Bacillus pumilus is a rod-shaped, aerobic, spore-forming bacterium commonly found in soil. It has one circular chromosome containing around 4000 genes. While rarely pathogenic, some B. pumilus strains have caused infections in humans and food poisoning. B. pumilus plays various environmental roles as a plant growth promoter, in shrimp gut bacteria inhibition, and nitrogen fixation. It is also used as a model organism in research and has industrial applications.
Enterococcus faecalis: Its Role in Root Canal TreatmentFailure and Current C...Anubhuti Singh
Enterococcus faecalis: Its Role in Root Canal TreatmentFailure and Current Concepts in RetreatmentCharles H. Stuart et.al Vol 32, No.2, Feb2006
Enterococcus faecalis is a microorganism commonly detected in asymptomatic, persistent endodontic infections.
it is able to survive in the root canal as a single organism or as a major component of the flora
Enterococcus faecalis: Its Role in Root Canal TreatmentFailure and Current C...Anubhuti Singh
Enterococcus faecalis: Its Role in Root Canal TreatmentFailure and Current Concepts in RetreatmentCharles H. Stuart et.al Vol 32, No.2, Feb2006
Enterococcus faecalis is a microorganism commonly detected in asymptomatic, persistent endodontic infections.
it is able to survive in the root canal as a single organism or as a major component of the flora
A Study on Isolation, Partial Characterisation and antifungal activity of Pse...paperpublications3
Abstract: Pseudomonas fluorescens are organisms which are abundant in soil and influence plant by growth promotion and disease control. Of 50 samples, thirty isolated samples obtained from soil was partially characterized as Pseudomonas fluorescens. They were classified into 5 biovars BV1,II,III,IV and V . Among the Biovars BV II is the most abundant (26.6%)followed by BV IV(23.3%),BV I(20%),BV V(16.6%) and BV III (13.3%)All of them produced siderophores in CAS medium.Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations(MIC) of the two heavy metals) and two antibiotics (Penicillin and Streptomycin) were observed as shown in table 3.All biovars showed resistance to 2 heavy metals(Lead and mercury and 2 antibiotics(Penicillin and Streptomycin). So they can be used in soil contaminated with heavy metals and also in the presence of antibiotics. Strain BV V was found to be the most resistant strain and was used for further studies. Four basal media supplemented with different concentration of iron, were employed to study the effect of iron and different organic carbon sources on siderophore production in Pseudomonas fluorescens. The highest siderophore production was obtained in KB medium(24.3 µM) and the lowest production was in glycerol medium(2.45 µM) with no Iron added. The standard KB medium without added iron permitted the synthesis of greater amount of siderophores. Fusarium. All the isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens inhibited the pathogenic fungi Fusarium isolated from soil. Both the culture containing cells and cell free extract shown inhibition of Fusarium. Among broth cultures Pseudomonas fluorescens BV III showed more inhibition (63.3%) on third day of inoculation.Cell free extract of Pseudomonas fluorescens BV V on third day of incubation showed more inhibition (67.7%)than culture containing cells(46.6%). Special analysis of crude extract of culture filtrate, revealed the production of siderophores by fluorescent Pseudomonas. The maximum absorption was found it to be at 373nm. Further studies are needed to confirm the specific molecule which causes inhibition in Pseudomonas fluorescens.Keywords: Antibiotics, Biovars, CAS medium, Cell free extract Fusarium, Heavy metals, MIC, Pseudomonas fluorescens ,Siderophore.
Title: A Study on Isolation, Partial Characterisation and antifungal activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens from soil
Author: Smitha Mathews
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
ISSN 2349-7823
Paper Publications
AGGREGATIBACTER ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS is a bacterium with an array of diverse potential virulence characteristics, including multiple immune evasion mechanisms and novel mechanisms for binding to host matrices and invading host cells, any one of which may play a crucial role in the local tissue pathology of Localized aggressive periodontitis.
