In nature, the destruction of plant wastes takes place by not a single microorganism, butby complex of microorganisms which belong to different species and genera with complex of enzymes. Using of highly active monocultures to createfungal association which produce multifunctional enzymeswith desired properties is a promising approach to create relevant and effective crop production microorganisms with beneficial properties. Among15 industrial micro my cetes the most active association was from Aspergillusniger 355 and Aspergillusawamori 1-8 which had highmacerase and cellulase enzymes activity.
Upon the evolution brought about in the fermentation technology resulted out into various methodologies for optimization of the product yield by economical consumption of the substrates. Eventually, these ventures led for the development of technologies classified into as Submerged and Solid State technologies and the latter one being the concept of interest whose detailed view will be provided in the following presentation
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.6
ABSTRACT- Amylases are among the most important enzymes used in various industries. They represent
approximately 30% of the world enzyme production. These are of ubiquitous occurrence and hold the maximum market
share of enzyme sales. These comprise hydrolases, which hydrolyze starch to diverse products as dextrins, and
progressively smaller polymers composed of glucose units. They are highly demanded in various arrays such as food,
pharmaceuticals, textiles, detergents, etc. However, enzymes from mold and bacterial source have dominated applications
in industrial sectors while few species of yeast were studied for the amylases production. This review focuses on the
amylolytic yeasts and their enzymes and we were interested at α- amylase and pullulanase, their distribution,
structural-functional aspects, physical and chemical parameters, and the use of these enzymes in industrial applications. Key-words- Amylolytic yeast, α-amylase, Pullulanase, Industrial application
Upon the evolution brought about in the fermentation technology resulted out into various methodologies for optimization of the product yield by economical consumption of the substrates. Eventually, these ventures led for the development of technologies classified into as Submerged and Solid State technologies and the latter one being the concept of interest whose detailed view will be provided in the following presentation
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.6
ABSTRACT- Amylases are among the most important enzymes used in various industries. They represent
approximately 30% of the world enzyme production. These are of ubiquitous occurrence and hold the maximum market
share of enzyme sales. These comprise hydrolases, which hydrolyze starch to diverse products as dextrins, and
progressively smaller polymers composed of glucose units. They are highly demanded in various arrays such as food,
pharmaceuticals, textiles, detergents, etc. However, enzymes from mold and bacterial source have dominated applications
in industrial sectors while few species of yeast were studied for the amylases production. This review focuses on the
amylolytic yeasts and their enzymes and we were interested at α- amylase and pullulanase, their distribution,
structural-functional aspects, physical and chemical parameters, and the use of these enzymes in industrial applications. Key-words- Amylolytic yeast, α-amylase, Pullulanase, Industrial application
This articles is based on information regarding how to produce microbial enzymes, methods of enzyme purification including sources and application of microbial enzymes.
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.5
ABSTRACT- Small Cardamom (Elettariacardamomum L. Maton) is one of the major spice crops of India, which were
the world’s largest producer and exporter of cardamom till 1980. There has however been a reduction in production,
mainly because of Katte disease, caused by cardamom mosaic virus (CdMV) a potyvirus. Viral diseases can be managed
effectively by early diagnosis using serological methods. In the present investigation, CdMV isolates were sampled from
Mudigere, Karnataka, ultra purified, and electron micro graphed for confirmation. Polyclonal antibodies were raised
against the virus and a direct antigen coating plate Enzyme linked immunosorbent Assay (DAC-ELISA) and Dot-ELISA
(DIBA) standardized to detect the virus in diseased and tissue cultured plants. Early diagnosis in planting material will aid
in using disease free material for better yields and hence increased profit to the farmer. Key-words- Cardamom mosaic virus (CdMV), Electron microscopy, Direct antigen coating Enzyme linked
immunosorbent Assay (DAC-ELISA), Dot-ELISA (DIBA)
This PPT will provide the basic idea of Fermentation technology and it's use. The reference book is 'Pharmaceutical Biotechnology' by Giriraj Kulkarni.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.7
ABSTRACT- Most of the Euphorbian plants secrete fluid which contain a proteolytic enzyme for defensive role against
insects, pests and hence eco physiological inheritance to sustain vegetation eventually in adverse environmental
conditions. Evaluation has been carried out on twenty five Euphorbian garden plants for their proteolytic activities using
casein as a substrate. Out of these, Euphorbia nerifolia, Euphorbia milli, Euphorbia tirucalli, Euphorbia lactea,
Synadenium granti, Jatropha curcas, Euphorbia nivulia, Euphorbia antiquoram, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Euphorbia
viguieri, E. heterophylla and E. leucocephala are the good enzyme source. Moderate activity found in Jatropha
integerrima, Jatropha multifida, Jatropha podagrica, Euphorbia pulcherrima, and Dalechampia scandens. While
different tissues of Acalypha hispida, Acalypha wilkesiana, Breynia nivosa, Cicca acida, Codiaeum variegatum, Drypetes
roxburghii are devoid of proteolytic activity. This paper describes in detail about name of plants, habitat and presence of
proteolytic enzyme in them. Results show that the out of twenty five plants 50% plant tissue synthesize protease in
appreciable amount, while 10% are not able to produce it. However 40% plants demonstrate only detectable amount of
protease. A comparative account of proteolytic activity reveals some promising plants good source of enzyme. Some
plants produce combination of cysteine and serine proteases. A single plant i.e. Euphorbia nerifolia latex contains
cysteine, serine, metallo-protease and aspartic proteases. In turn, these proteases may be used in various industrial uses in
general and cheese production Key-words- Garden Euphorb iiann a p plaarnttisc,u Clayr.s t e ine and serine protease, E. leucocephala, Euphorbia viguieri
The chemical compounds produced by plants are collectively referred to as phytochemicals. Biotechnologists have special interest in plant tissue culture for the large scale production of commercially important compounds. These include pharmaceuticals, flavours, fragrances, cosmetics, food additives, feed stocks and antimicrobials.
