
1. Climograph
2. Hythergraph
Composite
1. Polygraph
2. Band graph
1. Arithmetic
2. Semi log
3. Log log
4. Exponential
5. Linear
6. Parabolic
Multi-axial
(Star graph)
1. Circular graph
2. Vector graph
1. Dispersion
graph
2.Ergo graph
Ternary graph
Three Dimensional Surface
(3D Surface)

5. Mapping
Types of MAP
Thematic
1. Choropleth
2. Chorochromatic
3. Choroschematic
4. Isorithimic
5. Quantitative dot
6. Flow map
7. Diagrammatic map
8. Map showing Cartograms
9. Landform representative
10.Animated
Weather map Topographic map Geological map
1.Pre-monsoon
2. Monsoon
3.Post-monsoon
According to
Structure
According to age of
deposition
1. Horizontal
2. Uniclinal
3. Folded
4. Faulted
1. Single series map
2. Double series map
3. Triple series map
4. Multiple series map
1. Contour map
2. BPD
3. Drainage map
4. Block diagram
5. Vegetation map

5. Mapping
Quantitative mapping
 Residual mapping
 Z-Score map
 Location Quotient
 Lorenz curve
 Ginne Co-efficient
 Mean Centre of population
 Accessibility map
 Population potential
 Population projection
 Crop combination analysis
 Nearest Neighbour Analysis
Raster mapping
Mapping from
Earth Resource
Observation
Satellite data
 LULC
 Band rationing
(NDVI, NDWI,
LST, VI)
Mapping from
Elevation data
 DEM
 Morphometric
analysis
Vector mapping
Simple
 Location
 Line
 Area
Network map
 Road
 Railway
 Pipe line
 Electricity

6. Modelling
General model
 Ground water modelling
 Geological modelling
 Geomorphological modelling
 Geotectonic modelling
 Urban modelling
 SWATH Analysis
Hazard model
 Flood modelling
 Soil erosion modelling
 Land slide risk zonation modelling
 Forest fire risk zonation modelling
 Tsunami Vulnerability modelling
 Earthquake modelling
 Disaster risk reduction model
 RUSLE
 Desertification modelling
Flow model Digital Surface Model
(DSM)
Tectonic Control Modelling
 SL Index Structural Control Modelling
 SPI , TWI

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