Calcium metabolism disorders
1. CALCIUM METABOLISM DISORDERS
2. OVERVIEW: Calcium definition and requirement . Calcium metabolism regulators : VD , PTH and calcitonin. Functions of calcium. Calcium metabolic bone diseases. Calcium metabolism disorders. CASE !!
3. WHAT IS CALCIUM? Calcium is a mineral that is essential to bone health, cardiovascular health, muscle maintenance, circulatory health, and blood clotting. Calcium also acts as an enzyme activator. While calcium is found in milk and dairy products, it is also available from other food sources, such as green leafy vegetables, seafood (eating salmon with the bones provides an even greater dose), almonds, blackstrap molasses, broccoli, enriched soy and rice milk products, figs, soybeans and tofu.
Calcium metabolism disorders
1. CALCIUM METABOLISM DISORDERS
2. OVERVIEW: Calcium definition and requirement . Calcium metabolism regulators : VD , PTH and calcitonin. Functions of calcium. Calcium metabolic bone diseases. Calcium metabolism disorders. CASE !!
3. WHAT IS CALCIUM? Calcium is a mineral that is essential to bone health, cardiovascular health, muscle maintenance, circulatory health, and blood clotting. Calcium also acts as an enzyme activator. While calcium is found in milk and dairy products, it is also available from other food sources, such as green leafy vegetables, seafood (eating salmon with the bones provides an even greater dose), almonds, blackstrap molasses, broccoli, enriched soy and rice milk products, figs, soybeans and tofu.
An illustrative and lucid presentation on Scurvy (deficiency of vitamin C) for Medical, Dental, Pharmacology & Biotechnology students to facilitate easy- learning.
Vitamin k is a group of lipophilic hydrophobic vitamins. Fat soluble compound necessary for the synthesis of several proteins required for blood clotting.
Occurs in several forms:
Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone)
Vitamin K2 (Menaquinone)
Vitamin K3 (Menadione) – synthetic form
An illustrative and lucid presentation on Scurvy (deficiency of vitamin C) for Medical, Dental, Pharmacology & Biotechnology students to facilitate easy- learning.
Vitamin k is a group of lipophilic hydrophobic vitamins. Fat soluble compound necessary for the synthesis of several proteins required for blood clotting.
Occurs in several forms:
Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone)
Vitamin K2 (Menaquinone)
Vitamin K3 (Menadione) – synthetic form
INTRODUCTION — Normal bone growth and mineralization require adequate calcium and phosphate, the two major constituents of the crystalline component of bone. Deficient mineralization can result in rickets and/or osteomalacia. Rickets refers to deficient mineralization at the growth plate, as well as architectural disruption of this structure. Osteomalacia refers to impaired mineralization of the bone matrix. Rickets and osteomalacia usually occur together as long as the growth plates are open; only osteomalacia occurs after the growth plates have fused.
rickets is a nutritional deficiency disease that involves mainly calcium, vitamin d, or phosphate resulting in decreased bone stability and strength, Delayed closure of the fontanelles,Parietal and frontal bossing. Craniotabes (soft skull bones).
Enlargement of the costochondral junction visible as beading along the anterolateral aspects of the chest (the "rachitic rosary") . Formation of Harrison sulcus (or groove),Widening of the wrist and bowing of the distal radius and ulna, Progressive lateral bowing of the femur and tibia and causes defects in teeth.
there is two types of rickets: phosphopenic and calcipenic.
pathogenesis: Growth plate thickness is determined by two opposing processes: o chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy on the one hand. o vascular invasion of the growth plate followed by conversion into primary bone spongiosa on the other. • Vascular invasion requires mineralization of the growth plate cartilage and is delayed or prevented by deficiency of calcium or phosphorus growth plate cartilage accumulates and the growth plate thickens. • In addition, the chondrocytes of the growth plate become disorganized, losing their columnar orientation with characteristic expansion of the hypertrophic zone. • In the bone tissue below the growth plate (metaphysis), the mineralization defect leads to the accumulation of osteoid.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Consider the following patient
• 4 year old male Sauron was brought in for
consultation exhibiting hematuria, possible anemia,
edema in his right leg, bleeding gingiva with a single
tooth (signs of tooth loss visible), irritability, paleness,
sweating, dry/cracked hair, and apparent signs of
malnourishment.