Most of these products are secondary metabolites— chemical compounds that do not participate in metabolism of plants. Thus, secondary metabolites are not directly needed by plants as they do not perform any physiological function (as is the case with primary metabolites such as amino acids, nucleic acids etc.). Although the native plants are capable of producing the secondary metabolites of commercial interest, tissue culture systems are preferred.
Production of cellulase and it's applicationRezwana Nishat
Cellulase is an enzyme that are found in livestock animals and herbivores' digestive system. It is also found in microbes system which is a great deal for researchers to study this enzymatic system furthermore. In this presentation, the production and the applications of this enzyme for biostoning of denim and cellulose nanofiber production have been studied.
Screening and Production of Protease Enzyme from Marine Microorganism and Its...iosrjce
Marine sediment samples were collected from the Gulf of Mannar, Mandapam coast to screen for
protease producing microbes. Among the five isolates screened only two isolates showed maximum proteolytic
activity with the zone of 21mm and 19mm respectively. Biochemical characterization of the isolates were
performed and identified as strain P2 belonged to Bacillus subtilis and strain P5 belonged to Bacillus
licheniformis. Both the strains have the ability to tolerate 7%Nacl concentration. The amount of protease
produced was expressed in microgram of tyrosine released under standard assay conditions. The total protein
content of crude enzyme extracts of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis were quantified which revealed
21.2mg/ml for strain P2 and 22.4mg/ml of protein content was presented by strain P5. The proteolytic bacteria
gave an optimum performance were both strains exhibited the enzymes stable at PH
7. In the present study
Bacillus subtilis showed a remarkable activity at 40ºC where as Bacillus licheniformis exhibited maximum
activity at 50ºC. Studies pertaining to carbon sources starch and lactose were utilized by Bacillus subtilis and
Bacillus licheniformis and maximum production was achieved. Among the different nitrogen sources tested
yeast extract induced maximum proteolytic activity where as ammonium sulphate was found to be the best
nitrogen sources for protease production. The crude enzyme was efficient to remove hair dye and blood stain by
Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis
Proteomic analysis of the interaction between the plant growth promoting fhiz...kys9723331
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) facilitate the plant growth and enhance their
induced systemic resistance (ISR) against a variety of environmental stresses. In this study,
we carried out integrative analyses on the proteome, transcriptome, and metabolome to investigate
Arabidopsis root and shoot responses to the well-known PGPR strain Paenibacillus
polymyxa (P. polymyxa) E681. Shoot fresh and root dry weights were increased, whereas root
length was decreased by treatment with P. polymyxa E681. 2DE approach in conjunction
with MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis revealed a total of 41 (17 spots in root, 24 spots in shoot)
that were differentially expressed in response to P. polymyxa E681. Biological process- and
molecular function-based bioinformatics analysis resulted in their classification into seven different
protein groups. Of these, 36 proteins including amino acid metabolism, antioxidant,
defense and stress response, photosynthesis, and plant hormone-related proteins were upregulated,
whereas five proteins including three carbohydrate metabolism- and one amino
acid metabolism-related, and one unknown protein were down-regulated, respectively. A good
correlation was observed between protein and transcript abundances for the 12 differentially
expressed proteins during interactions as determined by qPCR analysis. Metabolite analysis
using LC-MS/MS revealed highly increased levels of tryptophan, indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN),
indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and camalexin in the treated plants. Arabidopsis plant inoculated
P. polymyxa E681 also showed resistance to Botrytis cinerea infection. Taken together these
results suggest that P. polymyxa E681 may promote plant growth by induced metabolism and
activation of defense-related proteins against fungal pathogen.
