1. The document describes a new method for cultivating microorganisms using immobilization on a substrate to produce enzymes. Traditional cultivation methods using free-floating cells have limitations like short production cycles.
2. The new immobilization method forms a loose, filamentous-spongy mycelium structure with good nutrient and oxygen access. This extends the active enzyme production phase from 3 to 11-14 days compared to traditional methods.
3. Other advantages of immobilization include increased enzyme productivities up to 10-12 times higher than traditional methods, longer overall cultivation periods of up to 60 days, and the ability to repeatedly harvest enzymes every 1-2 days from the same initial culture.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Production of cellulase and it's applicationRezwana Nishat
Cellulase is an enzyme that are found in livestock animals and herbivores' digestive system. It is also found in microbes system which is a great deal for researchers to study this enzymatic system furthermore. In this presentation, the production and the applications of this enzyme for biostoning of denim and cellulose nanofiber production have been studied.
Screening of Aspergillus oryzae M/4 for extra cellular alphaamylase productionIJERA Editor
Aspergillus oryzae M was cultivated for 42 days in submerged conditions of growth using new method of fungal cultivation. This method based on immobilizing enzymes producers on solid career in submerged conditions of growth allows to prolong the process of fungal cultivation and to maintain high enzymatic activity for a long period of time. To identify the active isolate formed on the deep fungal mycelium, a selection of a number of isolates was carried out at different periods of submerged cultivation. Aspergillus oryzae M/4 was selected as active isolate with improved extra cellular -amylase activity.
Upon the evolution brought about in the fermentation technology resulted out into various methodologies for optimization of the product yield by economical consumption of the substrates. Eventually, these ventures led for the development of technologies classified into as Submerged and Solid State technologies and the latter one being the concept of interest whose detailed view will be provided in the following presentation
Fungal cellulase xylanase production and corresponding hydrolysis using pretr...zhenhua82
Three pretreated corn stover (ammonia fiber expansion, dilute acid, and dilute alkali) were used as carbon source to culture Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30 for cellulase and xylanase production. The results indicated that the cultures on ammonia fiber expansion and alkali pretreated corn stover had better enzyme production than the acid pretreated ones. The consequent enzymatic hydrolysis was performed applying fungal enzymes on pretreated corn stover samples. Tukey’s statistical comparisons exhibited that there were significant differences on enzymatic hydrolysis among different combination of fungal enzymes and pretreated corn stover. The higher sugar yields were achieved by the enzymatic hydrolysis of dilute alkali pretreated corn stover.
Screening Of the Association of Aspergillusfungi – Macerase and Cellulase Enz...IJERA Editor
In nature, the destruction of plant wastes takes place by not a single microorganism, butby complex of microorganisms which belong to different species and genera with complex of enzymes. Using of highly active monocultures to createfungal association which produce multifunctional enzymeswith desired properties is a promising approach to create relevant and effective crop production microorganisms with beneficial properties. Among15 industrial micro my cetes the most active association was from Aspergillusniger 355 and Aspergillusawamori 1-8 which had highmacerase and cellulase enzymes activity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Production of cellulase and it's applicationRezwana Nishat
Cellulase is an enzyme that are found in livestock animals and herbivores' digestive system. It is also found in microbes system which is a great deal for researchers to study this enzymatic system furthermore. In this presentation, the production and the applications of this enzyme for biostoning of denim and cellulose nanofiber production have been studied.
Screening of Aspergillus oryzae M/4 for extra cellular alphaamylase productionIJERA Editor
Aspergillus oryzae M was cultivated for 42 days in submerged conditions of growth using new method of fungal cultivation. This method based on immobilizing enzymes producers on solid career in submerged conditions of growth allows to prolong the process of fungal cultivation and to maintain high enzymatic activity for a long period of time. To identify the active isolate formed on the deep fungal mycelium, a selection of a number of isolates was carried out at different periods of submerged cultivation. Aspergillus oryzae M/4 was selected as active isolate with improved extra cellular -amylase activity.
Upon the evolution brought about in the fermentation technology resulted out into various methodologies for optimization of the product yield by economical consumption of the substrates. Eventually, these ventures led for the development of technologies classified into as Submerged and Solid State technologies and the latter one being the concept of interest whose detailed view will be provided in the following presentation
Fungal cellulase xylanase production and corresponding hydrolysis using pretr...zhenhua82
Three pretreated corn stover (ammonia fiber expansion, dilute acid, and dilute alkali) were used as carbon source to culture Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30 for cellulase and xylanase production. The results indicated that the cultures on ammonia fiber expansion and alkali pretreated corn stover had better enzyme production than the acid pretreated ones. The consequent enzymatic hydrolysis was performed applying fungal enzymes on pretreated corn stover samples. Tukey’s statistical comparisons exhibited that there were significant differences on enzymatic hydrolysis among different combination of fungal enzymes and pretreated corn stover. The higher sugar yields were achieved by the enzymatic hydrolysis of dilute alkali pretreated corn stover.
