Sanitation means hygiene. Keeping the environmental clean and adopting hygienic practice can prevent us from many disease that occur due to unhygienic practices and environment. A clean environment, open defecation free areas, personal hygiene practices, proper solid and liquid waste management, safe drinking water determines the health of individual as well as the community.

1. ENVIRONMENTAL
SANITATION
HEALTH EDUCATION
VITAL STATISTICS

2. SUBMITTED
TO:-
Mrs. Bina Barla &
Mrs. Talita K. Bara
Subject Co-ordinator
College of nursing RIMS
Ranchi
SUBMITTED
BY:-
Rani Kumari Mahto
Roll no. 26
Basic Bsc Nursing 4th year
2017-2021

3. CONTENT
ENVIRONMENTAL
SANITATION
HEALTH EDUCATION VITAL STATISTICS
Introduction
Definition
Importance of sanitation
Types of sanitation
Components of
environmental sanitation
•Definition
•Aims and objective
•Opportunities for health
education
•Scope of health education
•Planning and evaluation in
health education
•Principles of health
education
•Audio-visual aids used in
health education
•Approaches
•Nurses responsibility in
health education
•Definition
•Uses and importance of
vital statistics
•Indicators
•Sources of vital statistics
•Editing process
•Mode of presentation of
vital statistics
•Responsibility of
community health nurse in
vital statics

5. INTRODUCTION
 Sanitation means hygiene. Keeping the environmental
clean and adopting hygienic practice can prevent us
from many disease that occur due to unhygienic
practices and environment.
 A clean environment, open defecation free areas,
personal hygiene practices, proper solid and liquid
waste management, safe drinking water determines
the health of individual as well as the community.

6. DEFINITION
 Environmental sanitation refers to interventions to
reduce people’s and animals exposure to disease by
providing a clean environment in which to live and
these measures break the cycle of disease.

7. IMPORTANCE OF SANITATION
It promotes health.
It prevents disease transmission.
It eliminates breeding places of insects and rodents
that may be carrier of diseases.
It improves the quality of life.

8. TYPES OF SANITATION
 Basic sanitation:- Provision of toilet at household level
helps in preventing the unsafe disposal of human feces at
the level of individual houses refers to basic sanitation.
On-site sanitation:- once the waste is collected it is
treated in a place where it is dumped is known as on-site
sanitation.
Food sanitation:- the hygienic practices adopted during
the process of storage, preservation, cooking, serving and
eating all refers to food hygiene or food sanitation.
Housing sanitation:- Paying careful attention to the
house and its surrounding for cleanliness refers to housing
sanitation

9. COMPONENTS OF
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
 Water sanitation
 Food sanitation
 Excreta sanitation
 Refuse disposal
 Housing
 Air sanitation

10. Water sanitation
 Everyone needs clean water to
drink.
 Public water supply should be
free from pathogenic
organisms, harmful
substances, pleasant to taste
and useable for domestic
purpose.
 Household treatment of water
- Boiling i.e. beyond 2minutes
- Chlorination
- Iodine treatment
- Filtration

11. Food sanitation
 The GOLDEN RULE for food
sanitation is “ keep it cold or hot,
and keep it covered”.
 Food sanitation is protected from
contamination.
 It includes all practice involved in
protecting from risk harmful
bacteria and destroying any
harmful bacteria in food by
cooking or processing.

12. Refuse sanitation
 Community refusal method:-
- Dumping on land
- Sanitary landfill
- Composting
- Incineration
 Refuse disposal method for
households:-
-Burial
-Burning
-Composting

13. Housing sanitation
 Characteristics of an acceptable
house
- Adequate space at least 50 sq. ft
/ person for bedroom.
- Adequate lighting
- Adequate water supply
- Adequate heat and ventilation
- Noise should not be more than
30 decibels
- Equipped with sanitary toilet,
food storage and proper refuse
disposal

14. Air sanitation
 The system of removing the
impurities present in air
inside the building to
protect from infections.
 Sanitation of air is essential
to enclosed places like
hospital wars, OT, and burn
unit to prevent infection.

15. HEALTH
EDUCATION

16. DEFINITION
 Health education like general education is concerned
with the change in knowledge, feelings and behavior
of people. In its most usual form “it concentrates on
developing such health practices as are believed to
bring about the best possible state of well being”.
-WHO

17. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
1. To ensure the belief that “ Health is wealth”.
2. To encourage people to adopt and sustain health
promoting lifestyle and practices.
3. To promote the proper use of health services.
4. To arouse interest and provide new knowledge,
improve skills and change attitudes in making
rationale decisions to solve their own problems.
5. To make awareness regarding health and health
issues in people, groups and communities.