Current approaches toward production ofsecondary plant metabolitesshahnam azizi
In this presentation you can familiar with:
Primary metabolite vs secondary metabolite
Importance and function of secondary metabolite
Approaches for increasing secondary metabolite production in plant tissue culture
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This articles is based on information regarding how to produce microbial enzymes, methods of enzyme purification including sources and application of microbial enzymes.
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.5
ABSTRACT- Small Cardamom (Elettariacardamomum L. Maton) is one of the major spice crops of India, which were
the world’s largest producer and exporter of cardamom till 1980. There has however been a reduction in production,
mainly because of Katte disease, caused by cardamom mosaic virus (CdMV) a potyvirus. Viral diseases can be managed
effectively by early diagnosis using serological methods. In the present investigation, CdMV isolates were sampled from
Mudigere, Karnataka, ultra purified, and electron micro graphed for confirmation. Polyclonal antibodies were raised
against the virus and a direct antigen coating plate Enzyme linked immunosorbent Assay (DAC-ELISA) and Dot-ELISA
(DIBA) standardized to detect the virus in diseased and tissue cultured plants. Early diagnosis in planting material will aid
in using disease free material for better yields and hence increased profit to the farmer. Key-words- Cardamom mosaic virus (CdMV), Electron microscopy, Direct antigen coating Enzyme linked
immunosorbent Assay (DAC-ELISA), Dot-ELISA (DIBA)
This PPT will provide the basic idea of Fermentation technology and it's use. The reference book is 'Pharmaceutical Biotechnology' by Giriraj Kulkarni.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.7
ABSTRACT- Most of the Euphorbian plants secrete fluid which contain a proteolytic enzyme for defensive role against
insects, pests and hence eco physiological inheritance to sustain vegetation eventually in adverse environmental
conditions. Evaluation has been carried out on twenty five Euphorbian garden plants for their proteolytic activities using
casein as a substrate. Out of these, Euphorbia nerifolia, Euphorbia milli, Euphorbia tirucalli, Euphorbia lactea,
Synadenium granti, Jatropha curcas, Euphorbia nivulia, Euphorbia antiquoram, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Euphorbia
viguieri, E. heterophylla and E. leucocephala are the good enzyme source. Moderate activity found in Jatropha
integerrima, Jatropha multifida, Jatropha podagrica, Euphorbia pulcherrima, and Dalechampia scandens. While
different tissues of Acalypha hispida, Acalypha wilkesiana, Breynia nivosa, Cicca acida, Codiaeum variegatum, Drypetes
roxburghii are devoid of proteolytic activity. This paper describes in detail about name of plants, habitat and presence of
proteolytic enzyme in them. Results show that the out of twenty five plants 50% plant tissue synthesize protease in
appreciable amount, while 10% are not able to produce it. However 40% plants demonstrate only detectable amount of
protease. A comparative account of proteolytic activity reveals some promising plants good source of enzyme. Some
plants produce combination of cysteine and serine proteases. A single plant i.e. Euphorbia nerifolia latex contains
cysteine, serine, metallo-protease and aspartic proteases. In turn, these proteases may be used in various industrial uses in
general and cheese production Key-words- Garden Euphorb iiann a p plaarnttisc,u Clayr.s t e ine and serine protease, E. leucocephala, Euphorbia viguieri
The chemical compounds produced by plants are collectively referred to as phytochemicals. Biotechnologists have special interest in plant tissue culture for the large scale production of commercially important compounds. These include pharmaceuticals, flavours, fragrances, cosmetics, food additives, feed stocks and antimicrobials.
Most of these products are secondary metabolites— chemical compounds that do not participate in metabolism of plants. Thus, secondary metabolites are not directly needed by plants as they do not perform any physiological function (as is the case with primary metabolites such as amino acids, nucleic acids etc.). Although the native plants are capable of producing the secondary metabolites of commercial interest, tissue culture systems are preferred.
Production of cellulase and it's applicationRezwana Nishat
Cellulase is an enzyme that are found in livestock animals and herbivores' digestive system. It is also found in microbes system which is a great deal for researchers to study this enzymatic system furthermore. In this presentation, the production and the applications of this enzyme for biostoning of denim and cellulose nanofiber production have been studied.