Screening Of the Association of Aspergillusfungi – Macerase and Cellulase Enz...IJERA Editor
In nature, the destruction of plant wastes takes place by not a single microorganism, butby complex of microorganisms which belong to different species and genera with complex of enzymes. Using of highly active monocultures to createfungal association which produce multifunctional enzymeswith desired properties is a promising approach to create relevant and effective crop production microorganisms with beneficial properties. Among15 industrial micro my cetes the most active association was from Aspergillusniger 355 and Aspergillusawamori 1-8 which had highmacerase and cellulase enzymes activity.
Bacterias are fermented in optimal growth conditions in labs and at commercial places to extract various drugs and useful proteins which are genetically engineered or are present inside the bacterias.
to maximize the process certain things are to be considered, which are described in the slide
Fermentative metabolism and development of bioprocessing technology, processi...Ananya Sinha
This ppt includes, fermentation, the metabolism, the bioprocessor, it's technology, and the recombinant products. It connects all these topics together. The outline for plants and animals is nearly same
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.7
ABSTRACT- Most of the Euphorbian plants secrete fluid which contain a proteolytic enzyme for defensive role against
insects, pests and hence eco physiological inheritance to sustain vegetation eventually in adverse environmental
conditions. Evaluation has been carried out on twenty five Euphorbian garden plants for their proteolytic activities using
casein as a substrate. Out of these, Euphorbia nerifolia, Euphorbia milli, Euphorbia tirucalli, Euphorbia lactea,
Synadenium granti, Jatropha curcas, Euphorbia nivulia, Euphorbia antiquoram, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Euphorbia
viguieri, E. heterophylla and E. leucocephala are the good enzyme source. Moderate activity found in Jatropha
integerrima, Jatropha multifida, Jatropha podagrica, Euphorbia pulcherrima, and Dalechampia scandens. While
different tissues of Acalypha hispida, Acalypha wilkesiana, Breynia nivosa, Cicca acida, Codiaeum variegatum, Drypetes
roxburghii are devoid of proteolytic activity. This paper describes in detail about name of plants, habitat and presence of
proteolytic enzyme in them. Results show that the out of twenty five plants 50% plant tissue synthesize protease in
appreciable amount, while 10% are not able to produce it. However 40% plants demonstrate only detectable amount of
protease. A comparative account of proteolytic activity reveals some promising plants good source of enzyme. Some
plants produce combination of cysteine and serine proteases. A single plant i.e. Euphorbia nerifolia latex contains
cysteine, serine, metallo-protease and aspartic proteases. In turn, these proteases may be used in various industrial uses in
general and cheese production Key-words- Garden Euphorb iiann a p plaarnttisc,u Clayr.s t e ine and serine protease, E. leucocephala, Euphorbia viguieri
Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) inoculation on growth ...IJEAB
Plant Growth promoting rhizobacteria are a heterogeneous group of bacteria that can be found in the rhizosphere, at root surfaces and in association with roots. They benefit plants through Production of plant hormones, such as auxins, asymbiotic N2 fixation, solubilization of mineral phosphates, antagonism against phytopathogenic microorganisms by production of antibiotics, siderophroes, Chitinase and other nutrients ability to effectively colonize roots are responsible for plant growth promotion. An experiment was conducted in the field of National Institute of Agronomic Research of Meknes. Morocco. The experiment was a completely randomized design with six replicates. There were four treatments viz. T1: (control; N0 -PGPR), T2: (N0 +2027-2), T3: (N0 +2066-7) and T4: (N0+2025-1). The results indicated that a remarkable increase in root growth, namely length, the diameter of the rod and the total chlorophyll. A total of three different bacteria colonies were isolated and proceed with in vitro screening for plant growth promoting activities; phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, indole acetic acid (IAA), ammonia production and antimicrobial enzymes (cellulose, chitinase and protease) activity. Among the three bacterial strains, all bacterial strains are able to produce ammonia, IAA production and nitrogen fixation activity, one strain phosphate solubilizing activity, two strain are able to produce cellulase syntheses, Protease activity and Chitinase activity.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Study on Culture Conditions for A Cellulase Production From As Pergillus UnguisIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Cellulase is a common name of enzymes which catalyze cellulolysis. Specially,cellulase is widely used in food processing, animal feed, chemicals, textile,fuel and pollution treatment.The objective of this research is to study on optimal conditions for the production of cellulase byAspergillus unguis. The study was designed as a comparative culture conditions such as carbon sources, moisture content, duration, nitrogen sources and citrate buffer content on cellulase production for Aspergillus unguis. Cellulase activity was determined by measuring the absorbance at λ = 540 nm with 3,5-DNS reagent. In optimized culture conditions, enzyme activity of Aspergillus unguis achieved 110.92U/ml in comparison with a commercial cellulase with 185.33U/ml in enzyme activity. The value of cellulase activity of Aspergillus unguis is 41% lower than commercial enzymes. However, enzyme in this study was raw enzyme and the cost of producing1 litter of this enzyme is just 1/8 that of purified ones. The enzyme activity would be increased by purification. That fact has proven the applicability of using the findings of this study to improve cellulase production.
