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1. -------------------------------------------------
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 Presentation on:
• Dye house water
WELCOME

2. Presented by:
Md. Al-Amin Masum
ID: 2015100400011
Batch: 29th
BSc in Textile Engineering
Southeast University
alaminmasum11@gmail.com

3. Water
 Water is a liquid which is
from 2 mole of Hydrogen
and 1 mole of Oxygen.
Water is a universal
solvent. In textile
processing we need a
huge amount of water.
About 2.4 trillion gallons of
water are used in
synthetic dyeing.
 Source of water,
 Rain water.
 Surface water.
 Sub-soil water.
 Deep well water.
 But in textile processing
deep well water is used.

4. Water used in textile processing
Water consumed during wet processing
Process Percent water consumed
Bleaching 38%
Dyeing 16%
Printing 8%
Boiler 14%
Other uses 24%

5. Types of water
 Water can be two types,
 Soft water.
 Hard water.
 Soft water: Water that produces lather
with soap easily is called soft water.
Soft water does not affect cleaning action
of soap.
 For example, rain water, distilled water,
de-mineralised water.
 Hard water: Water that produces curd
with soap and produces very little lather
is called hard water. Hard water affects
cleaning ability of soap.
 For example, sea water, river water,
spring water.
 Hard water contains bicarbonate,
chlorides and sulphates ( any one or all )
of calcium and magnesium .
 There are two types of hard water.
1. Temporary hard water
2. Permanent hard water

6. Temporary hard water
 "Water that contains bicarbonate of calcium and
magnesium or of both is called temporary hard
water."
 These bicarbonate are soluble in water and
produce corresponding ions.
 Mg(HCO3)2 è Mg+2 +2HCO3
-1
 Ca(HCO3)2 è Ca+2 + 2HCO3
-1

7. Permanent hard water
 Water that contains chlorides or sulphates of
calcium or magnesium or of both is called
Permanent hard water.
 CaCl2è Ca+2 + 2Cl-1
 MgSO4 è Mg+2 + SO4
-2
 These compounds are soluble in water and
produce corresponding ions.

8. Types of hardness
 British hardness: It is the number of grains present in
one gallon(equivalent to 10 lbs)
 10lb contain = 1 grain
 10*7000 grain contain = 1 grain
 106 grain contain = 1*10^6 /10*700 = 14.3PPM.
 American hardness: It is the number of grain present
in one gallon(equivalent to 8.3lbs)
 8.3 lbs contain = 1 grain
 8.3*7000 grain contain = 1grain
 10^6 grain contain = 1*10^6/8.3*700 = 17.2 PPM
 French degree of hardness: It means present of 1
grain of hardness causing salt in one hundred
thousand (10^5) parts of water.

9. Hardness scale
Descriptio
n
Defination
1 dh 10 mg calcium oxide in 1 liter of water ( doize, German hardness)
1 fh 10 mg calcium carbonate in 1 liter of water ( French hardness)
1 eh 10 mg calcium carbonate in 0.7 liter of water (English hardness)
1 ah 1 mg calcium carbonate in 1 liter of water (American hardness)
 1 dh = 17.9 ah = 1.25 eh = 1.79fh

10. Classification of water according to
hardness (4 degree doize hardness)
Description Total hardness
Very soft 0 – 4
Soft 5 – 8
Mild 9 – 14
Fairly hard 15 – 18
Hard 19 – 30
Very hard More than 30

11. Methods of removing hardness of
water.
 For temporary hardness.
 By boiling.
 By clark’s process.
 For permanent hardness.
 Washing soda process.
 For temporary and permanent
hardness.
 Lime-soda process.
 Ion-exchange method.

