Milk analysis
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1) The document describes a method for quantitatively analyzing milk samples through standard plate counting to determine the number of microbes present and assess milk quality. 2) The method involves serially diluting milk samples in saline or distilled water, pouring samples onto agar plates using the pour plate method, incubating the plates, and then counting the bacterial colonies that grow to determine the concentration of microbes in the original milk sample. 3) Based on the results, milk samples with bacterial colonies over 300 would be considered low quality, while those under 300 would be good quality.
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Microbiological Analysis of Milk – Part I of II discusses various tests used to analyze the microbiological quality of milk, including platform tests conducted at milk reception sites to ensure quality. Rapid tests like the lactometer, organoleptic, and clot on boiling tests are used to check for adulteration or increased acidity. Further laboratory tests quantify bacteria levels and identify any contaminants, such as the direct microscopic count. Together, these analyses help maintain high testing standards for milk quality and identify sources of contamination.
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Methods of microbial examination of foods:
a. Homogenization of food samples
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c. Enlist the following methods giving their application only- Impedance, microcalorimetry, thermostable nuclease, LAL test, PCR, ATP, whole animal assay, Ligate loop technique
Trichrome stain procedures
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2. A color change within the incubation period indicates the presence of microbes and poor milk quality, while no color change signifies good quality milk.
3. The rate at which the dye color disappears from the test tubes after incubation corresponds to different levels of milk quality, from very bad to excellent.
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2. The serial dilution method is used to isolate fungi from soil samples. Samples are diluted across test tubes and aliquots are plated on potato dextrose agar to promote fungal growth.
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This document outlines a procedure for isolating microorganisms from a sample using the pour plate method. The aims are to isolate and obtain pure cultures of microorganisms. The principle involves diluting the sample and mixing it with warm agar which is then poured into petri dishes to form individual colonies after incubation. Colonies are then transferred to fresh media for identification. The procedure involves preparing and sterilizing media, diluting the sample, pour plating the dilutions, incubating, and recording results to determine the number of viable microorganisms present.
Microbiology Power Point
The document discusses microbiology cultures and antibiotic sensitivity testing. Cultures can detect microorganisms causing infections in different body parts, and sensitivity tests identify the most effective antibiotic. Various sample types can be cultured on different media like blood agar or MacConkey agar. The procedure involves collecting samples, culturing on media, and incubating to observe growth. Sensitivity testing involves spreading bacteria on nutrient agar, placing antibiotic disks, and measuring inhibition zones to determine antibiotic effectiveness.
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The document is a training report submitted by Sapna Singh to Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences. It discusses 16 experiments conducted on advanced biotech techniques under the guidance of Dr. Vineeta Singh at MRD LifeSciences. The experiments included isolation of bacteria from soil, purification of cultures, screening for amylase production, studying bacterial growth curves, and enzyme assays. acknowledgements are provided to various individuals and organizations that supported the training.
Detection techniques for microorganisms in food of animal
The detection and enumeration of microorganisms in food are an essential
part of any quality control or food safety plan. Traditional methods of detecting foodborne pathogenic bacteria are often time-consuming because of the need for growth
in culture media, followed by isolation, biochemical and/or serological identifi cation,
and in some cases, subspecifi c characterization. Advances in technology have made
detection and identifi cation faster, more sensitive, more specifi c, and more convenient than traditional assays. These new methods include for the most part antibodyand DNA-based tests, and modifi cations of conventional tests made to speed up
analysis and reduce handling.
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This document summarizes the steps taken to partition and distill the therapeutic enzyme nattokinase from bacteria. Key steps included isolating nattokinase-producing bacteria from soil samples, optimizing growth media, conducting fermentation and downstream processing to extract the crude enzyme, and using HPLC to purify and identify the enzyme. Graphs are presented showing the effects of varying media components and conditions on bacterial growth and nattokinase concentration.
Mycobacteriophages
Two mycobacteriophages were isolated from soil samples collected in Gurabo, Puerto Rico using protocols from the SEA-PHAGES resource guide. The soil samples were enriched to encourage phage growth. Plaques were purified through serial streaking and enrichment to isolate individual phage clones. The two isolated phages were subjected to medium and high titer assays to increase phage particle concentration. Future work will involve sequencing the DNA of the isolated phages.
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isolation and screening of microbes from different environment.pptx
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Detection techniques for microorganisms in food of animal
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Food hygiene and legislation in Pakistan aims to protect consumers from contaminated or unsafe food. The key laws include the Pure Food Ordinance which regulates food production and prohibits adulterants. The Cantonment Pure Food Act has similar provisions for military areas. The Hotels and Restaurants Act regulates hygienic food preparation and service in establishments. Proper cleaning and sanitation of surfaces and utensils helps prevent food poisoning. Current food safety oversight involves both federal import standards and provincial production standards and enforcement.