Screening and Production of Protease Enzyme from Marine Microorganism and Its...iosrjce
Marine sediment samples were collected from the Gulf of Mannar, Mandapam coast to screen for
protease producing microbes. Among the five isolates screened only two isolates showed maximum proteolytic
activity with the zone of 21mm and 19mm respectively. Biochemical characterization of the isolates were
performed and identified as strain P2 belonged to Bacillus subtilis and strain P5 belonged to Bacillus
licheniformis. Both the strains have the ability to tolerate 7%Nacl concentration. The amount of protease
produced was expressed in microgram of tyrosine released under standard assay conditions. The total protein
content of crude enzyme extracts of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis were quantified which revealed
21.2mg/ml for strain P2 and 22.4mg/ml of protein content was presented by strain P5. The proteolytic bacteria
gave an optimum performance were both strains exhibited the enzymes stable at PH
7. In the present study
Bacillus subtilis showed a remarkable activity at 40ºC where as Bacillus licheniformis exhibited maximum
activity at 50ºC. Studies pertaining to carbon sources starch and lactose were utilized by Bacillus subtilis and
Bacillus licheniformis and maximum production was achieved. Among the different nitrogen sources tested
yeast extract induced maximum proteolytic activity where as ammonium sulphate was found to be the best
nitrogen sources for protease production. The crude enzyme was efficient to remove hair dye and blood stain by
Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis
Proteomic analysis of the interaction between the plant growth promoting fhiz...kys9723331
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) facilitate the plant growth and enhance their
induced systemic resistance (ISR) against a variety of environmental stresses. In this study,
we carried out integrative analyses on the proteome, transcriptome, and metabolome to investigate
Arabidopsis root and shoot responses to the well-known PGPR strain Paenibacillus
polymyxa (P. polymyxa) E681. Shoot fresh and root dry weights were increased, whereas root
length was decreased by treatment with P. polymyxa E681. 2DE approach in conjunction
with MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis revealed a total of 41 (17 spots in root, 24 spots in shoot)
that were differentially expressed in response to P. polymyxa E681. Biological process- and
molecular function-based bioinformatics analysis resulted in their classification into seven different
protein groups. Of these, 36 proteins including amino acid metabolism, antioxidant,
defense and stress response, photosynthesis, and plant hormone-related proteins were upregulated,
whereas five proteins including three carbohydrate metabolism- and one amino
acid metabolism-related, and one unknown protein were down-regulated, respectively. A good
correlation was observed between protein and transcript abundances for the 12 differentially
expressed proteins during interactions as determined by qPCR analysis. Metabolite analysis
using LC-MS/MS revealed highly increased levels of tryptophan, indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN),
indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and camalexin in the treated plants. Arabidopsis plant inoculated
P. polymyxa E681 also showed resistance to Botrytis cinerea infection. Taken together these
results suggest that P. polymyxa E681 may promote plant growth by induced metabolism and
activation of defense-related proteins against fungal pathogen.
Current approaches toward production ofsecondary plant metabolitesshahnam azizi
In this presentation you can familiar with:
Primary metabolite vs secondary metabolite
Importance and function of secondary metabolite
Approaches for increasing secondary metabolite production in plant tissue culture
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Remans - Assessing and improving nutritional diversity of cropping systemsCIALCA
Presentation delivered at the CIALCA international conference 'Challenges and Opportunities to the agricultural intensification of the humid highland systems of sub-Saharan Africa'. Kigali, Rwanda, October 24-27 2011.
Alternatives for Cellulase Production in Submerged Fermentation with Agroindu...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Food and Nutrition Security in Africa, Investigating the role of local biodiversity in meeting nutritional requirements for complementary foods of infants and young children in Southern Benin, Celine Termote, Bioversity International
Phytochemical Screening, Nutritional Composition and Antimicrobial Activity o...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Study on the Use of Agricultural Wastes for Cellulase Production by Using Asp...IOSR Journals
It was the goal to investigate the Cellulase enzyme production ability of fungal strains such as
Aspergillus niger against the lignocellulosic bio-waste like Rice husks, Millet husks, Maize cobs, Wheat straws
and leaves at varying environmental parameters of pH, substrate concentration and dry weight and wet weight.
The enzyme production was analyzed individually by Miller‘s modified method of Dinitrosalicylic acid ( DNSA
). In this study the high level of enzyme production was achieved at pH 3 by using Rice husks, Millet husks,
Maize cobs, Wheat straws and leaves and pH 4 by using Maize cobs at varying substrate concentrations. Out of
all the five used substrates rice husks gave the higher production of the cellulose enzyme. The importance of
cellulase enzyme in industries cannot be over emphasized.
Optimization of Cultural Parameters for Cellulase Enzyme Production from Fung...IOSR Journals
Cellulalytic fungi synthesize cellulose enzyme for biodegradation of cellulose. This depends on various condition which include the source f isolation. This study was designed to determine the optimum condition necessary for cellulose production by fungi. Cellulose activities at different temperatures, pH and nitrogen sources by Rhizopus oryzae Aspergillus niger; A. flams, P. expansum and A. oryzae in liquid medium was studied and cellulose enzyme assay carried out by dinitrosalicylic acid method. All the fungal isolates have their highest cellulose activity at 400c except Penicillium expansum whose highest value of 1.28mg/ml was obtained at 320c. Cellulase produced 6m was found to be highest in all the isolate at pH 4.0 exception P expansum which occur at pH 5.5 (1.21mg/ml). The highest value e1.45mg/ml was obtained in A niger. Highest cellulose activity for A. niger, A. oryzae & P. expansum occurred in peptone. The study shows the need to determine the best physiological condition that allow for the optimal cellulose activity of fungal isolate. This will enhance their enzyme production.