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.6
ABSTRACT- Amylases are among the most important enzymes used in various industries. They represent
approximately 30% of the world enzyme production. These are of ubiquitous occurrence and hold the maximum market
share of enzyme sales. These comprise hydrolases, which hydrolyze starch to diverse products as dextrins, and
progressively smaller polymers composed of glucose units. They are highly demanded in various arrays such as food,
pharmaceuticals, textiles, detergents, etc. However, enzymes from mold and bacterial source have dominated applications
in industrial sectors while few species of yeast were studied for the amylases production. This review focuses on the
amylolytic yeasts and their enzymes and we were interested at α- amylase and pullulanase, their distribution,
structural-functional aspects, physical and chemical parameters, and the use of these enzymes in industrial applications. Key-words- Amylolytic yeast, α-amylase, Pullulanase, Industrial application
Studies on cellulose degrading microorganisms associated with rumen of rumina...Premier Publishers
Studies on cellulose degrading microorganisms associated with rumen of ruminants was carried out from ruminants (ram, cow, and goat), through culture, microscopic identification, Biochemical test and cellulose degrading methods. In the rumen content of ram four bacteria were isolated Bacteriodes and Staphylococcus had the highest percentage (33.3%) each while Veillonella and Bacillus had 16.6% each. Seven bacteria were isolated from cow with Streptococcus having (22.2%) Staphylococcus (22.2%), while Bacteroides, Yersinia, Peptococcus, Nesseria and Bacillus had equal distribution. Goat had eight bacteria including Bacteroides, Clostridium, Yersinia, Staphylococcus, Homofermentative Lactobacillus Alcaligens and Bacillus all of which had equal distribution. Bacteroides and Bacillus are common in all rumens, with Bacteroides, being more prevalent in the ram. study revealed that ruminants harbors various organisms that are active cellulose degraders, out of which Bacteroides specie grow best on cellulose agar. For fungi, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus highly degrades cellulose, Scopulariopsis candida degrades minimally. The study revealed that ruminants harbors various organisms that are active cellulose degraders, out of which Bacteroides specie grow best on cellulose agar. Therefore, Rumen should be used as a site for isolation of micro organisms capable of cellulose hydrolysis in order to reduce the coast of purchasing commercial enzymes
Bacterias are fermented in optimal growth conditions in labs and at commercial places to extract various drugs and useful proteins which are genetically engineered or are present inside the bacterias.
to maximize the process certain things are to be considered, which are described in the slide
Fermentative metabolism and development of bioprocessing technology, processi...Ananya Sinha
This ppt includes, fermentation, the metabolism, the bioprocessor, it's technology, and the recombinant products. It connects all these topics together. The outline for plants and animals is nearly same
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.7
ABSTRACT- Most of the Euphorbian plants secrete fluid which contain a proteolytic enzyme for defensive role against
insects, pests and hence eco physiological inheritance to sustain vegetation eventually in adverse environmental
conditions. Evaluation has been carried out on twenty five Euphorbian garden plants for their proteolytic activities using
casein as a substrate. Out of these, Euphorbia nerifolia, Euphorbia milli, Euphorbia tirucalli, Euphorbia lactea,
Synadenium granti, Jatropha curcas, Euphorbia nivulia, Euphorbia antiquoram, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Euphorbia
viguieri, E. heterophylla and E. leucocephala are the good enzyme source. Moderate activity found in Jatropha
integerrima, Jatropha multifida, Jatropha podagrica, Euphorbia pulcherrima, and Dalechampia scandens. While
different tissues of Acalypha hispida, Acalypha wilkesiana, Breynia nivosa, Cicca acida, Codiaeum variegatum, Drypetes
roxburghii are devoid of proteolytic activity. This paper describes in detail about name of plants, habitat and presence of
proteolytic enzyme in them. Results show that the out of twenty five plants 50% plant tissue synthesize protease in
appreciable amount, while 10% are not able to produce it. However 40% plants demonstrate only detectable amount of
protease. A comparative account of proteolytic activity reveals some promising plants good source of enzyme. Some
plants produce combination of cysteine and serine proteases. A single plant i.e. Euphorbia nerifolia latex contains
cysteine, serine, metallo-protease and aspartic proteases. In turn, these proteases may be used in various industrial uses in
general and cheese production Key-words- Garden Euphorb iiann a p plaarnttisc,u Clayr.s t e ine and serine protease, E. leucocephala, Euphorbia viguieri
Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) inoculation on growth ...IJEAB
Plant Growth promoting rhizobacteria are a heterogeneous group of bacteria that can be found in the rhizosphere, at root surfaces and in association with roots. They benefit plants through Production of plant hormones, such as auxins, asymbiotic N2 fixation, solubilization of mineral phosphates, antagonism against phytopathogenic microorganisms by production of antibiotics, siderophroes, Chitinase and other nutrients ability to effectively colonize roots are responsible for plant growth promotion. An experiment was conducted in the field of National Institute of Agronomic Research of Meknes. Morocco. The experiment was a completely randomized design with six replicates. There were four treatments viz. T1: (control; N0 -PGPR), T2: (N0 +2027-2), T3: (N0 +2066-7) and T4: (N0+2025-1). The results indicated that a remarkable increase in root growth, namely length, the diameter of the rod and the total chlorophyll. A total of three different bacteria colonies were isolated and proceed with in vitro screening for plant growth promoting activities; phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, indole acetic acid (IAA), ammonia production and antimicrobial enzymes (cellulose, chitinase and protease) activity. Among the three bacterial strains, all bacterial strains are able to produce ammonia, IAA production and nitrogen fixation activity, one strain phosphate solubilizing activity, two strain are able to produce cellulase syntheses, Protease activity and Chitinase activity.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Study on Culture Conditions for A Cellulase Production From As Pergillus UnguisIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Cellulase is a common name of enzymes which catalyze cellulolysis. Specially,cellulase is widely used in food processing, animal feed, chemicals, textile,fuel and pollution treatment.The objective of this research is to study on optimal conditions for the production of cellulase byAspergillus unguis. The study was designed as a comparative culture conditions such as carbon sources, moisture content, duration, nitrogen sources and citrate buffer content on cellulase production for Aspergillus unguis. Cellulase activity was determined by measuring the absorbance at λ = 540 nm with 3,5-DNS reagent. In optimized culture conditions, enzyme activity of Aspergillus unguis achieved 110.92U/ml in comparison with a commercial cellulase with 185.33U/ml in enzyme activity. The value of cellulase activity of Aspergillus unguis is 41% lower than commercial enzymes. However, enzyme in this study was raw enzyme and the cost of producing1 litter of this enzyme is just 1/8 that of purified ones. The enzyme activity would be increased by purification. That fact has proven the applicability of using the findings of this study to improve cellulase production.
