The scientific method involves five basic steps: (1) making an observation that leads to a question, (2) forming a hypothesis to answer the question, (3) designing an experiment to test the hypothesis, (4) collecting and analyzing data from the experiment, and (5) reporting results so other scientists can verify them. A hypothesis that is supported over time by many investigations and observations becomes a scientific theory, which provides an explanation supported by extensive evidence. Scientific laws describe consistent relationships in nature.
This is the second of a two part lesson on the scientific method. The earlier lesson was all about variables and this one focuses more on the procedures of the scientific method, at about the 5th and 6th grade level.
This is the second of a two part lesson on the scientific method. The earlier lesson was all about variables and this one focuses more on the procedures of the scientific method, at about the 5th and 6th grade level.
Research process notes PPT; By Muthama, Japheth MutindaJapheth Muthama
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The Scientific MethodSteps in the Scientific MethodThere is a .docxssusera34210
The Scientific Method
Steps in the Scientific Method
There is a great deal of variation in the specific techniques scientists use explore the natural world. However, the following steps characterize the majority of scientific investigations:
Step 1: Make observations
Step 2: Propose a hypothesis to explain observations
Step 3: Test the hypothesis with further observations or experiments
Step 4: Analyze data
Step 5: State conclusions about hypothesis based on data analysis
Each of these steps is explained briefly below, and in more detail later in this section.
Step 1: Make observations
A scientific inquiry typically starts with observations. Often, simple observations will trigger a question in the researcher's mind.
Example: A biologist frequently sees monarch caterpillars feeding on milkweed plants, but rarely sees them feeding on other types of plants. She wonders if it is because the caterpillars prefer milkweed over other food choices.
Step 2: Propose a hypothesis
The researcher develops a hypothesis (singular) or hypotheses (plural) to explain these observations. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation of a phenomenon or observation(s) that can be supported or falsified by further observations or experimentation.
Example: The researcher hypothesizes that monarch caterpillars prefer to feed on milkweed compared to other common plants. (Notice how the hypothesis is a statement, not a question as in step 1.)
Step 3: Test the hypothesis
The researcher makes further observations and/or may design an experimentto test the hypothesis. An experiment is a controlled situation created by a researcher to test the validity of a hypothesis. Whether further observations or an experiment is used to test the hypothesis will depend on the nature of the question and the practicality of manipulating the factors involved.
Example: The researcher sets up an experiment in the lab in which a number of monarch caterpillars are given a choice between milkweed and a number of other common plants to feed on.
Step 4: Analyze data
The researchersummarizes and analyzes the information, or data, generated by these further observations or experiments.
Example: In her experiment, milkweed was chosen by caterpillars 9 times out of 10 over all other plant selections.
Step 5: State conclusions
The researcher interprets the results of experiments or observations and forms conclusions about the meaning of these results. These conclusions are generally expressed as probability statements about their hypothesis.
Example: She concludes that when given a choice, 90 percent of monarch caterpillars prefer to feed on milkweed over other common plants.
Often, the results of one scientific study will raise questions that may be addressed in subsequent research. For example, the above study might lead the researcher to wonder why monarchs seem to prefer to feed on milkweed, and she may plan additional experiments to explore this question. For example, perhaps the milkweed has higher ...
Here is slideshare on the topic biological method .Here students will be able to solve biological problem.So slides are important for students searching for topics biological method or how to solve biological problems
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3. Step 1 Observation leads to a question. The first step toward scientific discovery often takes place when a scientist observes something that leads to a question.
4. Step 2 Scientist forms a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a testable explanation or answer to a question based upon a scientist’s observation. It is often referred to as an “educated guess”.
5. Step 3 Scientist tests the hypothesis through an experiment. Quantitative (numerical) and/or qualitative (written descriptions) data is gathered.
6. Step 4 Using the gathered data, the scientist analyzes the results and draws a conclusion. The scientist determines if the hypothesis is true or false.
7. Step 5 The scientist reports the results of the study so that other scientists can repeat the experiment and verify the results.
8. So how does a hypothesis become a theory? A hypothesis that is supported by many separate observations and investigations, usually over a long period of time, becomes a theory. A theory is an explanation of natural phenomenon that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence obtained from many different investigations and observations. A theory results from continual verification and refinement of a hypothesis.
9. In addition to theories, scientists also recognize certain natural laws that are generally known to be true. A scientific law is an expression of a mathematical or descriptive relationship observed in nature such as Newton’s Law of Gravity.