12. By boiling
 When temporary hard water is boiled, bi-carbonates
of calcium and magnesium decompose to form
insoluble calcium and magnesium carbonate.
 Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
 Mg(HCO3)2 MgCO3 + CO2 + H2O

13. Clark’s method
 In Clark’s method a calculated amount of calcium
hydroxide Ca (OH)2 is added to hard water. Due
to reaction, insoluble carbonates are obtained
which are separated by filtration.
 Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 è 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
 Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 è CaCO3 + MgCO3 +
2H2O
 Ferther react with lime,
 MgCO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + MgOH

14. Washing soda process
 Permanent hard water is treated with a calculated
amount of washing soda. When chloride and sulphate
of calcium and magnesium present in hard water get
precipitated as insoluble calcium and magnesium
carbonate which can be easily filtered off. The water
thus become soft,
 CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2 NaCl
 MgSO4 + Na2CO3 MgCO3 + 2
NaCl

15. Lime-soda process
 This method is employed for the softening of hard water
which contains both temporary and permanent hardness.
 Calculate quantity of slaked lime and sodium carbonate
are used. Where as slacked lime removes temporary
hardness, sodium carbonate remove permanent
hardness,
 Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + 2 H2O
 CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2 NaCl
 MgSO4 + Na2CO3 MgCO3 +
2 NaCl

16. Ion-exchange method
 In this method sodium zeolite is used as ion-
exchanger.
 Permutit = Zeolite = Na Al SiO4 . 3 H2O
 Na-zeolite is passed through the pipes
containing hard water. Sodium zeolite is
converted into calcium-zeolite or magnesium-
zeolite. These are insoluble in water and are
separated from water by filtration.
 Ca+2 + Na2-zeolite è Ca-zeolite + 2Na+1
 Mg+2 +Na2-zeolite è Mg-zeolite + 2Na+1
 Na Al SiO4 . 3 H2O + CaCl
Ca(Al SiO4 . 3 H2O) + 2 NaCl
 We can regenerate the permutit by passing
10% NaCl solution.

17. Standard/Ideal Quality of Dye House Water
Minimum Standard Permissible Concentration
Color Color less
Smell Odour less
PH Neutral (7-7.5)
Water hardness <56dh/<25ppm25mg/l
Solid deposit <50mg/l
Inorganic salts <500mg/l
Iron(Fe) <0.1mg/l
Cu <0.005mg/l
Nitrate <50mg/l
Nitric <5mg/l
Manganese (Mn) <0.02mg/l
Silicone (Si) <3mg/l
Total dissolve solid (TDS) 65-150mg/l
Alkalinityat pH 4 35-65 crcog

18. Hard water problem in textile
processing
 Scouring & Bleaching: Hard water react with chemicals
and auxiliaries reduce the efficiency of chemicals. Soap
react with hard water and produce insoluble salt which
deposited in the fabric surface during scouring. Insoluble
salt do hard and inflexible the fabric which create
problem the next process.
 Reaction with dyestuff: As dyestuff react with hard
water, some dye are precipitate and spoiled. Hard water
can change the viscosity of print paste and also change
shade of color.
 Problem in boiler: Temporary hard water is rapidly
convert to calcium carbonate & magnesium hydroxide in
boiler and in time accumulation in the form of scale on
the inner surface of the shell or in the tube,
As a result of scale heat can not transfer uniformly . For
that in boiler different parts expend multifamily, as a
result boiler can burst.

19. Continue….• Reaction with soap: The
salt of calcium and magnesium
(permanent hard water) does
not easily form lather with
soap. They form insoluble
organic salt and becomes
waste of soap.
 Corrosion of boiler: corrosion can be a serious causes of
wear in boiler if suitable water are not used. Dissolved
oxygen in the presence of CO2 is a common causes of
corrosion. Especially affecting high pressure boilers. The
CO2 react with iron convert ferrous carbonate which is
turns to hydrolyze to ferrous hydroxide.
 Iron problem: Ferric-bi-carbonate react with oxygen and
water produce ferrous hydroxide,
for that, tin dark spot form in the fabric surface.

20. Thank you