A Study on Isolation, Partial Characterisation and antifungal activity of Pse...paperpublications3
Abstract: Pseudomonas fluorescens are organisms which are abundant in soil and influence plant by growth promotion and disease control. Of 50 samples, thirty isolated samples obtained from soil was partially characterized as Pseudomonas fluorescens. They were classified into 5 biovars BV1,II,III,IV and V . Among the Biovars BV II is the most abundant (26.6%)followed by BV IV(23.3%),BV I(20%),BV V(16.6%) and BV III (13.3%)All of them produced siderophores in CAS medium.Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations(MIC) of the two heavy metals) and two antibiotics (Penicillin and Streptomycin) were observed as shown in table 3.All biovars showed resistance to 2 heavy metals(Lead and mercury and 2 antibiotics(Penicillin and Streptomycin). So they can be used in soil contaminated with heavy metals and also in the presence of antibiotics. Strain BV V was found to be the most resistant strain and was used for further studies. Four basal media supplemented with different concentration of iron, were employed to study the effect of iron and different organic carbon sources on siderophore production in Pseudomonas fluorescens. The highest siderophore production was obtained in KB medium(24.3 µM) and the lowest production was in glycerol medium(2.45 µM) with no Iron added. The standard KB medium without added iron permitted the synthesis of greater amount of siderophores. Fusarium. All the isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens inhibited the pathogenic fungi Fusarium isolated from soil. Both the culture containing cells and cell free extract shown inhibition of Fusarium. Among broth cultures Pseudomonas fluorescens BV III showed more inhibition (63.3%) on third day of inoculation.Cell free extract of Pseudomonas fluorescens BV V on third day of incubation showed more inhibition (67.7%)than culture containing cells(46.6%). Special analysis of crude extract of culture filtrate, revealed the production of siderophores by fluorescent Pseudomonas. The maximum absorption was found it to be at 373nm. Further studies are needed to confirm the specific molecule which causes inhibition in Pseudomonas fluorescens.Keywords: Antibiotics, Biovars, CAS medium, Cell free extract Fusarium, Heavy metals, MIC, Pseudomonas fluorescens ,Siderophore.
Title: A Study on Isolation, Partial Characterisation and antifungal activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens from soil
Author: Smitha Mathews
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
ISSN 2349-7823
Paper Publications
AGGREGATIBACTER ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS is a bacterium with an array of diverse potential virulence characteristics, including multiple immune evasion mechanisms and novel mechanisms for binding to host matrices and invading host cells, any one of which may play a crucial role in the local tissue pathology of Localized aggressive periodontitis.
Arshine Questions and Answers about Bacillus Licheniformis.docxfeed arshine
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Commonly used Microbes in Biotechnology.pptxChrisJSoguilon
Microbes are living organisms that must be amplified to be seen. Bacteria, fungus, and viruses are all examples of microbes. These tiny, living cells serve as miniature chemical factories in biotechnology and biomanufacturing, producing products such as amino acids, medicines, enzymes, and food additives.
Learn more about commonly used microbes in biotechnology in this PowerPoint!
Includes definition, classification, history, formation, salient features, gene transfer( conjugation, transformation, transduction), antibiotic resistance, nutritional influence, quorum sensing, role in pathogenesis, and controversies.
Food hygiene is more than cleanliness ......
Protecting food from risk of contamination, including harmful bacteria, poison and other foreign bodies.
Preventing any bacteria present multiplying to an extent which would result in the illness of consumers or the early spoilage of the food.
Destroying any harmful bacteria in the food by thorough cooking
or processing.
Discarding unfit or contaminated food.
T-Cell Activation
• Concept of immune response
• T cell-mediated immune response
• B cell-mediated immune response
I. Concept of immune response
• A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules in the immune system.
II. T cell-mediated immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity is the arm of the adaptive immune response whose role is to combat infection of intracellular pathogens, such as intracellular bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria monocytogens), viruses, protozoa, etc.
Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHC:
• Major Histocompatibility Complex
– Cluster of genes found in all mammals
– Its products play role in discriminating self/non-self
– Participant in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
• MHC Act As Antigen Presenting Structures
• In Human MHC Is Found On Chromosome 6
– Referred to as HLA complex
• In Mice MHC Is Found On Chromosome 17
– Referred to as H-2 complex
• Genes Of MHC Organized In 3 Classes
– Class I MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on all nucleated cells
• Major function to present processed Ags to TC
– Class II MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on macrophages, B-cells, DCs
• Major function to present processed Ags to TH
– Class III MHC genes
• Products that include secreted proteins that have immune functions. Ex. Complement system, inflammatory molecules
Antigen Processing and Presentation MID
Antigens and “foreignness”
• Antigens (or, more properly, immunogens) have a series of features which confer immunogenicity.
• One of these features is “foreignness.”
• So, we can infer that – most often – antigens – ultimately – originate externally.
• (There are exceptions, of course. Some cells become transformed by disease [e. g., cancer] or by aging. In such instances, the antigens have an internal origin.)
Extinction of a particular animal or plant species occurs when there are no more individuals of that species alive anywhere in the world - the species has died out. This is a natural part of evolution. But sometimes extinctions happen at a much faster rate than usual. Natural Causes of Extinction.