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.6
ABSTRACT- Amylases are among the most important enzymes used in various industries. They represent
approximately 30% of the world enzyme production. These are of ubiquitous occurrence and hold the maximum market
share of enzyme sales. These comprise hydrolases, which hydrolyze starch to diverse products as dextrins, and
progressively smaller polymers composed of glucose units. They are highly demanded in various arrays such as food,
pharmaceuticals, textiles, detergents, etc. However, enzymes from mold and bacterial source have dominated applications
in industrial sectors while few species of yeast were studied for the amylases production. This review focuses on the
amylolytic yeasts and their enzymes and we were interested at α- amylase and pullulanase, their distribution,
structural-functional aspects, physical and chemical parameters, and the use of these enzymes in industrial applications. Key-words- Amylolytic yeast, α-amylase, Pullulanase, Industrial application
Studies on cellulose degrading microorganisms associated with rumen of rumina...Premier Publishers
Studies on cellulose degrading microorganisms associated with rumen of ruminants was carried out from ruminants (ram, cow, and goat), through culture, microscopic identification, Biochemical test and cellulose degrading methods. In the rumen content of ram four bacteria were isolated Bacteriodes and Staphylococcus had the highest percentage (33.3%) each while Veillonella and Bacillus had 16.6% each. Seven bacteria were isolated from cow with Streptococcus having (22.2%) Staphylococcus (22.2%), while Bacteroides, Yersinia, Peptococcus, Nesseria and Bacillus had equal distribution. Goat had eight bacteria including Bacteroides, Clostridium, Yersinia, Staphylococcus, Homofermentative Lactobacillus Alcaligens and Bacillus all of which had equal distribution. Bacteroides and Bacillus are common in all rumens, with Bacteroides, being more prevalent in the ram. study revealed that ruminants harbors various organisms that are active cellulose degraders, out of which Bacteroides specie grow best on cellulose agar. For fungi, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus highly degrades cellulose, Scopulariopsis candida degrades minimally. The study revealed that ruminants harbors various organisms that are active cellulose degraders, out of which Bacteroides specie grow best on cellulose agar. Therefore, Rumen should be used as a site for isolation of micro organisms capable of cellulose hydrolysis in order to reduce the coast of purchasing commercial enzymes
Full illustration organic paddy cultivation methods tts-presentation1Santhana Krishnan
This is a presentation from my company Traditional Technology Solutions, India (www.tts.org.in). Here we discuss about paddy growing in mono –cropping(single crop in field) method. In this method the soil can be enriched by adding a combination of green manure, cow-dung, fermented fruit and vegetable waste and also by addition of various paddy friendly micro-organisms.
Presented by: Rajendra Uprety, Senior Agriculture Development Officer Department of Agriculture Nepal
Presented at: Panel on Climate Change and Rice Agriculture 3rd International Rice Congress, Hanoi, Vietnam
Presented on: 9 November 2010
Removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) using fresh water algae (Utricula...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to check the efficiency of different fresh water algae for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from contaminated water. The three most abundant indigenous algal species namely Ulothrix tenuissima, Oscillatoria tenuis and Zygogonium ericetorum were collected from fresh water channels of Parachinar, Pakistan and brought to the laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences Department at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan for proper identification. To check the efficiency for removing heavy metals artificial contaminated water was prepared and was inoculated with mix culture of above mentioned algae and incubated for 10 days. After incubation algal species were removed from water through centrifugation and was dried, digested and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals was substantially reduced in the algal inoculated contaminated water. The analysis of algal biomass showed that considerable amount of metals and other elements were recovered in algae. Among the tested algal species, Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal Ni(99.40ug) and Cr(66.84ug) from contaminated water followed by Oscillatoria tenuis with 84ug(Ni) and 64.83ug(Cr) respectively. However Oscillatoria tenuis showed maximum removal of Cd(41.00ug) than the other algal species. Similarly Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal of Pb (451ug) followed by Ulothrix tenuissima where 441ug was recorded. Highest amount Cd, and Ni were recovered in Zygogonium ericetorum biomass while highest amount of Cr and Pb were recorded in the biomass of Oscillatoria tenuis. Finally it could be concluded that algae have efficiently removed heavy metals from contaminated water. Further research is needed to test other algal species for removal of heavy metal and other elements from the contaminated water.
