The document discusses the spread of Islam following the teachings of Muhammad in the 7th-17th centuries. Islam spread through conquest and trade, which extended from northern Africa to southern Europe and parts of Asia. An important result of increased trade and interaction was the adoption of the Chinese papermaking process, making written text more accessible. The Islamic Golden Age saw advances in many fields of science through the work of scholars like Al-Khwarizmi in algebra and Al-Razi in medicine.

2. In the centuries following Muhammad's return to Mecca, his teachings spread
beyond the Arabian Peninsula into Africa, Europe, and Asia. From the 7th through the
17th century, Islam spread by two primary means conquest and trade.
An important result of the trade and
interaction that furthered the Golden Age
was the discovery of the Chinese
papermaking process. It was much faster and
easier than preparing parchment or papyrus,
thus making the written word more
accessible.
Trade extended from
northern Africa to
southern Europe and
into parts of Asia.

3. Sciences advanced in many directions during the Islamic Golden Age.
Arabic numerals, adapted from Hindu, and the idea of zero made algebra possible.
Al─Khwarizmi wrote an algebra textbook that was the standard for centuries.
The most famous doctor of the Golden Age was Al─Razi.
He was also a chemist and experimented with potential
cures for ailments. He wrote about 200 books on
medicine and he was a skilled surgeon
Al─Zahrawi wrote the anatomy text. His
work became the standard medical text
in Europe for centuries. Al─Razi with a patience

4. Alhazen, is credited with being
the first "scientist."
He revived work in geometry and astronomy of
ancient Greek works. He conducted experiments that
would inspire the process of the scientific method.
He explained how eyesight
works in his Book of Optics, in
1021

5. Muhammad: The first leader was Muhammad the
founder of the Islamic religion in 612 CE. He controled
a large area of the Arabian Peninsula.
The Four Rulers: Between 632-661 CE after
Muhammad´s dead the first four rulers to follow
Muhammad were called the Four Rightly Guided
Caliphs or rulers. They took control of the Arabian
Peninsula as well as Persia, Syria, and much of Egypt.
Umayyad Caliphate: In 661, the last Rightly Guided Caliph was murdered. This cause
the Islamic world to split and the Umayyad Caliphate rose to power. They established
a dynasty that lasted from 661-750 CE. Under the Umayyads, the size and population
of the caliphate grew and they conquered territory and won many converts to Islam.

6. The Abbasid dynasty: In 747, conquered people revolted against Umayyad rule, and a new
family, the Abbasids, rose to power. They brutally took control from the Umayyads by
murdering the remaining family members.
One Umayyad prince, Abd al-Rahman,
was able to escape and set up a Muslim
caliphate in Spain. The Umayyads had
retreated to the area of the empire
called Al-Andalus (Spain).
The Abbasid dynasty moved the capital city by building Baghdad in present-day Iraq.
Baghdad was a key location to build a capital city. The spot was at the crossroads to major
trade routes between Europe and Asia.

7. In the Umayyad Caliphate, there were four social classes.
Muslim Arabs: most privileged and paid less in taxes
Muslim Non-Arabs or Mawali: paid more in taxes than Muslim Arabs
Dhimmis: People of the Book, referring to Jews and Christians who based
their faiths on the Bible; higher status than slaves but did not have equal
rights to Muslims
Slaves: lower status
As the Abbasid dynasty continued to
spread the borders, more groups of people
came under Islamic control. Arabic was the
official language of the empire. As the
empire expanded and more people learned
Arabic, it was easier to communicate.
Information from different cultures blended
in the empire. Trade increased throughout
the caliphate and beyond, with goods and
information changing hands over long
distances

8. The House of Wisdom: founded by Al-Ma'mun and built in
Baghdad, attracted scholars from surrounding continents. Its main
purpose was to translate great amounts of literature and knowledge
into Arabic. Scholars preserved literature and works of history by
patiently copying and translating works by Aristotle, Euclid, and other
important thinkers of ancient Persia, Greece, and Rome. They also
sought to understand the information and organize it into the
teachings of Islam.

9. Important cities: Many cities in the Muslim empire became thriving places
of culture, learning, and the arts. These cities include Damascus, Cairo,
Baghdad, and, of course, Córdoba. These cultural centers kept scholarship
alive during the Dark Ages of Europe and played a major role in sparking the
European Renaissance.
By the 10th century, the city of Córdoba
in Spain was bustling. It had an
impressive population of nearly
200,000 people and served as an
impressive cultural center.
Baghdad
Córdoba