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Science behind the ultrasonic distance sensor
The document discusses ultrasonic distance sensors and echolocation, explaining how various animals, like bats and dolphins, utilize sound waves to detect objects around them. It highlights the adaptations of some species to evade detection and the relevance of echolocation in human technology, such as devices for the visually impaired. Additionally, it mentions the development of machines like driverless cars that employ ultrasonic sensors for navigation and obstacle detection.
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Science behind the ultrasonic distance sensor
- 1. Ultrasonic Distance Sensor Natureand the Science behind an ingenious device
- 2. There are manythings that travel through the air in waves. Some we cannot see.
- 3. Light & Sound •You can see a flash of Lightning almost instantly • But it takes a while before you hear the thunder • You can count to tell how far away it is • Sound takes about 5 seconds to go 1 mile
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- 5. What can theyhear? • Humans – up to 20,000 Hz • Dogs – up to 40,000 Hz • Cats – up to 60,000 Hz • Bats – up to 100,000 Hz • Dolphins – up to 150,000 Hz
- 6. Forms of SoundWaves Human
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- 8. What is Echolocation? "Echolocation is the use of sound waves and echoes to determine where objects are in space” In other words, echoes help to find the location of an object. http://askabiologist.asu.edu/echolocation
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- 10. http://askabiologist.asu.edu/sites/default/files/echolocation.jpg • Bats sendout sound waves using their mouth or nose. • When the sound hits an object, an echo comes back. • The bat can identify an object by the sound of the echo.
- 12. Blind as aBat? • Most bats eat flying insects. • Bats can see as well as humans, but echolocation is much more important to them than their eyesight for finding food. • Bat’s Echolocation is so precise that it can detect an object the width of a human hair. • Mother bats who are feeding their babies, may catch and eat up to 4500 insects in one night!
- 13. Bats can eventell the size, shape and texture of a tiny insect from its echo .
- 14. Some moths havedeveloped ways to get away or confuse bats, such as: • Furry wings that don't reflect bat echolocation pulses. • Sensitive membranes that can 'hear' echolocation pulses. When the pulses are detected, the moths fly in crazy patterns or fold their wings and dive to confuse their hunters. http://academic.reed.edu/biology/professors/srenn/pages/teaching/web_2007/pf_site/adaptation.html
- 15. Books you mightenjoy!
- 16. Ultrasound is toohigh a Pitch for Humans to Hear
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- 18. • The TigerMoth Can can emit ultrasonic clicks to "jam" a Bat's sonar (SOund Navigation And Ranging) • By producing ultrasound of its own, it is able to ward off bats by acting as a radar jammer, confusing the bats so that the moth cannot be located. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctiidae
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- 20. A Scientist waspuzzled because she could hear no sound when Philippine Tarsiers opened their mouths as if to call. She placed a Tarsier in front of an ultrasound detector. It revealed that what she had assumed to be yawns were high-pitched screams beyond the range of human hearing. The Tarsier, only 4 inches long, communicates using ultrasound at 70 KHz.
- 21. Read more aboutTarsiers!
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- 23. The Dolphin usesnasal passages to make clicking sounds, sending them through its forehead, which focuses the sounds together into a beam before sending it into the water.
- 24. • When thesound hits an object in the water, it bounces back to the dolphin as an echo. • The dolphin absorbs this returning echo through its jaw. • A passage of fat from the jaw conducts the sound to the dolphin's inner ear • The dolphin can tell things about the object, such as size, shape and material.
- 25. The cricket, Arachnoscelislives in the tropical rain forests, and can produce the highest-frequency ultrasound of any known insect. These sounds are emitted by the lonely male, which makes its presence known with a burst of intense sounds. Listen to their calls! http://www.sci-news.com/biology/science-bushcricket- colombia-01265.html
- 26. House mice useUltrasonic sounds to attract mates. Rats and other rodents also use it to communicate.
- 27. The Huia Cavitympanumis the only known frog species that can communicate using purely ultrasonic calls. This unusual frog lives in the Philippines. These frogs can hear sounds up to 38 kilohertz, the highest frequency any amphibian species has been known to hear.
- 28. Science Technology Engineering •Scientists look at Nature and try to explain it • Engineers figure out how to make Science useful using Technology • Engineers build new things using Technology
- 29. Humans cannot createor hear ultrasound, by themselves, but we can make devices that do this for us. How Is Echolocation used by humans?