Metabolomics Analysis on Antifungal Activities Produced by Penicillium oxalic...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
—In-vitro antagonist tests such as disc diffusion and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) were conducted against C. gloeosporioides. 1 H-NMR coupled with multivariate statistical analysis was carried out to identify possible compounds produced. Glucose crude extract exhibited the highest percent inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) with 75% and the lowest MIC value with 78 µg mL-1. For metabolomics, different metabolites produced were clustered according to the carbon sources used and gave a representative impression of the metabolites produced by P. oxalicum T3.3. The study has shown the potential of using a combination of 1 H-NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis and their correlation with MIC in differentiating the effect of carbon sources used based on the identification of possible metabolites contributing to their differences. Findings from this work may potentially provide the basis for further studies on both antimicrobial activities against plant pathogen and elucidation of the metabolite compounds produced by P. oxalicum T3.3.
The production of haploid plants exploiting the totipotency of microspore.
Androgenesis is the in vitro development of haploid plants originating from totipotent pollen grains through a series of cell division and differentiation.
Effect of Different Physico-Chemical Parameters on Production ofAmylase by Ba...IOSR Journals
The present study is concerned with the production of amylase by Bacillus species strain. In this
study 12 bacterial strains were isolated and screened for their α-amylase activity. These strains were
maintained on nutrient agar medium. Fermentation for the production of amylase was carried out in the enzyme
production medium (EPM). All the 12 strains were tested for amylase production. On the basis of maximum
amylase activity strain no.1 was selected for further studies. Different starch concentrations, 0.75,1.00,1.25%,
pH labels 6.5,7.0,7.5,8.0, aeration (RPM), 100,120,140, temperatures 250C,280C,370C, and 400C and inoculums
level 0.5%,1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% were studied
Virulence Phenotype, Physicochemical Properties and Biofilm Formation of Pseu...IJERA Editor
Potable water piping has been demonstrated to serve as a reservoir for opportunistic pathogens bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this report, we describe the characterization of P. aeruginosa strains isolated from water intended for human consumption by the presence of virulence factors. These strains expressed their suitability for adhesion and the formation of biofilms on polyethylene (PE). Also In this work, we were able to elucidate the factors intervening in adhesion and biofilm formation by showing the role of the substrate, the environment and bacteria. Strong correlation was observed between physicochemical properties especially the electron donor property and the surface percentage covered by cells. These results indicate that this property plays a crucial role in Pseudomonas aeruginosa adherence on the PE surface. In addition, if no relationship was found between the adhesion results and hydrophobicity, it means that this property was not involved in the adhesion process of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the PE surface.
Microbial Production Of Alkaline Proteases And Evaluation Of Its Performances...Shafkat Shamim Rahman
A high alkaline protease producing bacterial strain was isolated and identified a local soil sample. The organism was gram positive and forms spore during adverse condition in the growth medium. After various tests it was suggested and the features agreed with the description of Bacillus subtilis. It was also identified as B. subtilis with 99.9% identity by API 50 CHB. The enzyme hydrolyses a number of proteins including azocasein which suggests that it is an extracellular alkaline protease. The experimentally determined isoelectric point was 5.1 and the optimal enzyme activity was at 60°C and at pH 8.5. The esterase preferentially hydrolyzed short-chain fatty acids. Native enzyme preparations typically showed a Michaelis constant (Km) and Vmax of 0.40mM and 12,200 U mg)-1, respectively. This microbial enzyme was partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, dialysis, DEAE cellulose chromatography and electrophoretic analysis. Enzyme purity was tested by SDS-PAGE. Quantitative estimation has shown that 40mL of culture supernatant could dehair 2×1 cm of leather completely in 9 hours. In future the tanneries will use a combination of chemical and enzymatic processes. In practical applications, protease is a useful enzyme for promoting the hydrolysis of proteins and showing significant industrial applications.
Undergraduate study done in an attempt to expedite yeast growth to fit the busy biology undergraduate schedule. The yeast were growth at various time/temp/rotation increments and were monitored for growth with a spectrometer. This information is now being used by our team of graduate students on a more in depth sudy using yeast speroplasts to study apoptosis mechanisms.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Synergism effect between inoculum size and aggregate size on flavonoid produc...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the effect of different culture conditions on biomass content and flavonoid production of the elite C. asiatica accession UPM03. When 0.1 g inoculum 25 mL-1 of cell was grown in Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2 mg 2,4-D l-1 and 1 mg kinetin l-1, flavonoids were not significantly produced in cells or released into the culture medium. Production of flavonoid was correlated with the aggregation size and inoculum density. At aggregate size of 250-500 μm with 0.3 g inoculum density 25 mL-1, it gave the highest luteolin content with 35.45 μg g-1 DW. After investigating the effect of culture conditions, i.e. pH, inoculum density, light irradiation and plant growth regulator, we found that with the optimized condition (i.e. 250-500 μm aggregate size, 0.5 g wet cell 25 mL-1 supplemented with 3 mg L-1 2,4-D and 1 mg L-1 kinetin at pH 5.7 under 16h photoperiod) the luteolin content was 11-fold higher than the cell suspension cultured at an inoculum size of 0.3 g wet cell 25 mL-1 with 250-500 μm aggregate size. Index Terms: Centella asiatica, flavonoid, light irradiation, pH regime, plant growth regulators .
