Upon the evolution brought about in the fermentation technology resulted out into various methodologies for optimization of the product yield by economical consumption of the substrates. Eventually, these ventures led for the development of technologies classified into as Submerged and Solid State technologies and the latter one being the concept of interest whose detailed view will be provided in the following presentation

1. Department of Biotechnology
The Oxford College of Engineering
Bangalore.
Presented byBalganesh.K
1OX06BT002

2.  Abstract
 Introduction
 Review
 Conclusions
 Bibliography

3. 
Upon the evolution brought about in the
fermentation technology resulted out into various
methodologies for optimization of the product yield
by economical consumption of the substrates.
Eventually, these ventures led for the development
of technologies classified into as Submerged and
Solid State technologies and the latter one being
the concept of interest whose detailed view will be
provided in the following presentation.

4. Solid-state (substrate) fermentation (SSF) : defined
as the fermentation process occurring in the
absence or near-absence of free water under
controlled conditions.
 Exactly, Contrasting to the Submerged-state of
fermentation.
 Examples of products include industrial enzymes,
fuels and nutrient enriched animal feeds.


5. Advantages of SSF over submerged culture:
Higher volumetric productivity
Lower energy requirements
Might be easier to meet aeration requirements
Resembles the natural habitat of some fungi and
bacteria
 Easier downstream processing.
 Less Effluent Generation.
 Simple to work on.





6. However, Selection of suitable strain for SSF is
mainly governed by various factors in particular
upon the nature of the substrate and environmental
conditions.
 And strain selection determines the type of process
to be employed and also the
economic viability of the
process.


7. 
The technology of SSF is being used for various
potent applications which include –
 Production of microbial products such as feed, fuel, food,
industrial chemicals and pharmaceutical products.
 Bioprocesses such as bioleaching, bio-beneficiation,
bioremediation, bio-pulping, etc.
 Utilization of agro-industrial residues as substrates in SSF
processes provides an alternative avenue and valueaddition to these otherwise under- or non-utilised
residues.
And the application will be dealt in detail in
the upcoming slides.

8. SSF processes generally employ a natural raw
material as carbon and energy source , an inert
material as solid matrix, which requires
supplementing a nutrient solution containing
necessary nutrients as well as a carbon source.
 Solid substrate (matrix), however, must contain
enough moisture to enhance of aw of the organism
employed.


9. The Typical process characteristics of
experimental SSF are as follows:

10. Substrate Selection - key aspect of SSF.
 Solid material (non-soluble) :physical support and
source of nutrients. Could be a naturally occurring solid
substrate such as agricultural crops, agro-industrial
residues or inert support .
 Not to combine the role of support
and substrate but rather reproduce
the conditions of low water activity
and high oxygen transference by
using a nutritionally inert material
soaked with a nutrient solution.


11. Coming to the Reactor aspects for SSF technology • limited knowledge regarding design and operation of
Large-scale SSF bioreactors.
 Difficulties - mass transfer and heat
removal.
 The low moisture and poor thermal
conductivity of the substrate –
possible constraints.
 The reactor system shown
above is a 5L prototype for
SSF cultures – “Terrafors”.

12. The SSF bioreactors -Classified in two groups:
 Agitation systems and Static reactors.
Rotating drums,
Packed-bed
Gas-solid
Trays bioreactor
Fluidized beds,
Rocking drums,
Horizontal paddle mixer.
Figure – Showing a
typical Trays bioreactor.


13. Applications of SSF
 As described before , Solid State fermentation is
being employed in various fields ranging from
pharmacology to bioremediation, covering various
aspects of biodiversity conservation.
 Each of the application will be dealt in brief in the
following slides.

14. Production of Industrial Enzymes
Ideally, almost all the known microbial enzymes
can be produced under SSF systems.

Enzymes of industrial importance, like
proteases, cellulases, ligninases, xylanases,
pectinases, amylases, glucoamylases, inulinases,
phytases, tannases, phenolic acid esterases,
microbial rennets, aryl-alcohol oxidases,
oligosaccharide oxidases, tannin acyl hydrolase, a
-L-arabinofuranosidase, etc. using SSF systems


15. Production of Bio pesticides
 The infamous Bacillus thurengenesis (Bt)’s Cry
protein can be produced in large scale inorder to
address the issues of pest attacks-yield damage.
 This Biocide bacterium can be obtained by
fermentation, either in liquid or semi-solid
substrates found to act against Spodoptera
frugiperda (fall armyworm) in corn.

16. Production of Renewable Energies
 Renewable energies referring to the Biogas
production by utilizing the biomass from plant
and animal sources when subjected to
anaerobic fermentation by the microbial flora,
results in generation of biogas
which can be effectively utilized
for running gas turbines,
and fuel cells.

17.  The 3A-Biogas concept has brought a revolution in
the waste management concept

and has resulted in generation of energy which adds
upto the treatment of existing biogas plants as well.

18. In Bioleaching:
 The recovery of metals from low grade black
shale ore was attempted by employing microbial
samples using different organic wastes as
substrates.
 Maximum recovery of metals such as copper ,
cobalt , zinc and other metals is possible by
continuous SSF.
 Media components containing glucose (standard
medium) and molasses etc., used as substrate.

19. In Bioremediation
 The discovery that certain microorganisms, living
within our avid environment, can actually degrade
various toxic components like hydrocarbons, oil
spillage etc, has made possible the utilization of
biological methods for the treatment of these
toxicants.
 A biosurfactant accelerates the process of
degradation of pollutant composites. A
biosurfactant produced through fermentation
subjected for bioremediation yields better results
when compared to chemical remediation.

20.  From all the information obtained we can
conclude that SSF systems are many-fold more
than in SmF systems. Although the reasons for
this are not clear, this fact is kept in mind while
developing novel bioreactors for enzyme
production in SSF systems. It is hoped that
enzyme production processes based on SSF
systems will be the technologies of the future.
Genetically improved strains, suitable for SSF
processes, would play an important role in this.

21. 
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Solid state fermentation for the production of industrial enzymes
Ashok Pandey*, P. Selvakumar**, Carlos R. Soccol* and Poonam Nigam†
Solid-state fermentation of Bacillus thuringiensis tolworthi to control fall armyworm in maize,
Deise Maria Fontana Capalbo*
Embrapa Meio Ambiente ,C.P. 69, CEP: 13820 000 ,Jaguariúna, São Paulo, Brasil
Perspectives of Solid State Fermentation for Production of Food Enzymes 1Cristobal Noe
Aguilar, et al., Department of Food Research, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, 25280,
Saltillo, Coahuila Mexico
Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
Biotechnology Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, O9340, Mexico,
D.F.
B. BALKAN and F. ERTAN: Production of a-Amylase from P. chrysogenum, Food Technol.
Biotechnol. 45 (4) 439–442 (2007)
Assessment of Energy for Sustainable Development: A Case Study Vivek Khambalkar, Assistant
Professor, Department of Nonconventional Energy Sources and Electrical Engineering, Dr
Panjabrao Deshmukh Agricultural University, Akola MS India.
3A-biogas :Three step fermentation of solid state biowaste for biogas production and sanitation
DI Oliver Schmidt, Müller Abfallprojekte GmbH / Austria, Project Co-ordinator . Budapest ,16-17
October 2003
Bioleaching of copper, cobalt and zinc from black shale by Penicillium notatum, Fozia Anjum1,
Haq Nawaz Bhatti1

22. Thank you….