Difference between In-Situ and Ex-Situ conservation
Conservation of biodiversity and genetic resources helps protect, maintain and recover endangered animal and plant species. There are mainly two strategies for the conservation of wildlife: In-situ conservation and Ex-situ conservation. Although, both the strategies aim to maintain and recover endangered species, they are different from each other. Let us see how they differ from each other!
Evolution Of Bacteria
Bacteria have existed from very early in the history of life on Earth. Bacteria fossils discovered in rocks date from at least the Devonian Period (419.2 million to 358.9 million years ago), and there are convincing arguments that bacteria have been present since early Precambrian time, about 3.5 billion years ago. Bacteria were widespread on Earth at least since the latter part of the Paleoproterozoic, roughly 1.8 billion years ago, when oxygen appeared in the atmosphere as a result of the action of the cyanobacteria. Bacteria have thus had plenty of time to adapt to their environments and to have given rise to numerous descendant forms.
Impact of Environment on Loss of Genetic Diversity and Speciation
Genetic variation describes naturally occurring genetic differences among individuals of the same species. This variation permits flexibility and survival of a population in the face of changing environmental circumstances. Consequently, genetic variation is often considered an advantage, as it is a form of preparation for the unexpected. But how does genetic variation increase or decrease? And what effect do fluctuations in genetic variation have on populations over time?
GENE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
Subtle differences in one person’s genes can cause them to respond differently to the same environmental exposure as another person. As a result, some people may develop a disease after being exposed to something in the environment while others may not.
As scientists learn more about the connection between genes and the environment, they pursue new approaches for preventing and treating disease that consider individual genetic codes.
How to store food in hot
The Good News
To maximize benefit of preservation, keep your food as fresh as possible for as long as possible. You can do this, even in the heat, by creating a “cooler” made from two basic terra cotta pots, one larger than the other. Put the smaller pot in the larger one, fill the gap with sand, and saturate the sand with water. Then cover it with a cloth. To add additional insulation from the heat, bury the pot up to its rim. The evaporation of moisture from the wet sand will cool the air around the food and help keep it fresh.
What is IUPAC naming?
In order to give compounds a name, certain rules must be followed. When naming organic compounds, the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) nomenclature (naming scheme) is used. This is to give consistency to the names. It also enables every compound to have a unique name, which is not possible with the common names used (for example in industry). We will first look at some of the steps that need to be followed when naming a compound, and then try to apply these rules to some specific examples.
IUPAC Nomenclature
IUPAC nomenclature uses the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms to determine the basic root name of the compound. The root name is then modified due to the presence of different functional groups which replace hydrogen or carbon atoms in the parent structure.
Hybridization describes the bonding atoms from an atom's point of view. For a tetrahedral coordinated carbon (e.g. methane CH4), the carbon should have 4 orbitals with the correct symmetry to bond to the 4 hydrogen atoms.
INTRODUCTION:
Hybrid Orbitals
Developed by Linus Pauling, the concept of hybrid orbitals was a theory created to explain the structures of molecules in space. The theory consists of combining atomic orbitals (ex: s,p,d,f) into new hybrid orbitals (ex: sp, sp2, sp3).
1. Why Firefly give light during night?
2. Why atomic mass and Atomic numbers are given to elements ?
3. Why elements have been characterized and classified into different groups?
4. What is the transition of elements and what they play their role in elements stability?
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
1. Contents: Main TOPIC : Bacillus pumilus
1) Bacillus pumilus
2) Genome and cell structure
3) Scientific classification
Kingdom Bacteria
Phylum: Firmicutes
Class: Bacilli
Order: Bacillates
Family: Bacillaceae
Genes: Bacillus pumilus
Binomial name: Bacillus pumilus
4) Ecology and Pathogenesis
5) B.PumilusHuman infection
6) Environmental roles
Cell wall:
Use as model organism
Industrial significance
Ecological significance:
Clinical significance:
In Vitro Assessmentof MarineBacillus for Use as Livestock Probiotics
References
what is bacillus pumilus?
2. Bacilluspumilus is a Gram-positive.
These are Rod shape bacteria.
Bacilluspumilus aerobic, spore-forming bacillus .
commonly found in soil. B. pumilus spores—with the exception of mutant strain ATCC
7061—generally show high resistance to environmental stresses,
Show resistance to, including UV light exposure, desiccation, and the presence
of oxidizers such as hydrogen peroxide.
Strains of B. pumilus found at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory were found to be
particularly resistant to hydrogen peroxide.