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
www.ijera.com 1|P a g e Production of microbial enzymes by new method of cultivation of microorganisms
1. Blieva Raushan Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 10( Part - 4), October 2014, pp.01-05
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Production of microbial enzymes by new method of cultivation of
microorganisms
Blieva Raushan
Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Kazakhstan
Abstract:
We have developed efficient methods for long-term culturing and selection of highly active versions of the
original cultures of micromycetes – producers of enzymes. We theoretically substantiated and experimentally
confirmed an advantage of growing micromycetes in a new filament-spongy immobilized growth structure on
the substrate relative to the traditional method of deep cultivation of free cells in the form of pellets. When
comparing a traditional with our innovative method of cultivation, many advantages of the latter are revealed,
above all being the possibility of the formation of new highly selective cultures in the long process of their
growth with modified culturally - morphological properties.
Key words: immobilization, enzymes, cultivation, productivity, selection, pectinas, amylase
I. Introduction
During the cultivation of filamentous
microorganisms in subsurface conditions of growth,
different shapes of mycelium are developed as a
result. Forms of mycelium significantly affect
productivity of crops (1) which vary in size from
volumetric flaky mass to solid pellet of sizes 0.1 mm-
10 mm, inaccessible to nutrients oxygen. The
formation of any form of mycelium depends on the
physical and chemical conditions of the culture
environment (2,3). On solid surfaces cystophore of
micromycetes grow linearly without creating
spathella, by twisting into pellets. In subsurface
conditions of growth such spathella forms a loose
filamentous structure with favorable access to
nutrients and oxygen. We have immobilized such
structure on the carrier using adsorption materials
(4,5). In conditions of the immobilization on the
substrate and growth in liquid environment,
micromycetes form a loose filamentous-cancellous
structure of mycelium with good availability to
nutrients and oxygen.
For the immobilization of microorganisms, we
used the least costly and simplest method of
adsorption immobilization, eliminating the use of
toxic chemicals. However, this method has not found
wide application due to its several disadvantages: low
strength of cells retention on carriers, the limited
amount of biomass adsorbed by the carrier unit and
others. Nevertheless, we have offset some of these
shortcomings by using solid substrates with high
adsorption surface, on which satisfactory
immobilization of investigated cultures was achieved.
In all these works there is no comparative
characteristic of the cultivation process of free and
immobilized cells and the appraisal of cultivation
methods was not given on the following criteria: the
stability of the process, the concentration of the
resulting product, the volumetric efficiency, as well
as the maximum productivity of the culture. This
work is dedicated to the development of new
methods of long-term culturing and selection of
enzyme producers and their comparative evaluation.
II. Materials and Methods
Microorganisms
Producers of pectinase used were Aspergillus
awamory 16 and Penicillium cyclopium. All cultures
were maintained on agar slants with Czapek’s
medium. Inoculum was a suspension of spores of 5 -7
day culture diluted in sterile distilled water at a
concentration of spores 1,3x107 cells / ml.
Environment
Capek's medium contained: NaNO3 – 0.15
g.; Sucrose - 2.0 g; KH2PO4 – 0.1 g; MgSO4 – 0.05 g;
KCl – 0.05 g; FeSO4 - 0,001 g per liter.
Environment for Aspergillus awamory 16
contained: Glucose - 2 g; (NH4)2SO4 - 0,15 g;
MgSO4 – 0.05 g; KCl – 0.05 g; KH2PO4 – 0.1 g;
FeSO4 – 0.001 g per 100 ml .
Environment for Asp.oryzae 3-9-15
contains: Sucrose - 2 g; NaNO3 – 0.15 g; KH2PO4 –
0.1 g; MgSO4 – 0.05 g; KCl – 0.05 g; FeSO4 - 0,001
g 100 ml.
The formation of enzymes
For the formation of enzymes we used 750 ml
shaker bulbs with 100 ml of culture medium, which
is seeded with a spore suspension of 2 ml of 5 – 7 day
old culture grown on the stock with Capek’s medium.
Cultivation implemented on a shaker (280 rev / min
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 10( Part - 4), October 2014, pp.01-05
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at 280C) for a prolonged period, with the replacement
of the culture medium every 3 days and every 1-2
days afterwards.
Determination of enzyme activities
Α-amylase activity was determined with two
methods: a) by the ability of an enzyme to produce
hydrolysis of starch until final dextrins, not polled by
iodine (in units of AU) and b) by the saccharifying
capacity (in units of the OS).