A survey on RBF Neural Network for Intrusion Detection SystemIJERA Editor
Network security is a hot burning issue nowadays. With the help of technology advancement intruders or hackers are adopting new methods to create different attacks in order to harm network security. Intrusion detection system (IDS) is a kind of security software which inspects all incoming and outgoing network traffic and it will generate alerts if any attack or unusual behavior is found in a network. Various approaches are used for IDS such as data mining, neural network, genetic and statistical approach. Among this Neural Network is more suitable approach for IDS. This paper describes RBF neural network approach for Intrusion detection system. RBF is a feed forward and supervise technique of neural network.RBF approach has good classification ability but its performance depends on its parameters. Based on survey we find that RBF approach has some short comings. In order to overcome this we need to do proper optimization of RBF parameters.
Establishment of suspension cultures of Salvadora persica L. for benzyl isoth...IOSRJPBS
Successful scale-upof the anticancer benzyl isothiocyanate compound production was achieved from cell suspension cultures of Salvadora persica L. Cell cultures were established from the stem internodal segments derived callus. Elicitation with two biotic elicitors; chitosan and salicylic acid, increased callus biomass and benzyl isothiocyanate accumulation, but chitosan induced the maximum accumulation, which reached about four-fold higher over the control at the concentration of 100 mg/L. Benzyl isothiocyanate production from cell suspension cultures was studied in shake-flask culture and stirred-tank bioreactor with the application of the optimum concentration of chitosan in the medium. Both methods elevate the compound production; however its yield was higherin the stirred-tank bioreactor.It achieved about eight-fold increase in the production of benzyl isothiocyanate after 24 days of incubation. This protocol can act as a roadmap for large-scale production of benzyl isothiocyanate from cell suspension cultures ofSalvadora persica by using bioreactors
www.ijera.com 1|P a g e Production of microbial enzymes by new method of cult...IJERA Editor
We have developed efficient methods for long-term culturing and selection of highly active versions of the original cultures of micromycetes – producers of enzymes. We theoretically substantiated and experimentally confirmed an advantage of growing micromycetes in a new filament-spongy immobilized growth structure on the substrate relative to the traditional method of deep cultivation of free cells in the form of pellets. When comparing a traditional with our innovative method of cultivation, many advantages of the latter are revealed, above all being the possibility of the formation of new highly selective cultures in the long process of their growth with modified culturally - morphological properties.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A rice waxy mutant M6 was generated from a japonica rice cultivar Kitaake through gamma irradiation. In this study, we characterized the mutant and analyzed its starch properties. The M6 with milky opaque kernels had lower seed length, width, and weight than wild type. The cavity in the center of starch granule might be responsible for waxy appearance of M6 mature kernels. Sequence analysis of granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) gene showed that there was a 23 bp duplication inserted into the exon 2, generating one stop codon. No GBSSI protein was detected in the endosperm of M6. The isolated starch showed similar ratio of short and long branch-chains of amylopectin between M6 and wild type, but the M6 starch had no amylose. Both the M6 and wild type had A-type starch, but the M6 starch exhibited higher relative crystallinity than wild type starch. Compared with wild type starch, the M6 starch had significantly high swelling power, gelatinization enthalpy and breakdown viscosity and low water solubility, gelatinization peak temperature, peak viscosity, hot viscosity, final viscosity and setback viscosity. The M6 starch had significantly lower resistance to amylase hydrolysis than wild type starch.
Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) inoculation on growth ...IJEAB
Plant Growth promoting rhizobacteria are a heterogeneous group of bacteria that can be found in the rhizosphere, at root surfaces and in association with roots. They benefit plants through Production of plant hormones, such as auxins, asymbiotic N2 fixation, solubilization of mineral phosphates, antagonism against phytopathogenic microorganisms by production of antibiotics, siderophroes, Chitinase and other nutrients ability to effectively colonize roots are responsible for plant growth promotion. An experiment was conducted in the field of National Institute of Agronomic Research of Meknes. Morocco. The experiment was a completely randomized design with six replicates. There were four treatments viz. T1: (control; N0 -PGPR), T2: (N0 +2027-2), T3: (N0 +2066-7) and T4: (N0+2025-1). The results indicated that a remarkable increase in root growth, namely length, the diameter of the rod and the total chlorophyll. A total of three different bacteria colonies were isolated and proceed with in vitro screening for plant growth promoting activities; phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, indole acetic acid (IAA), ammonia production and antimicrobial enzymes (cellulose, chitinase and protease) activity. Among the three bacterial strains, all bacterial strains are able to produce ammonia, IAA production and nitrogen fixation activity, one strain phosphate solubilizing activity, two strain are able to produce cellulase syntheses, Protease activity and Chitinase activity.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Similar to Screening Of the Association of Aspergillusfungi – Macerase and Cellulase Enzymes Producers (20)
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Screening Of the Association of Aspergillusfungi – Macerase and Cellulase Enzymes Producers
1. R.K.Bliyeva et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 3) August 2015, pp.71-76
www.ijera.com 71 | P a g e
Screening Of the Association of Aspergillusfungi – Macerase and
Cellulase Enzymes Producers
R.K.Bliyeva, Zh.B.Suleimenova, Zh.K.Saduyeva
(“Institute of Microbiology and Virology”, Almaty, Kazakhstan)
ABSTRACT
In nature, the destruction of plant wastes takes place by not a single microorganism, butby complex of
microorganisms which belong to different species and genera with complex of enzymes. Using of highly active
monocultures to createfungal association which produce multifunctional enzymeswith desired properties is a
promising approach to create relevant and effective crop production microorganisms with beneficial properties.
Among15 industrial micro my cetes the most active association was from Aspergillusniger 355 and
Aspergillusawamori 1-8 which had highmacerase and cellulase enzymes activity.
Keywords: micromycetes, association, pulp, maceration, degradation
I. INTRODUCTION
Microbial conversion of agricultural wastes in a
variety of useful food for livestock and poultry is one
of the most important problems. Therefore, at
presentit is importantto degrade plant crop wastes and
turning them into healthy food.
Many of crop residues such as straw, rice husks,
waste grain and vegetables contain hard digestible
cellulose, lignin, pectin and other polysaccharides,
which can be split and converted into easily
accessible, digestible carbohydrates - much needed in
the feed. The main problem associated with the
disposal of agricultural waste is that many plant
polysaccharides, especially cellulose, is extremely
resistant to various influences. Because the half-life
and the destruction of cellulose β- glycoside bonds in
vivo is 5.8 million [1], and individual crystallites of
cotton fiber (cotton cellulose) withstand prolonged
exposure in strong hydrochloric acid solutions [2].
The most safe and fast destruction of the plant
raw material and turning it into useful food for the
animals occurs under the influence of processes
feasibility polyenzyme cellulose, hemicellulose and
pectinase enzyme complex produced by
microorganisms.
The use of microbial enzymes in feeding farm
animals - a relatively new trend. Adding to the feed
raw materials such as non-food wheat, oats, barley
and rye, i.e. Crops, provide in addition to its
nutritional properties and also anti-nutritional
qualities. Non-starch polysaccharides getting into the
digestive tract of animals at assimilation swell and
form a viscous solution that coats the starch granules,
proteins, fats and other important nutrients, limiting
their absorption and assimilation. As a result, it
accumulates in the intestinal tract of nonabsorbable
an increased amount of nutrients that contribute to
the development of pathogenic organisms in the
lower intestine, which creates problems for the health
and productivity of animals.The smallamount of
nutritional and coarse grain feed due to the fact that
they contain a significant quantity of cellulose, pectin
and other hard hydrolyzable non-starch
polysaccharides contained in the cell walls of
endosperm grains and roughage in which at shallow
plowing not eliminated.
The main prerequisites for adding enzymes to
animal feed is that in many of the digestive tract of
animals and birds lacking enzymes that cleave non-
starch polysaccharides complex tissues and plant cell
walls. For hydrolysis hard destructible roughage,
non-starchy polysaccharides of plant tissue and
removal of anti-nutritional properties of the food
necessary to add exogenous enzymes. By
antinutritional factors include, in particular, non-
starch polysaccharides (pectin, cellulose,
hemicellulose [3,4] and phytate [5].
In the world practice the most efficient forage
production are used xylanase, beta-glucanase,
cellulase, protease and phytase. In recent years,
particular importance is attached to the enzyme
phytase, catalyzing the hydrolysis and increase the
assimilation of phytin phosphorus organic feed [6].
Improving feed quality due to the introduction in the
diet of farm animals together complex cellulose-
destroying macerated and enzyme preparations and
the new proposal is cost-effective.
II. MATERIALSANDMETHODS
We used 15 micromycetes crops belonging to the
genus of Aspergillus, Penicilliumand
Trichodermafungi from the collection of the Institute
of Microbiology and Virology, MES and private
collections laboratory. Micromycetes grown in Petri
dishes to the agar plates supplemented with cellulose
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. R.K.Bliyeva et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 3) August 2015, pp.71-76
www.ijera.com 72 | P a g e
for cellulose-producing and apple pectin for
macerated micromycetes.
