School health services is a branch of preventive medicine which deals with medical inspection of school children and their health protection, primarily in the environment of the school.
For the nurse to be effective in the dynamic complex health care system and to help client to achieve the outcome , nurses need to be knowledgeable , resourceful and able to work well with other health care practioners.
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION HEALTH EDUCATION VITAL STATISTICSNehaNupur8
Sanitation means hygiene. Keeping the environmental clean and adopting hygienic practice can prevent us from many disease that occur due to unhygienic practices and environment.
A clean environment, open defecation free areas, personal hygiene practices, proper solid and liquid waste management, safe drinking water determines the health of individual as well as the community.
The word ‘Autism’ is derived from Greek word ‘autos’ means ‘self’.
Autism is a developmental disorder that is characterized by impaired development in communication, social interaction, and behavior.
Family health services are the central point of health services.
It is an important component of “Health for All” goal.
Health of each individual affects the health of other member of family.
For the nurse to be effective in the dynamic complex health care system and to help client to achieve the outcome , nurses need to be knowledgeable , resourceful and able to work well with other health care practioners.
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION HEALTH EDUCATION VITAL STATISTICSNehaNupur8
Sanitation means hygiene. Keeping the environmental clean and adopting hygienic practice can prevent us from many disease that occur due to unhygienic practices and environment.
A clean environment, open defecation free areas, personal hygiene practices, proper solid and liquid waste management, safe drinking water determines the health of individual as well as the community.
The word ‘Autism’ is derived from Greek word ‘autos’ means ‘self’.
Autism is a developmental disorder that is characterized by impaired development in communication, social interaction, and behavior.
Family health services are the central point of health services.
It is an important component of “Health for All” goal.
Health of each individual affects the health of other member of family.
Learning Objectives :
To define school health services and its importance
To define essential health components of school health
To describe the effect of poor sitting posture on musculoskeletal system
To describe the duties of school medical officer
To learn about preventive strategies regarding diseases related to school health
The word cohort is derived from the Latin "cohorts," meaning an enclosure, company, or crowd.
Taken in English from 17c. as a living prefix meaning "together, mutually, in common,“
In Roman times, a cohort was a 300—600 infantry body.
Group of people who share a common characteristic or experience within a defined time period.
Age [Birth cohort]
Occupation exposure cohort
Exposure to drugs or vaccine
Pregnancy cohort
Insured person cohort
Marriage cohort
The term “Demography” is the statistical and mathematical study of the human population's size, composition, and spatial distribution and of changes over time in these aspects through the operation of five fertility processes: mortality, marriage, migration, and social mobility.
Usually, the demographic data are drawn from various sources such as:
National censuses,
Civil registration systems,
and sample surveys.
A cross-sectional study is a descriptive study in which disease and exposure status are measured simultaneously in a given population.
It measures
the prevalence of health outcomes(also called prevalence study)
or determinants of health,
or both,
In a population at a point in time or over a short period.
When the investigator draws a sample out of the study population of interest and examines all the subjects to detect
those having the disease/outcome
and those not having this disease/outcome of interest.
At the same time, finds out whether or not they have the presence of
the suspected cause (exposure)
(or give a History of such exposure in the past),
is called the Cross-sectional analytic study.
Sampling is selecting observations (a sample) to provide an adequate description and inferences of the population.
Sample:
A is “a smaller (but hopefully representative) collection of units from a population used to determine truths about that population” (Field, 2005)
The sampling frame
A list of all elements or other units containing the elements in a population.
Agriculture is one of the occupations most exposed to various hazards. It is also associated with the highest rate of adverse health outcomes each year worldwide . Agricultural workers have been shown to be exposed to a variety of chemical hazards, such as pesticides and other chemical substances . Farm work may also expose workers to strenuous physical exercise and an extreme environment (i.e., low temperatures). Furthermore, during their daily activities, agricultural workers operate various types of vehicles, machinery, and equipment , which can result in excessive exposures to noise and vibration . It has been suggested that these occupational exposures increase the risk of musculoskeletal disorders due to the harmful effects of biomechanical and physical factors.
Workers may be exposed to various types of occupational hazards at the same time, potentially increasing the risk of adverse health outcomes.
Epidemiology & Control Measures of Mumps.pptxAB Rajar
Mumps is best known for the puffy cheeks and tender, swollen jaw that it causes. This is a result of swollen salivary glands under the ears on one or both sides, often referred to as parotitis. Other symptoms that might begin a few days before parotitis include: Fever. Headache.
Epidemiology & Control Measures of Measles.pptxAB Rajar
It is an acute highly infectious disease of childhood caused by a specific virus of the group myxovirus.
One of the top five causes of vaccine-preventable deaths in the world
Easy to prevent – the vaccine costs less than US$1 and gives life-long immunity
Found in every part of the world – measles outbreaks have taken place on every continent and in all climates
One of the most contagious diseases – 90% of those exposed to the measles virus will catch it if they do not have immunity
SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), also known as IBM SPSS Statistics, is a software package used for the analysis of statistical data. Although the name of SPSS reflects its original use in the field of social sciences, its use has since expanded into other data markets.
