The early Islamic world was a center of learning with major cities like Baghdad, Samarkand, Cordoba, and Cairo establishing schools, universities, libraries, and laboratories. Scholars translated Greek texts on medicine and astronomy and built upon ideas from earlier civilizations. Notable Islamic scientists and polymaths like al-Khwarizmi, Ibn al-Haytham, Rhazes, and Avicenna made major advances in fields like algebra, optics, medicine, and astronomy through their writings and research. Engineering and artistic achievements also thrived as Muslims developed new ship designs, astrolabes, maps, mosaics, tiles, glasswork, and other crafts.

1. The Achievements of the early
Islamic World

2. The Golden Age of Islam
• The scholars translated the writing of other civilizations into Arabic.
• They took ideas from the Greek books about medicine and astronomy.
• Samarkand, Cordoba and Cairo were the centers of learning with schools and
universities with libraries and laboratories and observatories.
• In Cairo, the study of science was most important in 900 – 1200 due caliph Hakim.
• He built an important library where meeting were held for scientists.
• Baghdad was the most important center of Islamic learning.
• Harun al-Rashid built an university. It is called the “House of Wisdom”.
• Al-Ibadi was appointed as the chief doctor to the Abbasaid court.
• Al-Ibadi unlocked the secrets of Greek learning.
• Polymaths are those who are expert in several subjects.
• Al-Kindi, the first Arabic philosopher studied many subjects.

3. Achievements in Islamic Science
• Rhazes and Avicenna were the Persian Muslim doctors.
• Rhazes was a polymath.
• He was the greatest doctor of the Islamic world. He also wrote a hundred medical books.
• He worked on smallpox and measles.
• Avicenna was also a polymath.
• He wrote a book called canons of Medicine.
• He interpreted the work of Greek philosopher to the Islamic world.
• Muslim scientists investigated the use of many substances.
• They dissolve medicine in liquid such as rose water, orange water and alcohol so people
can drink it.
• They used drugs including cannabis as aaesthetics.

4. Achievements in Islamic Science
• The first Islamic hospital was in Baghdad in reign of Harun al-Rashid.
• Rhazes also built a hospital at place where the germs were less.
• Later on, Baghdad had about sixty hospitals.
• Later, a hospital was built in Cairo and it was called Mansuri Hospital.
• Alchemists can convert common metals into precious metals.
• Jabbir Ibn Hayyan studied alchemy and wrote about practical things.
• Rhazes made classification of chemical substances.
• Ibn al-Haytham developed the theories of light and vision. He also wrote a book called “
kitab al- Manazir”
• He also wrote about the structure of eye.
• Ibn al-Haytham also wrote about the problems.
• He also solved the “Wilson’s Theorem”.

5. Muslim Mathematicians
• Ibn al-Haytham made much advance in mathematics based on Greek ideas.
• Arab mathematicians developed a new system of zero.
• Magic squares were used as the good lucky charms in China.
• Al- Uqlidisi developed the decimal fraction.
• Al-Khwarizmi was one f the inventor of algebra.
• With the help of Greek ideas, many unsolved problems were solved.
• Muslim scholars calculated the distance between the Earth and the Moon.
• They were able to measure the size of the fields and the storage are of a ship.
• They improved their trade and developed the decorative geometric patterns.

6. Astronomy and Astrology
• Astronomy is the study of stars.
• Al-Battani corrected the mistake in Ptolemy’s works and he also observed the
eclipses and the movement of the Sun and Moon.
• Al-Battani also made sundials.
• Al-Biruni was one of the cleverest men of his time. He knew many languages such as
Turkish & Sanskrit.
• Al-Biruni studied eclipses to work out on longitude.
• He also studied mathematics, chronology, physics, medicine, history and astrology.
• Ibn Yunus wrote an astronomical guide for Muslims prayer times.
• Astrologers drew charts of the sky to show the position of Sun, Moon and the planets
and the sign of zodiac.
• Thy used charts to predict events in their future.

7. Muslim developments
• Astrolabe is a wooden or brass disk which is used to measure the height of the sun
or star above horizon.
• They also used astrolabe to navigate at sea.
• Arabs also made charts to show the details of coasts, reefs, monsoon wind and
ocean currents for ship.
• Al-Idrisi was a famous Arab geographer and mapmaker.
• He wrote a great work of geography as a guide to his plan sphere.
• He drew a world map which divides the world into seven parts according to the
climate.
• The Arabs dominated the trading routes of the Indian ocean.
• The Arabs developed fast trading ships called dhows.

8. Achievements in Islamic arts
• Muslim craftsmen developed their own styles of:
• Mosaic, the art of making pictures with small pieces of glass or tile
• Tile work
• Glasswork
• Metalwork
• Painting
• Textile such as carpets & prayer mats and wall hanging.

9. Thank
you