Hydrolytic enzymes are formed in cultures
micromycetes investigated by agar blocks (9 mm
diameter) that were placed in a pure culture or
suspension culture fluid 3 overnight cultures. A
suspension of pure culture and the liquid culture was
analyzed for the ability to break down cellulose,
revealed by the diameter of the zones of hydrolysis of
the solid medium by staining with a substrate
hydrolysis producing solution Congo-red.
The medium for the cultivation of selected
periodic micromycetes contained the following
components (%): sucrose - 2; Pectin - 2; NH4HPO4 -
0,7; KCl - 0,5; MgSO4 - 0,05; KH2PO4 - 0,1; FeSO4 -
0,001 [7].
III. RESULTS
The most active producers of macerated and
cellulolytic enzymes are Aspergillus, Penicillium,
Trichodermaand other fungi. The composition of the
enzymatic complex of micromycetes specific to
certain species and strains of microorganisms and
depends on the natural conditions of their habitat in
the nature or conditions of artificial cultivation.
Using highly monocultures to create associative
producing enzymes with desired properties is a
promising approach to creating relevant and efficient
crops. In nature, the conversion of plant resources is
not a culture of microorganisms, and a variety of
cultures belonging to different species and genera of
microorganisms having a complex set of enzymes.
Vegetable feed containing complex polysaccharides
such as cellulose and pectinare very resistant to
various influences.
In order to identify producers with the necessary
industrial properties we have conducted search and
selection of the most active cultures of
microorganisms from the collection of the SNE
“Institute of Microbiology and Virology”SK MES
RKand private collections of the Laboratory of
Physiology and Biochemistry of microorganisms.
Analysis of the experimental data for all 15 strains
showed that not all cultures studied produce cellulose
degrading and macerated enzymes (Table 1). The
most promising strains tested for the ability to
synthesize and secrete cellulose degrading and
macerating enzymes the activity of which was
determined by the clear zones of specific substrates
(Table 2).
Table - 1.Screening of micromycetes- ME and CDE enzymes producers
№ Culture Hydrolytic enzymes
CDE ME
1 Aspergillusawamori 1-8 + +
2 Aspergillusawamori 16 + +
3 Aspergillusawamori 16/95 - +
4 Aspergillusawamori 21/96 - -
5 Aspergillusawamori 22 - -
6 Aspergillusoryzae 3-9-15 - -
7 Aspergillusoryzae 471 - -
8 AspergillusnigerP + +
9 Aspergillusniger 355 + +
10 Aspergillusfoetidus + +
11 Aspergillusoryzae M - -
12 Penicilliumchrizogenum - -
13 Penicilliumcyclopium - +
14 Trichodermavirider + -
15 Trichodermareesei + -
The most active were Aspergillusniger 355, Aspergillusawamori 1-8, Aspergillusniger
P,AspergillusfoetidusandAspergillusawamori 16 ME and CDE enzymes producers.
3. R.K.Bliyeva et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 3) August 2015, pp.71-76
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Table – 2 Screening of Aspergillus fungi - ME and CDE enzymes producers
Enzymes Culture Diameter of clear zone , mm
Cellulose Applepectin
Cellulose degrading enzymes Aspergillusniger 355 23,0
AspergillusnigerP 19,0
Aspergillusawamori 1-8 20,0
Macerating enzymes AspergillusnigerP 21,0
Aspergillusniger 355 27,0
Aspergillusfoetidus 21,0
Aspergillusawamori 1-8 19,0
Aspergillusawamori 16 19,0
Thus, from the museum cultures were harvested
mycelia cultures of 15 strains that have been
characterized on the ability to produce the hydrolytic
enzymes that break down intercellular substance of
plant tissues and plant cell wall polysaccharides.
From these cultures were selected 5 promising strains
- Aspergillus niger 355, Aspergillus awamori 1-8,
Aspergillus niger P, Aspergillus foetidus and
Aspergillus awamori 16 involved in the breakdown
of polysaccharides of plant tissue, promising to
produce associative cultures.
In nature, in the decomposition of plant residues
are involved not one culture, but a plurality of natural
active microorganisms. Therefore deeper
bioconversion complex plant polysaccharides
contained in the intercellular space of the plant cell
wall and it is advisable to form an association of
microorganisms, which would have the effect of
cellulolytic and macerated. Therefore, further studies
planned preparation of the active association
micromycetes cultures and the choice of optimal
capacity for producing biosynthetic cellulolytic
complex and macerating enzymes for feed
processing.
After the initial selection of the most active on
the cellulose-macerating enzyme activities and
museum culture, we conducted a series of
experiments on the preparation of optimal associative
culture of the tested filamentous microorganisms.
There are no doubt the prospects of the use of mixed
cultures of microorganisms as the associations
established experimentally that would combine useful
production-quality components of individual strains.