The second major type of observational epidemiology
The subject of interest is individual
The object is testing of hypothesis:
Two distinct type
Case-Control Study
Cohort Study
These studies determine the statistical association between RF & diseases and if yes the strength of the association
Also c/d “retrospective studies”
First approach to test causal hypothesis
Also c/d “retrospective studies”
First approach to test causal hypothesis
Use two group cases & control
Has three distinct features
Both exposure & outcome (disease) occurred before the start of the study
The study proceeds backward from effect to cause
It uses a control or comparison group to support or refute an inference
Introduction to Descriptive Epidemiology.pptxAB Rajar
Descriptive Epidemiology is a branch of observation epidemiology, which particularly study about disease frequency and pattern by time, place, and person.
It deals with the distribution and determinants of the factors related to health or disease in the concerned population.
It measures the magnitudes of the disease or other health-related disorder in the form of incidence and prevalence
Epidemiology includes assessment of the distribution (including describing demographic characteristics of an affected population), determinants (including a study of possible risk factors), and the application to control health problems (such as closing a restaurant).
These lectures will help the students in understanding of basic principles, concepts, and definitions of the subject.
School health services is a branch of preventive medicine which deals with medical inspection of school children and their health protection, primarily in the environment of the school.
The water cycle describes the processes that drive the movement of water throughout the hydrosphere.
Nature recycles the earth's water supply through a process known as the water cycle or hydrologic cycle.
Snake bite is an injury caused by a bite from a snake, often resulting in puncture wounds inflicted by the animal’s fangs & some times resulting in envenomation
Personal hygiene is defined as the principle of maintaining cleanliness and grooming of the external body.
Maintaining a high level of personal hygiene will help to increase self esteem and confidence.
Family; It is a group of people emotionally involved and related either by blood, marriage or adoption; responsible for the reproduction and rearing of children, & living together.
Air plays a vital role in our lives.
It is our immediate environment and performs following Functions:
Supply oxygen for living
Supply CO2 to plants
Helps in smelling
Helps in listening.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
2. • Introduction.
• Definition.
• Aims & objectives
• School health team
• Aspects of school health services
• Duties of school health team
• Types of desks.
• School health problems
3. • An important branch of community health.
• According to modern concepts, school health service is an economical and
powerful means of raising community health, and more important, in future
generations.
• The school health service is a personal health service.
• It has developed during the past 70 years from the narrower concept of
medical examination of children to the present-day broader concept of
comprehensive care of the health and well-being of children throughout
the school years.
4. .
• SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES:
• School health services is a branch of preventive medicine which deals
with medical inspection of school children and their health
protection, primarily in the environment of the school.
5. • School health refers to a state of complete physical, mental, social
and spiritual well being and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity among pupils, teachers and other school personnel. [k. k.
gilani].
• DEFINITION OF SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES:
• School health service refers to need based comprehensive service
rendered to pupils, teachers and other personnel in the school to
promote, protect their health, prevent and control disease and
maintain their health.[- k. k. gulani]
6. • School children constitute a vital and substantial segment of population.
• Schoolchildren are vulnerable section of population by virtue of their
physical, mental, emotional and social growth and development during this
period.
• School children are expressed to various stressful situations.
• Children coming to school belong to different socio economic and cultural
background which affect their health and nutritional status and require
help and guidance in promoting, protecting and maintaining their health
and nutritional status.
• Children in school age are prone to get specific health problems.
7. • Promotion of positive health.
• Early detection of defects through a program of periodical medical
check-up of children.
• Treatment & follow-up of defects.
• Minimization of chances of spread of communicable diseases.
• Awakening health consciousness in school children.
• Teaching of the staff of school to detect defects.
• Provision of healthy environment.
8. • To prepare the younger generation to adopt measures to remain
healthy so as to help them to make the best use of educational
facilities, to utilize leisure in productive and constructive manner, to
enjoy recreation and to develop concern for others.
• To help the younger generation become healthy and useful citizen
who will be able to perform their role effectively for the welfare of
themselves, their families and the community at large and country as
a whole.
9. • The school health team in a whole-time medical service consists of:
• School Medical Officer.
• Public Health Officer.
• Attendant.
• This team is located in one of the largest school & is for 3000 – 5000
children.
10. 1. Health appraisal of school children and school personnel.
2. Remedial measures and follow up.
3. Prevention of communicable disease.
4. Healthful school environment.
5. Nutritional service.
6. First aid and emergency care.
7. Mental health
11. • PERIODICAL MEDICAL EXAMINATION:
• Medical examination on entry- 4 years.
• Routine physical examination needs to be done.
• Clinical examination for nutritional deficiency, examination of faeces.
• Tuberculin testing/ Testing of vision, regular and quarterly wt/ht checking.
• DAILY MORNING INSPECTION BY THE TEACHERS:
• Inspection of rashes, spots, signs of acute cold, coughing and sneezing, sore
throat, rigid neck, nausea, vomiting, watery eyes, headache, chills, fever, etc.
• MEDICAL EXAMINATION OF SCHOOL PERSONNEL:
• Staff form part of the school environment.