A strain of B. pumilus isolated from black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) was found to
have high salt tolerance and to inhibit the growth of marine pathogens, including Vibrio
alginolyticus, when cultured together.Bacillus pumilus:
colonies on agar smooth and slightly yellowish; can not grow anaerobically; can not
hydrolyze starch; can not reduce nitrate.
B. pumilus contains one circular chromosome
Each chromosomes having 4000 genes and 3600-3900 proteins .
Caused infection both plants and animals.
Genome and cell structure
B. pumilus contains one circular chromosome including about 4000 genes and 3600-3900
proteins with varying length in the range of 3.7 to 3.8 Mbp. 41% of the DNA base pairs in B.
pumilus are G-C. The cellular structure of B. pumilus is similar to other Bacillus species such
as B. subtilis, B. megaterium, and B. cereus, the outer layer of the peptidoglycan cross-links in B.
pumilus is covered by teichoic and lipoteichoic acids same as the most other Gram positive
bacteria.
These acids contain polyglycosyl phosphates with mono- and disaccharides as their monomers
that can play a role in adhesion to different surfaces like the host cells.
On the other hand, these phosphate groups on the surface of B. pumilus can provide net
negative charge on the cell surface that allowing to capture some essential cations such as Ca2+
and Mg2+ that are necessary for cell life.
Bacillus pumilus
3. Scientific classification
Kingdom : Bacteria
Phylum: Firmicutes
Class: Bacilli
Order: Bacillates
Family: Bacillaceae
Genes : Bacillus pumilus
Binomial name: Bacillus pumilus
Ecology and Pathogenesis
acillus pumilus participates in a wide range of symbiotic relationships. B. pumilus can function
as a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria within the rhizosphere of agriculturally significant
plants such as red peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). In wheat, B.
pumilus also induces plant resistance to Take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis), a fungal disease
which can significantly damage wheat crops .
Additionally, B. pumilus is thought to function as a plant growth promoting endophyte in Vitis
vinifera grape plants . Penaeus monodon, black tiger shrimp, can host Bacillus pumilusin the
gut, where it inhibits infections by Vibrio harveyi, V. alginolyticus, and V. parahaemolyticus, all
of which are known to be significant bacterial pathogens of shrimp .
B. pumilus is significant to ecosystem biochemistry because it functions as a nitrogen fixing
bacteria capable of metabolically transforming molecular nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3) .
Human infection by Bacillus pumilus is rare, however in 2006 B. pumilus in rice was found to be
responsible for 3 cases of food poisoning. The isolated strain produced a complex of
lipopeptides called pumilacidins, known to have toxic effects on epithelial cells.
The symptoms that resulted from infection included dizziness, headache, chills, back pain,
stomach cramps, and diarrhea.
Furthermore, in 2007 a report summarizing 3 case studies was published concluding that a
strain of Bacillus pumilus was responsible for the development of cutaneous lesions
morphologically similar to those caused by Bacillus anthracis.
Human infection:
Human infection due to Bacillus pumilus is exceptional. According to the report they reported
3 cases of cutaneous infection caused by B. pumilus that occurred in 3 shepherds, 2 of whom
4. were members of the same family. The lesions appeared to have a morphology similar to that
of cutaneous anthrax lesions. Two patients were cured after treatment with amoxicillin-
clavulanate, and the third patient was cured after prolonged treatment with ciprofloxacin. To
our knowledge, primary cutaneous infection due to B. pumilus has not been reported. B.
pumilus should be considered in patients who develop lesions suggestive of cutaneous anthrax.
The genus Bacillus consists of a heterogenic group of gram-positive, endospore-forming, rod-
shaped, facultative anaerobic bacteria. Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax. The
disease can occur in different forms . By far the most common is cutaneous anthrax, which
accounts for>90% of all human cases. Cutaneous infection usually results from contact with
infected animals or animal products (such as hides or wool) contaminated with B.
anthracis spores.
Bacillus species other than B. anthracis produce spores that are widespread in the
environment, and isolation from a specimen may represent contamination. However, it is well
recognized that these organisms are capable of causing serious human infections, including
endocarditis, sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia, endophthalmitis, and surgical wound infections .
Primary cutaneous infection due to Bacillus species other than B. anthracis is exceptional.
We report 3 cases of cutaneous infection due to Bacillus pumilus that occurred in 3 shepherds,
2 of whom were members of the same family. The lesions had a morphology similar to that of
cutaneous anthrax lesions. To our knowledge, primary cutaneous infection caused by B.
pumilus has not been reported.
Environmental roles
Cell wall:
The cell wall of Bacillus is a structure on the outside of the cell that forms the second barrier
between the bacterium and the environment, and at the same time maintains the rod shape
and withstands the pressure generated by the cell's turgor.
