The document discusses school health services and their importance. It defines school health and services, listing their main aims as promoting, protecting, and maintaining student health. Key components of school health programs include health screenings, disease prevention, nutrition services, health education, and maintaining health records. The overall goals are preparing students to adopt healthy behaviors and become productive citizens. An effective school health team involves principals, teachers, parents, medical staff, and students working together.
School health program
community nurse health prepared by saif musadaq hasan al fartoosi / nursng master student / university of kufa
سيف الفرطـــوســــــــــــي
School health program
community nurse health prepared by saif musadaq hasan al fartoosi / nursng master student / university of kufa
سيف الفرطـــوســــــــــــي
CHN Process Includes 6 Steps such as Community assessment, Community Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation & Re-planning.
Topic of F.Y.GNM
Subject - CHN I
Health care organization system is vital link for maintain good coverage at all over the India for delivering quality assurance work to people of community.
CHN Process Includes 6 Steps such as Community assessment, Community Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation & Re-planning.
Topic of F.Y.GNM
Subject - CHN I
Health care organization system is vital link for maintain good coverage at all over the India for delivering quality assurance work to people of community.
A health and nutrition promoting schoolsMaina WaGĩokõ
This course will give you an opportunity to understand health and nutrition issues in a school. If you want to make your school child friendly go through this session.
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Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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2. INTRODUCTION
• School health service is an important aspect of
community aspect of community health. It is possible to
increase the health level of community and achieve
growth in the health of future generation through school
health service.
3. DEFINITION OF SCHOOL HEALTH
• School health refers to a state of complete physical, mental, social and
spiritual well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
among pupils, teachers and other school personnel - k. k. gilani
DEFINITION OF SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES
• School health service refers to need based comprehensive service rendered
to pupils, teachers and other personnel in the school to promote, protect
their health, prevent and control disease and maintain their health.- k. k.
gulani
4. AIM
• The ultimate aim of school health services is to
promote, protect and maintain health of school
children and reduce morbidity and mortality in them.
5. Common health problems
1. Malnutrition
2. Infectious diseases
3. Intestinal parasites
4. Disease of skin eye and ear
5. Dental caries
6. OBJECTIVES OF SCHOOL HEALTH
SERVICE
• The promotion of positive health
• The prevention of diseases
• Early diagnosis, treatment and follow up of defects
• Awakening health consciousness in children
• The provision of healthful environment.
7. GOALS OF SCHOOL HEALTH
SERVICES
• To prepare the younger generation to adopt measures to remain healthy so as
to help them to make the best use of educational facilities, to utilize leisure in
productive and constructive manner, to enjoy recreation and to develop
concern for others
• To help the younger generation become healthy and useful citizen who will
be able to perform their role effectively for the welfare of themselves, their
families and the community at large and country as a whole.
8. COMPONENTS OF SCHOOL HEALTH
PROGRAMME
1. Health appraisal of school children and school personnel
2. Remedial measures and follow up
3. Prevention of communicable disease
4. Healthful school environment
5. Nutritional service
6. First aid and emergency care
7. Mental health
9. 8. Dental health
9. Eye health
10. Health education
11. Education of the handicapped children
12. Maintenance and use of school health records
10. 1. Health appraisal of school children and school personnel
Periodical medical examination of school children, teacher, health personnel.
Medical examination on entry- 4 years
Routine physical examination needs to be done.
Clinical examination for nutritional deficiency, examination of faeces.
Tuberculin testing/ screening for Hansen's annual testing of vision, regular and
quarterly wt/ht checking.
Daily morning inspection by the teachers unusually flushed face, rashes, spots,
signs of acute cold, coughing and sneezing, sore throat, rigid neck, nausea,
vomiting, watery eyes, headache, chills, fever, etc.
11. 2. Remedial measures and follow up
Following the regular examination, respective referral
services.
Special clinics should be conducted in the health
units.
Specialist should be employed in schools for the
same.
Referral hospital must provide for beds for children
who are admitted and provide relevant treatment.
12. 3. Preventive of communicable diseases
Protection of all school going children against preventable
disease by immunization according to the National
Immunization Schedule.
4. Healthful school environment
An optimal school environment, location, building and
equipment's are important pre-requisites for a school health.
A good school environment promotes physical, social and
emotional health of the pupils.
School should serve as exemplary place to reflect sanitation.
13. 5. Nutritional services
Good nutrition is very essential not only for optimal health growth and
development of the school child but also for his/her educational achievement.
A nutritious mid-day meal for children in the school is considered as apractical
solution to combat malnutrition in children.
6. First aid and emergency care
The school must have an arrangement for providing first aid and emergency care
to children who get injured or sick at the school.
The teachers should receive adequate training during teacher training programor
in service training programs to prepare themselves to carry out this obligation.
14. 7. Mental health
The mental health of the child affects his physical health and the learning process.
Juvenile delinquency, maladjustment and drug addiction are becoming problems among
school children. so, teachers need to plan and organize well-balanced curricular activities
so that students are not over burdened and have sufficient relaxation and recreation, etc.
8. Dental health
School children usually suffer from dental diseases and defects.
School health should incorporate dental health components too.
Dental hygienist and dentist are to be employed.
During the dental check up should focus on prophylactic cleansing and dental hygiene
classes.
15. 9. Eye health services
Teachers are in key position to detect reflective errors, refer for treatment for
squints, amblyopia and to detect eye infections.
Vitamin A administration could bedone.
10. Health education
Health education is very important for school children as it creates awareness,
gives knowledge regarding health matter, gives knowledge regarding health
matter, develops motivation and promotes change in health behavior and health
attitudes.
Health education content areas include personal hygiene, environmentalhealth,
nutrition, prevention and control of communicable and non-communicable
diseases.
16. 11. Education of handicapped children
Every child irrespective of the disability, should be
encouraged to become productive and self supporting.
12. School health records
The schools have cumulative health records providing
pertinent information and serves as tool to evaluate the
school health services.
17. SCHOOL HEALTH TEAM
• The school principal
• The school teacher
• The parents
• The community
• The children
• The medical officer
• The school health nurse/ community health nurse