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This document summarizes the immune response to HIV infection. It discusses how CD4 T-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, B-cells, and antigen presenting cells respond to HIV. Cytotoxic T-cells target many HIV proteins but often cannot eliminate the virus due to epitope escape, exhaustion, or suboptimal responses. Antibody responses have difficulty neutralizing HIV due to properties of the gp120 and gp41 envelope proteins. The immune response ultimately fails to clear HIV because the virus can integrate into genes, mutate, and impair antigen presenting cell function.
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The document summarizes key points about the T-cell antigen receptor complex:
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2) TCR diversity is generated through combinatorial and junctional mechanisms similar to immunoglobulin genes, including the use of multiple variable, diversity and joining gene segments.
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T-cell activation
T-Cell Activation
• Concept of immune response
• T cell-mediated immune response
• B cell-mediated immune response
I. Concept of immune response
• A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules in the immune system.
II. T cell-mediated immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity is the arm of the adaptive immune response whose role is to combat infection of intracellular pathogens, such as intracellular bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria monocytogens), viruses, protozoa, etc.
MHC-I, MHC-II & MHC-III
Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHC:
• Major Histocompatibility Complex
– Cluster of genes found in all mammals
– Its products play role in discriminating self/non-self
– Participant in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
• MHC Act As Antigen Presenting Structures
• In Human MHC Is Found On Chromosome 6
– Referred to as HLA complex
• In Mice MHC Is Found On Chromosome 17
– Referred to as H-2 complex
• Genes Of MHC Organized In 3 Classes
– Class I MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on all nucleated cells
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– Class II MHC genes
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• Major function to present processed Ags to TH
– Class III MHC genes
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Processing and presentation mid
Antigen Processing and Presentation MID
Antigens and “foreignness”
• Antigens (or, more properly, immunogens) have a series of features which confer immunogenicity.
• One of these features is “foreignness.”
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• (There are exceptions, of course. Some cells become transformed by disease [e. g., cancer] or by aging. In such instances, the antigens have an internal origin.)
Food preservation in warm countries
This document discusses various methods for food preservation in warm climates. It describes creating an evaporative cooler using terra cotta pots to keep food fresh. It also discusses reducing the four enemies of food storage - light, heat, oxygen, and moisture. Methods covered include dehydrating and vacuum sealing food, canning in mason jars or mylar bags with oxygen absorbers, and freezing, though freezing has drawbacks of requiring electricity and refrigeration. With proper storage reducing oxygen, moisture and light, food can typically be preserved for 3-5 years even in warm climates.
Extinction
Extinction of a particular animal or plant species occurs when there are no more individuals of that species alive anywhere in the world - the species has died out. This is a natural part of evolution. But sometimes extinctions happen at a much faster rate than usual. Natural Causes of Extinction.
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Difference between In-Situ and Ex-Situ conservation
Conservation of biodiversity and genetic resources helps protect, maintain and recover endangered animal and plant species. There are mainly two strategies for the conservation of wildlife: In-situ conservation and Ex-situ conservation. Although, both the strategies aim to maintain and recover endangered species, they are different from each other. Let us see how they differ from each other!
Microbial Evolution
Evolution Of Bacteria
Bacteria have existed from very early in the history of life on Earth. Bacteria fossils discovered in rocks date from at least the Devonian Period (419.2 million to 358.9 million years ago), and there are convincing arguments that bacteria have been present since early Precambrian time, about 3.5 billion years ago. Bacteria were widespread on Earth at least since the latter part of the Paleoproterozoic, roughly 1.8 billion years ago, when oxygen appeared in the atmosphere as a result of the action of the cyanobacteria. Bacteria have thus had plenty of time to adapt to their environments and to have given rise to numerous descendant forms.
Loss of genetic diversity
Impact of Environment on Loss of Genetic Diversity and Speciation
Genetic variation describes naturally occurring genetic differences among individuals of the same species. This variation permits flexibility and survival of a population in the face of changing environmental circumstances. Consequently, genetic variation is often considered an advantage, as it is a form of preparation for the unexpected. But how does genetic variation increase or decrease? And what effect do fluctuations in genetic variation have on populations over time?
Gene environment interaction
GENE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
Subtle differences in one person’s genes can cause them to respond differently to the same environmental exposure as another person. As a result, some people may develop a disease after being exposed to something in the environment while others may not.
As scientists learn more about the connection between genes and the environment, they pursue new approaches for preventing and treating disease that consider individual genetic codes.