The cell wall is composed of teichoic and teichuronic acids. B. subtilis is the first bacterium for
which the role of an actin-likecytoskeleton in cell shape determination
and peptidoglycan synthesis was identified, and for which the entire set of peptidoglycan-
synthesizing enzymes was localised. The role of the cytoskeleton in shape generation and
maintenance is important
Use as model organism:
5. Bacillus subtilis is one of the best understood prokaryotes, in terms of molecular and cellular
biology. Its superb genetic amenability and relatively large size have provided the powerful
tools required to investigate a bacterium from all possible aspects. Recent improvements in
fluorescence microscopy techniques have provided novel and amazing insight into the dynamic
structure of a single cell organism. Research on B. subtilis has been at the forefront of bacterial
molecular biology and cytology, and the organism is a model for differentiation, gene/protein regulation, and
cell cycle events in bacteria
Industrial significance
Many Bacillus species are able to secrete large quantities of enzymes. Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens is the source of a natural antibiotic protein barnase (a ribonuclease), alpha
amylase used in starch hydrolysis, the protease subtilisin used with detergents, and
the BamH1 restriction enzyme used in DNA research.
A portion of the Bacillus thuringiensis genome was incorporated into corn (and cotton) crops.
The resulting GMOs are therefore resistant to some insect pests.
Ecological significance:
Bacillus speciesare almostubiquitousinnature,e.g.insoil,butalsooccurinextreme environments
such as highpH (B. alcalophilus),hightemperature (B. thermophilus),or highsalt(B. halodurans). B.
thuringiensis producesa toxinthatcan kill insectsandthushas beenusedasinsecticide.
Clinical significance:
Two Bacillus species are considered medically significant: B. anthracis, which causes anthrax,
and B. cereus, which causesfood poisoning similar to that caused by Staphylococcus.[6] A third
species, B. thuringiensis, is an important insect pathogen, and is sometimes used to control
insect pests. The type species is B. subtilis, an important model organism. It is also a notable
food spoiler, causing ropiness in bread and related food. Some environmental and commercial
strains of B. coagulans may play a role in food spoilage of highly acidic, tomato-based products.
An easy way to isolate Bacillus species is by placing nonsterile soil in a test tube with water,
shaking, placing in meltedmannitol salt agar, and incubating at room temperature for at least a
day. Colonies are usually large, spreading, and irregularly shaped. Under the microscope,
the Bacillus cells appear as rods, and a substantial portion of the cells usually contain
oval endospores at one end, making it bulge.
In Vitro Assessmentof MarineBacillus for Use as Livestock Probiotics:
6. Six antimicrobial-producingseaweed-derived Bacillus strainswere evaluated in vitro asanimal
probiotics,incomparisonto two Bacillus fromanEU-authorizedanimal probioticproduct.Antimicrobial
activitywasdemonstratedonsolidmediaagainstporcine Salmonella and E. coli. The marine isolates
were mostactive againstthe latter,hadbetteractivitythanthe commercial probioticsand Bacillus
pumilus WIT 588 also reduced E. coli countsinbroth.All of the marine Bacillus toleratedphysiological
concentrationsof bile,withsome astolerantasone of the probiotics.Spore countsforall isolates
remainedalmostconstantduringincubationinsimulatedgastricandileumjuices.
All of the marine Bacillus grewanaerobicallyandthe sporesof all exceptone isolategerminatedunder
anaerobicconditions.Allwere sensitiveto a panel of antibioticsandnon harbored Bacillus enterotoxin
genesbutall,except B. pumilus WIT588, showedsome degreeof β-hemolysis.However,trypanblue
dye exclusionandxCELLigenceassaysdemonstratedalackof toxicityincomparisontotwopathogens;
infact, the commercial probioticsappearedmore cytotoxicthanthe majorityof the marine Bacillus.
Overall,some of the marine-derived Bacillus,inparticular B. pumilus WIT588, demonstrate potential
for use as livestockprobiotics.
19/10/2015
1. Euzéby JP (2008). "Bacillus". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. Archived from the original
on 14 December 2008. Retrieved2008-11-18.
2. Jump up^ Ambrosiano N (1999-06-30). "Lab biodetector tests to be safe, public to be well informed". Press
release. Los Alamos National Labs. Retrieved2008-11-18.[dead link]
3. Jump up^ Ehrenberg CG (1835). Physikalische Abhandlungen der Koeniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften
zu Berlin aus den Jahren 1833–1835. pp. 145–336.