Determination of pectolytic activity (PCA)
was performed on the number of unfissioned pectin
before and after exposure to pectin diluting enzymes
(PG and PL). Quantitative determination of the pectin
is based on the obtainment of pectin acid copper salt.
III. Results and Discussion
Study of the growth of filamentous
microorganisms and their formation of hydrolytic
enzymes are closely related to the method of their
cultivation. Apical nature of micromycetes’ growth
during normal subsurface cultivation of free cells
causes the formation of masses of mycelium growing
in the form of pellets. Form of mycelium formed
during submerged culturing directly affects crop
productivity.
Since metabolic reactions depend on the
concentration of nutrients, cells on the surface of
filamentous pellets have the maximum access to
nutrients. Therefore, cells of mycelium growing in
the form of a spathella have greatest access to
nutrients for the longest period. Spathella in
submerged culturing transforms into filamentous-
spongy structure, in which hyphae of mycelium grow
linearly, are accessible to nutrients and oxygen. For
the formation of the spathella we have created
conditions of adsorption of inoculum on the surface
of a monolithic substrate with a large adsorption
surface on which culture retained and grew linearly
along the surface for a long time. In conditions of
aeration and mechanical agitation on a shaker,
filamentous sponge-like structure is formed which
produces enzymes for a prolonged period.
In our studies, producers of enzymes were
selected micromycetes of the genus Aspergillus -
Asp.niger and Asp.oryzae 3-9-15 - producers of
pectinase and α-amylase. A comparative study of
pectin diluting enzymes (PD) and α-amylase - free
(FC) and immobilized cells (IC) showed that during
the immobilization of filamentous-spongy culture,
biosynthesis of enzymes is active and for a
significant period of time (Figure 1). Stationary phase
of enzymes formation increases 2.5 - 3 times.
Figure 1 - Dynamics of α-amylase formation by different structures of mycelium. A.awamory16.
1 - by mass of cells growing through pellets, 2 – by filamentous-spongy mycelium immobilized on paralon.
Free cells have a limited development cycle; they form greatest amount of enzymes on 3-9 day (Fig. 2, 3).
Figure 2 - Dynamics of α-amylase of batch culture Asp.oryzae 3-9-15,
I, 1 - Biomass, g; II, 2 – α -Amylase activity, units / ml.
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Figure 3 - Dynamics of the formation of PD enzymes of batch culture A.awamory 16.
I, 1 - mass of dry mycelium, g; II, 2 - RCA, U / ml
During subsequent culturing of FC, with the replacement of the environment within the same period of
time, as that of the IC, there is autolysis of cells, which leads to a gradual fall of the enzymatic activity of the
cultural fluid.
Thus, the traditional method of microorganism’s growth cultivation for 3-4 days is follower by the
pause of the process because of fall of enzymes biosynthetic associated with lysine culture. Our method of
culturing microorganisms extends continuously on the substrate without interruption for a period of 12-15 days
to 2-4 months with multiple target enzymes every 1-2 days (Table 1). If during the periodic cultivation, the
desired product can be obtained only once in three days, then we get the desired product during immobilization
repeatedly and continuously for a long time every 1-2 days to produce more of the cultural fluid.
Table 1
Characteristics of the cultivation process of free and immobilized cells A.awamory 16 on polyurethane
substrate
Cultivation parameters Free cells Immobilized cells
Duration of cultivation, days 3 60 and more
Volume of used medium, ml. 100 6000
The intervals between the receipt of QOL and replace with
a new batch of medium, days
3 1-2
Amount received QOL ml 85 4600
The total amount of enzymes after 60 days of cultivation in
the immobilized culture in 4600 ml, PG activity by
reducing substances, U / ml
- 16 468
Submarine U / ml - 55 660
The total amount of enzyme in the cell-free in 3 days
GHG units / ml
Submarine U / ml 180
200
-
-
With the accumulation of the substrate mycelium eventually biosynthesis enzymes begins to fade, due
to lack of oxygen in a confined space for bulb cultivation. To restore the biosynthetic enzymes with the substrate
removed all biomass. This concludes the first stage of the process, which takes up to 11-14 days. The enzymatic
activity of PG and PL in QL immobilized cells, respectively, higher than in the quality of life of free cells in 2
and 6 times (Table 2). In addition, in a batch culture free cells maximum formation of enzymes observed on day
3, while the immobilized cells stably high fixed for 11-14 hours.
Table 2
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Activity of pectin-resolving enzymes of free and immobilized cells in A.awamori 16 (on the third
day after the removal of culture mycelium from the substrate)
Enzyme Free cells Immobilized cells
PG activity for reducing substances 1.54 5.5
PG activity viscosity, U / ml 1.8 3.58
PME, U / ml .22x103 .13•103
PL, U / ml 2.0 12.1
Pectin resolving activity (PcA) U/ml 18.0 120.0
After removing mycelium from the substrate the second stage of the process of biosynthesis begins with a
fall in activity of QOL. After 2-4 days after removal of mycelium, even trace amounts of old cells remained in
the pores of the carrier, are capable of producing as much enzyme as 2-3 g. of young mycelium on the first stage
of cultivation, namely, 60-80 U / ml QoL in crop productivity 20 - 30 U / g of mycelium. Furthermore, the
patterns observed in the first phase are also repeated on the second phase. On the third stage, activity increased
10-12 times compared to that of batch culture. In the process of multi-stage cultivation was observed to steadily
increasing producing capacity of culture, which is maintained for the duration of culture - within 60 days
(Figure 4).