How to store food in hot
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The Good News
To maximize benefit of preservation, keep your food as fresh as possible for as long as possible. You can do this, even in the heat, by creating a “cooler” made from two basic terra cotta pots, one larger than the other. Put the smaller pot in the larger one, fill the gap with sand, and saturate the sand with water. Then cover it with a cloth. To add additional insulation from the heat, bury the pot up to its rim. The evaporation of moisture from the wet sand will cool the air around the food and help keep it fresh.
IUPAC naming and formulae
What is IUPAC naming?
In order to give compounds a name, certain rules must be followed. When naming organic compounds, the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) nomenclature (naming scheme) is used. This is to give consistency to the names. It also enables every compound to have a unique name, which is not possible with the common names used (for example in industry). We will first look at some of the steps that need to be followed when naming a compound, and then try to apply these rules to some specific examples.
Basic iupac organic nomenclature
IUPAC Nomenclature
IUPAC nomenclature uses the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms to determine the basic root name of the compound. The root name is then modified due to the presence of different functional groups which replace hydrogen or carbon atoms in the parent structure.
Geometry of hybridiztion
Hybridization describes the bonding atoms from an atom's point of view. For a tetrahedral coordinated carbon (e.g. methane CH4), the carbon should have 4 orbitals with the correct symmetry to bond to the 4 hydrogen atoms.
Hybridization
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Developed by Linus Pauling, the concept of hybrid orbitals was a theory created to explain the structures of molecules in space. The theory consists of combining atomic orbitals (ex: s,p,d,f) into new hybrid orbitals (ex: sp, sp2, sp3).
Why Firefly give light during night?
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Encourages consistency, variety in exercises, setting realistic goals, and finding enjoyable activities to maintain motivation.
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Milk analysis
- 1. 1 Amjad Khan Afridi 9th August,2016 Quantitative Analysis Of Milk Through Standard Plate Count Objectives: To know the quantity of milkthat how much of microbesare presentin the milksample. To know the quality of milksample. Materials: 1) Milk Samples 2) Saline solution or Distilled water 3) PCA ( Plate Count Agar) Media 4) Beaker 5) Flask 6) Graduated cylinder 7) Test tubes 8) Test tubes stand 9) Media plates 10) Electric balance 11) Aluminum foil 12) Cotton 13) Micro peptide and Tips 14) Burner 15) Colony counter 16) Ethanol 17) Para film 18) Autoclave 19) Incubator 20) LFH 21) Marker 22) Gloves 23) Mask Method: For this we use Pourplate methodandserial dilution. Procedure: 1) Collected Milk Samples from any sources.
- 2. 2 Amjad Khan Afridi 9th August,2016 2) Take 8 test tubes and pour 10 ml of saline or distilled water in 1st test tube and take 9 ml of distilled water in each of the remaining test tubes and then labeled each test tubes. 3) Take 1 ml of milk Sample in the first test tube which having 10 ml of Saline solution or distilled water and make a solution in it. 4) Distribute the sample solution from the 1st test tube( Master test tube) in the remaining test tubes. Take 1 mal of sample solution from 1st test tube ( Master test tube) and put in the 2nd test tube. Take 1mal of sample solution from 2nd test tube and put in the 3rd test tube. Take 1 mal of sample solution from 3rd test tube and put in the 4th test tube. Take 1 mal of sample solution from 4th test tube and put in the 5th test tube. Take 1 mal of sample solution from 5th test tube and put in the 6th test tube. Take 1 mal of sample solution from 6th test tube and put in the 7th test tube. Take 1 mal of sample solution from 7th test tube and put in the 8th test tube. Take 1 mal of sample solution from 8th test tube and put in the 9th test tube. Take 1 mal of sample solution from 9th test tube and put in the 10th test tube. 5) Prepared PCA media for yours concern dilution factors . 6) For the purring the samples in the media plates we use Purring Plate Method . 7) By using micro peptide We take .5 ml of sample solution from the desire test tubes and purring on the media plates by Purring Plate Method. 8) First we purring the sample solution in the test tubes and then we purring the PCA media in the plates. And labeled the plats also. 9) Allow the plates to solidified and then we replaced and inoculated the inoculated media plates in the incubator at 37 C for 24 hours. 10) After 24 hours we absorb the cultured plates, microbial colonies will appeared on the cultured plates.
- 3. 3 Amjad Khan Afridi 9th August,2016 11) Next we replaced the cultured plates under the Colony Counter and absorb the bacterial colonies. 12) Result: If the bacterial colonies are greater the 300 colonies , the quality of milk will consider as very bad quality. If the bacterial colonies are less then 300 colonies , the quality of milk will be consider as good quality. Demonstrated by Sir Shabir Ahmid Preparedby Amjad Khan Afridi Date: 9th August, 2016