Therefore, to create such an associative culture
performing deep degradation of non-starch plant
polysaccharides, we selected the most active
monoculture diameter zones hydrolysis solid agar
medium to cellulose after staining solution Congo-
red (Rabinovich et al. 1988). The original suspension
were examined pure monocultures - Aspergillus niger
355; Aspergillus niger P; Aspergillus foetidus and
Aspergillus awamori 1-8 (Fig. 1-4).
Tried out were the aforementioned liquid culture
micromycetes cultivated in periodic conditions for 3
days. The culture fluid was analyzed for the ability to
break down cellulose, revealed by the diameter of the
zones of hydrolysis of the solid medium by staining
with a substrate solution of hydrolysis products
Congo-red. All selected crops according to the
literature had pektin degrading activity that
participate in the maceration of plant tissue. From the
published data for each monoculture to identify the
best sources of carbon and nitrogen for biosynthesis
directed pectin degrading enzymes. Was composed
averaged nutrient medium that satisfies the needs of
all monocultures, where they were prokultivirovany
under the same conditions. The medium contained
the following components (%): sucrose - 2; Pectin -
2; NH4HPO4 - 0,7; KCl - 0,5; MgSO4 - 0.05; KH2PO4
- 0,1; FeSO4 - 0.001. The resulting culture fluid was
analyzed for the ability to break down cellulose, the
elucidation of the diameter of the zones of hydrolysis
of the solid medium by staining with a substrate
solution of congo-red (Figure 2 - 5).
Figure 2 - Zone of cellulose hydrolysis by liquid
culture of Aspergillusniger 355
4. R.K.Bliyeva et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 3) August 2015, pp.71-76
www.ijera.com 74 | P a g e
Figure 3 - Zone of cellulose hydrolysis by liquid
culture ofAspergillusniger P
Figure 4 - Zone of cellulose hydrolysis by liquid
culture of Aspergillusfoetidus
Figure 5 - Zone of cellulose hydrolysis by liquid
culture of Aspergillusawamori 1-8
The enzyme production by 5 selected strains of
Aspergillus fungi was studied in submerged
fermentation.
Table 3 -Diameter of clear zones by Aspergillusfungi
№ Culture Diameter of clear zone , mm
1 Control 0
2 Aspergillus niger 355 33,3
3 Aspergillus niger P 31,0
4 Aspergillus foetidus 30,6
5 Aspergillusawamori 1-8 32,0
Figure 6 - Zone of cellulose hydrolysis by association
of Aspergillusniger 355+ Aspergillusniger P
Figure 7 - Zone of cellulose hydrolysis by association
of Aspergillusniger 355+ Aspergillus foetidus
5. R.K.Bliyeva et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 3) August 2015, pp.71-76
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Figure 8 - Zone of cellulose hydrolysis by
association Aspergillusniger 355+ Aspergillusniger P
+ Aspergillusfoetidus
Figure 9 - Zones of cellulose hydrolysis by
association of Aspergillusniger 355+
Aspergillusawamori 1-8
The results presented in Table 1 indicate that all
selected monoculture have a cellulose-capacity and
highest - Aspergillus niger 355 and Aspergillus
awamori 1-8. From these cultures different
association of micromyceteswere formed (Fig. 6 –
9).Diameter of clear zones by associative cultures are
presented in Table 4.
Table 4 - Diameter of clear zones by associations of Aspergillusfungi
№ Culture Diameter of clear zone , mm
1 Aspergillus niger 355+ Aspergillus niger P 32,5
2 Aspergillus niger 355 + Aspergillus foetidus 30,8
3 Aspergillus niger 355+ Aspergillus niger P+
Aspergillus foetidus
31,7
4 Aspergillus niger 355+Aspergillusawamori 1-8 35,0
From these results it is evident that the greatest
enzymatic activity of the association has formed
association consisting of Aspergillus niger 355+
Aspergillus awamori 1-8, which gave the zone
splitting cellulose into 35, 0 mm.
Thus, we have formed the active associative
culture of the most active monocultures consisting of
Aspergillus niger 355 and Aspergillus awamori 1-8,
which is capable of active ME and CDE biosynthesis
enzymes.
IV. CONCLUSION
Thus, from the results obtained by searching of
the active producers of cellulolytic enzymes and
macerated among Aspergillus, Penicillium,
Trichodermafungi were isolated five active strains -
Aspergillus niger355, Aspergillus awamori 1-8,
Aspergillus niger P, Aspergillus foetidus and
Aspergillus awamori 16 capable of forming both
cellulolytic and macerating enzymes. Selected
monocultures were used to create active associations
for efficient degradation of vegetable wastes
containing non-starch polysaccharides as complex as
cellulose, pectin. Four association was established,
the most active was the association consisting the
most active monocultures - Aspergillus niger 355
with Aspergillus awamori 1-8having diameter of
relative clear zoneof 35.0 mm.
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6. R.K.Bliyeva et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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