Therefore, during the immobilization of A.awamori 16 increased activity of QOL enzymes 2 to 6 times in
the first stage and 10 to 12 times in the third, as well as the elongation of the phase of active enzymes formation
takes place, as compared to batch culture fom 3 to 11-14 days. In addition to the activation of culture,
stabilization of culture-producing ability of the fungus was observed, which is maintained throughout the period
of cultivation (60 days). Frequency of obtainment of the desired product is gradually increasing. If the periodic
cultivation of target product was obtained on the third day, during immobilization it was obtained in 1-2 days,
depending on the number of aggregated mycelium.
Figure 4 - The dynamics of productivity of the immobilized culture A.awamory 16
The most informative criteria of any industrial production of biologically active substances, including
enzymes, are the specific productivity and volumetric efficiency cells. Figures for both parameters in
immobilized cells are higher than those of the free 2 to 6 times (Table 3, 4). Specific productivity of
immobilized cells, as well as PR enzymes activity, increases compared to that of culture of free cells 1.5-6 times
(see Table. 3). Table 5 presents data on the benefits of cultivating micromycetes in the immobilized state.
Table 3
Specific productivity of free and immobilized cells A.awamori 16 (on the third day of cultivation)
Table 4
Volumetric efficiency of immobilized culture A.awamori 16 (after 60 days of cultivation in 4600
ml of KH) and free cells (three days in 100 ml of QoL)
Table 5
Cultivation parameters of immobilized and free cells A.awamori 16 (for 60 days)
The observed increase in enzyme activity of QoL on all stages of cultivation of immobilized biomass,
elongation of the phase of active enzyme formation from 3 to 11-14 days, a new type of curve dynamics of
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culture productivity, can be explained by the fact that immobilization creates favorable conditions for the
formation of selective culture, activity of which is greater than the initial 2 to 10 times or more.
Based on the method developed long-term culturing of micromycetes a new method of microorganisms
selection has been worked out without the use of mutagens of physical and chemical nature. The essence of the
developed method of selection lies in creating a variety of different options on the substrate during prolonged
cultivation of microorganisms immobilized on a substrate, among which a highly active one is formed.
Prerequisite for the formation of the active option is stress, which culture is experiencing in the long process of
growing. This mechanical damage of hyphae in removing accumulating mycelium from the substrate, conditions
change nutrient to poor environment to complete the process of long-term cultivation. In order to identify the
active option, isolates are selected in different periods of cultivation for capacity analysis of a particular enzyme
formation. Revealed selective culture exceeded the original cultures of enzyme activity tenfold. Thus, highly
active producer of pectin culture - P.cyclopium was obtained, exceeding original 30 times.
Application of adsorptive immobilization by the developed method provides significant advantages in
cultivation of the producer in the immobilized state as compared to the traditional process of microbial synthesis
on the base of free cells in the periodic culture conditions. In this case, culture productivity increases 4 times on
average, a term of producer cultivation also increases 20 times, the stage of active enzyme formation extends,
and multiple use of initially immobilized culture is provided.
Also, raw materials for preparation of media and inocula are saved, as well as labor costs – operations on
recharging fermentation vessels involved in the removal of biomass from the system are excluded. The process
of enzyme activity is simplified due to the fact that quality of life does not require filtration due to
immobilization of biomass substrate. For the same reason, the system has only vegetative mycelium. Absence of
spores in the cultivation of vegetative immobilized mycelium maintains air quality. All these benefits of
micromycetes immobilization can significantly impact the overall economy and culture of enzymes
biosynthesis, and dramatically reduce the cost of the product.
References:
[1.] S.John Pirt Principles of Microbe cell cultivation. Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford London
Edinburqh Melbourne, 1978
[2.] C.Botella, I de Ory, C.Webb, D. Cantero and A.Blandino, Hidrolytic enzyme production by Aspergillus
awamory on qrape pomace, J.Biochem Eng., Vol. 26, 2005., pp 100-106.
[3.] A.Kutines , K.Belafi –Bako, A.Kabiri – Badr, L. Toth, L. Gubicza and C.Webb., Enzymatic hydrolysis of
polysaccharides hydrolysis of starch by an enzyme complex from fermentation by Aspergillus awamory,
Trans. I ChemEC, 79, 2001., pp 41-45.
[4.] Blieva R.K. Biosynthesis of enzymes by aggregated and immobilized mycelium of micromycetes.
/J.microbiol Biothechnol.-1988. V.3, №2, P. 37-44.
[5.] Blieva R.K. and Belkhojaeva A.A. A comparative study of physiology of immobilized and free cell of
Aspergillus awamory 16 prodicina pectin-decomposina enzymes. /In:Physiology of immobilized cells.
Elsevier, Amsterdam – 1990 – P.513-516.