13. • Clean environment,saniatary conditions and good hygiene prevent
spread of communicable diseases.
• Immunization of children.
14. • A. Location of School.
• Proper approach with wide road.
• Fair distance from busy places.
• Premises are fenced and kept free from all hazards.
• B. Site:
• High land with proper drainage.
• C Structure:
• Nursery and secondary schools must be single stored.
• D. Class rooms.
• Verandas attached to classrooms.
• Each classroom should accommodate not more than 40 students.
• Rooms with sufficient lighting and ventilation.
15. • E. Furniture:
• Negative desks are recommended.
• F. Door and Windows:
• Windows 2 feet 6” above floor level.
• Window and door area should be at least 25% of the floor area.
• Cross ventilation ensured.
• G. Water supply.
• Continous,distribution through taps.
• H. Eating facility:
• Separate room for mid-day meals.
16. • Good nutrition is very essential not only for optimal health growth
and development of the school child but also for his/her educational
achievement.
• A nutritious mid-day meal for children in the school is considered as a
practical solution to combat malnutrition in children.
17. • Facility available within school.
• Dispensary in school.
• Facilities for managing accident and medical emergencies like
gastroenteritis, fainting, epileptic fits etc.
18. • School teacher plays both a positive and preventive role.
• Help and counsel the students.
• There is increased need of psychologists and vocational counselors in
school for guiding children about career planning.
19. • School children usually suffer from dental diseases and defects.
• School health should incorporate dental health components too.
• Dental hygienist and dentist are to be employed.
• During the dental check up should focus on prophylactic cleansing
and dental hygiene classes.
20. • Teachers are in key position to detect reflective errors, refer for
treatment for squints, amblyopia and to detect eye infections.
• Vitamin A administration could be done.
21. • School teacher is key person for health education.
• Personal hygiene of skin,teeth,hair and refraction of errors.
22. • Every child irrespective of the disability, should be encouraged to
become productive and self supporting.
23. • Such record must contain identity, past health history and record of
findings of physical examination and screening tests.
• Help in evaluating school health program.
24. • Any discussion of a school health service must be based on:
1. The local health problems of the school child,
2. The culture of the community and
3. The available resources in terms of money, material and
manpower.
4. While the health problems of school children vary from one
place to another, surveys indicate that the main emphasis will fall
in the following categories.
27. PSYCHOSOCIAL SCHOOL HEALTH PROBLEMS
• BEHAVIOR PROBLEM:
• 1. ANTISOCIAL PROBLEM: -
• Stealing,
• Lying,
• Gambling,
• Destructiveness, sexual offence.
• 2. HABIT DISORDERS: -
• Nail biting,
• Thumb sucking,
• Bed wetting.
28. PSYCHOSOCIAL SCHOOL HEALTH PROBLEMS
• BEHAVIOR PROBLEM:
• 3.PERSONALITY DISORDERS: -
• Temper tantrum,
• Shyness,
• Say dreaming,
• and jealousy.
• 4. EDUCATIONAL DIFFICULTIES: -
• Backwardness in study,
• School fear,
• School failure, etc.
29. • The school principal.
• The school teacher.
• The parents.
• The community.
• The children.
• The medical officer.
• The school health nurse/ community health nurse
30.
31. Duties Of A School Medical Officer[MO]
1. Preparation and maintenance of health record of all the children/teachers and other
staff.
2. Routine medical inspection of children/teachers.
3. Treatment of common aliments/injuries.
4. Referral (if required) and follow up of cases.
5. Health education and training in first aid.
6. Coordination for physical education
7. Inspection of class rooms, canteen, wash rooms, playground, hostels, offices, etc. The
aim is to inspect:
1. Seating arrangements
2. Lighting, ventilation, heating, cooling facilities
3. Waste disposal system
4. Drinking water facility
8. Meeting with the administration and parents (if required).
33. • She should be qualified in public health nursing.
• Assisting MO in his/her duties and examination.
• Record keeping.
• Supervising the health habits of all the school children.
• Update MO about progress of children health.
• If required, she pay home visits.
• Treat minor ailments.
• Attend conferences of doctors and nurses.
34.
35. • There are three types of desks:
1. POSITIVE OR PLUS DESK:
• A vertical line drawn from the edge of desk falls outside the edge of chair.
2. ZERO OR MINUS DESK:
• A vertical line drawn from the edge of desk touches the edge of the chair .
3.NEGATIVE OR MINUS DESK:
• A vertical line drawn from the edge of desk falls on the seat.
• Note: Minus desks are the best and preferred.
37. Types of desks (Cont….)
What is a minus desk?
• A vertical line drawn from the edge of the desk falls on the seat.
What is a zero desk?
• A vertical line drawn from the edge of the desk
touches the edge of the seat.
What is a plus desk?
• A vertical line drawn from the edge of the desk falls outside the edge of the
seat.
38. Desks recommended for school children.
• Minus or Zero desks are recommended for school.
• Minus or zero desk will enable the student
• To keep the proper distance from the desk to his eyes
• and also avoid postural deformities.(Kyphosis and Scoliosis).