- 30. How it works: 1.A chirp is emitted from the “speaker” 2. It bounces off of an object 3. The echo returns to the microphone 4. The time it takes to travel to the object and back is used to figure out the distance
- 31. Some Uses of Ultrasound& Ultrasonic Distance Sensors
- 32. Ultrasound Drives MiceCrazy!
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- 41. The Tactic Devicefor the Blind
- 42. How the TacticWorks
- 43. • The Tacticcan help the blind move around safely. • It is mounted on your wrist and uses ultrasonic sensors set above the knuckles that can pick up the distance of objects from one inch to 10 feet away • It then translates that distance to pressure on the wrist--the closer the object, the more pressure on the wrist. Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2011-09-tacit-device-safety-video.html#jCp
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- 45. • The HandBat is a simple Do It Yourself (DIY) device similar to the Tactic • It uses an Arduino Microcomputer, an ultrasonic sensor and a beeper • It is built in a low-cost waterproof flashlight case • When you point it in different directions, it sends out an ultrasonic sound and listens for the echo • It figures out the distance and tells the user how far away an object is with different sounds
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Editor's Notes
- #2 What happens when you throw a pebble into a pond? Some energy causes waves to travel. In this case it’s you throwing a pebble into the water.Those are visible waves. Do you know any other kinds of waves that are invisible? Sound, radio, light… ----- Meeting Notes (10/28/14 20:49) ----- Both light and sound travel in waves, but light is much faster than sound
- #4 Why do you think this happens? Answer: Light travels much faster than sound ----- Meeting Notes (10/28/14 20:49) ----- infrasound is too low for humans to hear, and ultrasound is too high for humans to hear
- #5 There are some sounds we cannot hear as humans because the sound waves are either too low pitched (too spaced apart) or too high pitched (too close together) for our ears to receive them.
- #6 Wow! Other animals can hear much higher sounds than we can! ----- Meeting Notes (10/28/14 20:28) -----
- #7 Low sounds have waves which are far apart, high sounds like ultrasound have waves that are closer together
- #8 Sound bounces off of objects and comes back to you. Have you heard echoes?
- #9 If something is close by the echo comes back quickly. If it is far away the echo takes much longer to come back.
- #10 They can listen for echoes to help them find food and use it to navigate
- #11 ----- Meeting Notes (4/7/14 11:09) ----- In this drawing of a bat, you can see the nose, mouth and large ears of this bat very clearly
- #13 Bats use their special skill of echolocation to be able to "see in low light! Wish we could do that!
- #16 In Code of Claw, Gregor learns echolocation, a valuable skill for fighting in the dark.
- #18 ----- Meeting Notes (4/7/14 11:09) ----- This moth can make sounds which are too high for us to hear, but they can be heard by the bat
- #19 ----- Meeting Notes (4/7/14 11:09) ----- Mammals also use ultrasounds but not in the same way that bats or moths do! They use them to talk to each other, but humans cannot hear these sounds!
- #21 ----- Meeting Notes (4/7/14 11:09) ----- Dolphins also use echolocation
- #25 ----- Meeting Notes (4/7/14 11:09) ----- Let's take a look at how dolphins are able to use echolocation
- #26 What does a katydid sound like? Let's listen to their calls
- #27 ----- Meeting Notes (4/7/14 11:09) ----- Frogs use ultrasound also!
- #28 Later on I will show you a robot that also communicates at 38 kilohertz
- #29 Everything we have been looking at so far is science, looking at nature and explaining how it works. Now lets see how technology can figure out how to make echolocation useful to us
- #30 Here’s an example of echolocation technology that is based on the echolocation science we just looked at
- #31 Just like the dolphin this device has one section that sends out ultrasonic sounds and a different one that listens for the echo (Handout)
- #33 What do you think this is? A Ultrasonic rodent repellent
- #34 Here is where engineers took that technology that came from the science and invented a new thing
- #36 Robots are programmed to make decisions based on input from sensors. What decisions is the robot you saw before making?
- #37 A driverless car is a robot car. A robot car is programmed to be able to move about on its own using input from sensors
- #38 Ultrasonic sensors are used to measure the position of objects very close to the vehicle, such as curbs and other vehicles when parking
- #40 University students added lots of sensors to a Ford to try to create a driverless car
- #41 This is using high frequency radar instead of ultrasound but it is the same principle
- #45 Show then pass it around