During the Golden Age of Islam from 750-1050 AD, centers of learning flourished in the Islamic world where the pursuit of knowledge was encouraged. Major cities like Baghdad, Cairo, and Damascus established large libraries and advanced research in fields like astronomy, chemistry, medicine, and technology. Islamic scholars translated and built upon ancient Greek and Indian scientific works, making new contributions and discoveries. Observatories were built and instruments like the astrolabe were developed. Advances were made in areas like navigation, cartography, irrigation, and manufacturing that supported trade and improved lives.

2. “Science & Technology in Medieval Islam”
Islam is a religion that began in the 7th century with
the prophet Muhammad in Mecca.
In Arabic word “Islam” means ‘submission to God’.
Qur’an the name of their holy book.
Mecca is the centre for Islamic worship.

3. MUSLIM (ISLAM)
* During middle ages the centre for learning and
research was Muslim Spain.
* The students were gathered to consult Arabic
Manuscript of earlier scientific works and study with
famous teachers.
* Manuscript means written by hand.

4. The Golden Age of Medieval Islam
Islam spreads rapidly with the conquests of the first
Caliphs.
750-1050 A.D.(Anno Domini) was the golden age for
the Islamic World.
The first dynasty of caliphs was the Umayyad who
ruled from Damascus in Syria.

5. Arabia was at the crossroads between Asia, Africa, and
Europe and the Arab people traded widely with
merchants from places as diverse as China, India and
southern Europe. Trade and conquest led to cultural
exchange and the spread of knowledge. The practical
problems of trade over long distances also led to the
development of techniques for navigation by the stars
and a greater understanding of time. Great centres of
scholarship were established in cities such as Baghdad
(in modern-day Iraq) and Alexandria.

6. The Caliphate

7. “Science and Learning in Medieval Islam”
Early Islamic teaching encourage the pursuit of all
knowledge that helped to improve people’s live.
Science and technology were encouraged and welcomed,
these includes practical things like Navigational Aids
for traveller, Geographical Maps, Medical Knowledge,
ways of Measuring and Calculating, and Tools for
Agriculture.
Muslim learned how to make paper from Chinese
papermakers, and paper mills was built in Baghdad.
Huge libraries were established in big cities like
Baghdad, Cairo and Damascus.
Arabic became the international language for
scholarship.

8. Astronomy
the branch of science that deals with celestial objects,
space, and the physical universe as a whole.
Astronomy was important to Muslims for practical
reason.
Astronomy contributed to Navigation.
Observations of the sun, and moon were used to
determine prayer times and an accurate calendar.
Large observatories were established and new
instruments such as the astrolabe were developed.
Astrolabe a very ancient astronomical computer for
solving problems relating to time and the position of the
Sun and stars in the sky.

9. Astrolabe

10. Islamic Observatory

11. Islam Astronomers
Al-Tusi – he is a Muslim scholar considered Tusi to be the
greatest of the later Persian scholar.
 Made an original contributions to
mathematics and astronomy.

 His book is “Treasury of Astronomy”
He wrote approximately 150 books in Arabic and Persian and
edited the definitive Arabic versions of the works of Euclid,
Archimedes, Ptolemy, Autolycus, and Theodosius.

12. Al-Farghani - was one of the most distinguished
astronomers in the service of al-Mamun and his successors.
He wrote "Elements of Astronomy" (Kitab fi al-Harakat al-
Samawiya wa Jawami Ilm al-Nujum i.e. the book on celestial
motion and thorough science of the stars), which was
translated into Latin in the 12th century and exerted great
influence upon European astronomy before Regiomontanus.
He accepted Ptolemy's theory and value of the precession, but
thought that it affected not only the stars but also the
planets. He determined the diameter of the earth to be 6,500
miles, and. found the greatest distances and also the
diameters of the planets.

13. Al-Fargahani
Iranian Muslim Philosopher

14. Chemistry and Alchemy
Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the
identification of the substances of which matter is composed;
the investigation of their properties and the ways in which
they interact, combine, and change; and the use of these
processes to form new substances.
 Alchemy is a medieval chemical science and speculative
philosophy aiming to achieve the transmutation of the base
metals into gold, the discovery of a universal cure for
disease, and the discovery of a means of indefinitely
prolonging life
: a power or process of transforming something common
into something special.

15. Chemistry was not seen as a separate science, but was
an important part of other industries and crafts
Islamic scientists developed new experimental
techniques and methods such as distillation
 Alchemy was important as a science of the cosmos and
the soul.

16. Muslim Scientist
Khalid ibn Yazid – the first Muslim alchemist, who is
said to have studied alchemy under Christian Marianos
of Alexandria.
Jabir ibn Hayyan – generally known as the father of
Chemistry, he introduced experimental investigation
into alchemy, which rapidly changed its character into
modern chemistry.
Abu Bakr Al-Razi – most prominent physician in the
Islamic World. His contribution to chemistry was his
attempt to systematize laboratory practices, to which
end he listed contemporary laboratory equipment and
techniques used in chemical experiments.

17.  Ibn Umail – He was called al-Sadik, which supposedly become Zadith in
Europe, while ibn-Umail was apparently translated as “son of Hamuel”.
His most famed treatise was indeed the afore mentioned“ The Book of the
Silvery Water and the Starry Earth”, or Kitab al-ma’ al-waraqi wal-ard
an-najmyah (1), which was taken by later researchers as a commentary
on “ the Letter of the Sun to the Crescent Moon”, or Risalah ash-shams ila
’l-hilal. To be more precise “The Silvery Water” was known in Europe as “
The Book of Senior or Tabula Chimica”, while the poem “ Letter of the
Sun” is found separately as “ Epistola Solis ad Lunam Crescentem”.
 Al-Tughrai –He was a well-known and prolific writer
on astrology and alchemy, and many of his poems (diwan) are preserved
today as well. In the field of alchemy, al-Tughra'i is best known for his large
compendium titled Mafatih al-rahmah wa-masabih al-hikmah, which
incorporated extensive extracts from earlier Arabic alchemical writings, as
well as Arabic translations fromZosimos of Panopolis old alchemy treatises
written in Greek, which were until 1995 erroneously attributed to unknown
alchemists by mistakes and inconsistencies in the transliteration and
transcription of his name into Arabic.

18. Al-Jildaki - one of the last and one of the greatest of
medieval Islamic alchemists, he was the author of
scientific works such as the al-Misbah fi Ilm al-
Miftah (Key of the Sciences of Lights) and alchemical
treatise The Proof Regarding Secrets of the Science of
the Balance (Kitab al-Burhan fi asrar 'ilm al-mizan).

19. Medicine & Surgery
Islamic medicine was based on the Greek model of the
four elements and ‘humours’
Disease was thought of as an imbalance of ‘humours’
Pharmacy, combining herbal medicine and alchemy,
was important
Islamic law forbade dissections

20. Illustration from anatomical work.
A miniature painting from a seventeenth century manuscript
of Tashrih bi al-Taswir, a treatise on human anatomy by
Mansur bin Muhammad.

21. Technology
Arab lands were often dry and harsh environments.
Improvements in water technology were important for
agriculture .
Other industries included manufacture of paper,
machinery and scientific instruments.

22. Water raising machine from Al-Jazari
manuscript