• Patient is afebrile with no signs of organomegaly
3. Patient History
• Sauron is the 10th born child of a low income household.
• This family has experienced infant mortality previously in the form of
malnutrition and dehydration.
• Sauron’s family are subsistence farmers with a diet consisting mainly
of hard biscuits and milk.
5. Test Results
• Blood tests
1. Serum Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) Levels: .2 mg/dl, which is lower
than normal range of .3-.6 mg/dl. Indicates significant deficiency.
2. Serum Iron Levels: 45 ug/dl, which is lower than normal range for
children of 50-120 ug/dl. Indicates significant deficiency.
3. Red blood cell count: was 4.1 million/mcL which is lower than the
normal range for children of 4.6-4.6 million/mcL
• Skin Biopsy: Deposition of hemosiderin is evident near hair follicles.
Hair is coiled and dry.
7. Interpretation
VISUAL
• Evidence of periodontal deterioration along with evident tooth loss, anemia,
fatigue/irritability due to malnutrition, and edema of extremities suggest a
possible general deficiency of structural protein synthesis.
HISTORICAL
• Child has personal and familial history of malnutrition. Considering the child’s
sparse diet and low family income, a Vitamin C deficiency is suspected.
TEST RESULTS
• Blood serum Vitamin C and Iron levels were dangerously low. Red blood cell
count was also below normal. These results when viewed with visual and
historical context indicate scurvy as a likely diagnosis. Scalp biopsy can confirm
diagnosis with presence of increased hemosiderin deposits and dry coiled
follicles.
8. Ascorbic Acid Structure
• Ascorbic Acid is an antioxidant and mild reducing
agent
• It is useful for its ability to transfer a single
electron
• Single electron transfer allows Ascorbic acid to terminate free
radical molecules produced from spontaneous oxidation
reactions in the body.
• These free radicals can react with important cellular molecules
such as nucleic acids and interfere with fundamental cell
function.
9. Ascorbic Acid Interactions
• Ascorbic Acid is a key molecule in the synthesis of collagen,
one of the most important structural proteins in the human
body.
• Ascorbic acid can also aid in the assimilation of dietary iron.
• Vitamin C deficiencies can cause deposits of iron storage
molecules (hemosiderin) to form near hair follicles in the
skin.
• Ascorbic Acid facilitates collagen synthesis by catalyzing the
hydroxylation of prolyl and lysyl procollagen residues by
prolyl/lysyl hydroxylase enzymes to begin cross linking and
helix formation of collagen.
• Procollagen precursor polypeptide formation is one of the
first steps in collagen synthesis and one of the most
important.
10. Scurvy Facts and Statistics
• More common in low income areas
• More common in urban regions
• Less common in developed countries
• Scurvy is common in small mammals that cannot
biosynthesize Ascorbic Acid such as guinea pigs and
hamsters
• If left untreated, death can occur within a month in
humans, and within 24 hours in small mammals
• Scurvy was a common disease and cause of death
among 17th century sailors when importance of
micronutrients was not well understood.
11. Treatment
• Ascorbic acid can be administered orally or intravenously.
• Intravenous treatment is preferred in case of prolonged
deficiency.
• Signs and symptoms of scurvy can begin to retreat within
48 hours of Vitamin C consumption.
• Full recovery is expected within two weeks.
• Severe dental damage incurred when suffering from the
disease such as tooth loss and tooth decay are
permanent without further dental care and are not
reversed simply due to ascorbic acid intake.
12. Post-Treatment
Congratulations, you saved a life with your educated diagnosis and
treatment using your expansive knowledge of biochemistry!!!
I am sure this kid will grow up to do great things all thanks to you!