18. OPPORTUNITIES FOR HEALTH
EDUCATION
 The nurse can get many chances of giving health
education without pre determination, although it is
possible to plan the correct time and place of giving
health education.
 Health education in outdoor
 Health education in wards
 Health education at home
 Health education in school
 Health education in community

19. SCOPE OF HEALTH EDUCATION
 Human biology
 Nutrition
 Hygiene
 Family health care
 Control of communicable and non-communicable diseases
 Mental health
 Prevention of accidents
 Use of health services
 Sex education
 Health statistics

20. PLANNING AND EVALUATION IN
HEALTH EDUCATION
 Continued planning and evaluation should be adapted
for making health education effective.
 The following facts are important in the planning and
evaluation of health education:
1. Fixing of targets:- the target of health education
should be clear. While setting the target, it is necessary
to have clear description of the special instructions
given to the community, removal of myths, the
development of attitudes in individuals and required
action from individuals and families.

21. 2 To know about the problems:- This include
the social statistics regarding the problem, affected age
group, geographical and environmental factors,
collection of information about available and probable
health facilities.
3 To know about the community:- this
includes the social and administrative structure of the
community, knowledge of persons about the
problems, the myths, local traditions, beliefs,
superstitions, media of communication and obstacles.

22. 4 )Development and implementation of plan:-
this includes the targeted community, the knowledge
to be imparted.
5) Evaluation:- continued evaluation of health
education programme from beginning to the end is
very important for finding out the success or failure.

23. PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH
EDUCATION
 Motivation
 Interests
 Participation
 Comprehension
 Learning by doing
 Known to unknown
 Repetition
 Good human relations
 Community leaders
 Planning
 Feedback

24. Audio- visual aids used in health
education
 Advancing technology greatly supports the field of
education and teaching methodologies by introducing
many new teaching aids.
 Audio-visual aids are classified into:-
1. Auditory aids:- Megaphones, Microphones, Tape
recorder, Radios ,Sound amplifier

25. Visual aids
 Visual aids function on
the principle of
projection.
 PROJECTED AIDS
Film stripes
Slides
Transparencies
 NON-PROJECTED AIDS
 Blackboard
 Pictures, cartoon ,
photographs
 Flip charts, flashcards
 Flannel boards
 Printed material-
leaflets, pamphlets,
folders
 Models, specimens

26. Combined audio-visual aids
 This helps see and hear
Televisions
Tape and slide combination
Video cassette players and records
Motion pictures or cinemas
Multimedia computers

28. APPROACHES IN HEALTH
COMMUNICATION
 These are three approaches used for communicating
health messages. They are
1. Individual approach
2. Group approach
3. Mass approach

29. Individual approach
 Individual approach refers to one to one
basis of health education.
 The community health nurses have many
opportunities to provide health education
to individuals during the home visits.
 Advantages:-
 One to one discussion makes individual
more comfortable.
 The individual feels free to ask question and
clear doubts.
 Disadvantage:-
 Only a single individual receives education
during the session.

30. Group approach
 CHALK AND TALK(LECTURES)
 SYMPOSIUM
 GROUP DISCUSSION
 PANEL DISCUSSION
 WORKSHOP
 CONFERECES OR SEMINARS
 ROLE PLAY
 DEMONSTRATION

32. Mass approach
 Mass media are the most effective means of
communication to reach people as well as the remote
residents.
 The audience or the beneficiaries of the kind of mass
health education do not belong to one particular group
or geographical region.
 Various mass media:- television, radio , print material,
museums

33. Nurses responsibility in health
education
 To gain confidence of people.
 To arouse interest in people about good health.
 To motivate them for healthy habits
 To prepare them for utilization of available resources and
health services.
 To develop a sense of responsibility towards good health and
community.
 To induce co-operative feeling during health education.
 To provide an opportunity for participation.
 To make aware people regarding prevention of communicable
and non-communicable diseases.

34. VITAL STATISTICS

35. DEFINITION
Vital statistics is the numerical
description of birth, death,
abortion, marriage, divorce,
adoption, and judicial separation.
-U.N.O.

36. USES AND IMPORTANCE OF VITAL
STATISTICS
 Determination of health status of individual,
community, health problems, and health needs.
Making program for health.
Improvement in administration.
Comparing the health status of one nation with
others.
Evaluation of health programmes.
For research related to health.
For analysis of the trends of health statistics.

37. VITAL STATISTICS INDICATOR

40. SOURCES OF VITAL STATISTICS
1. Census
2. Registration
3. Survey

41. CENSUS
 Census is conducted every 10 years .
 Census is an important method of collecting vital
statistics.
 The last census of India was undertaken in 2011 and it
was the 15th census of India.

42. Registration
 By registration of birth, death and other important
incidents of life, vital statistics are collected.
CIVIL REGISTERATION SYSTEM
o The task “Civil Registration System” is recording of
vital events i.e. live births, still birth and death.
o Civil Registration is performed under a law and
regulation so as to provide legal basis to records and
certificate made from system.

43.  SAMPLE REGISTERATION SYSTEM (SRS)
o It is one of the largest demographic household sample
survey in the world.
o It provides reliable annual estimates of birth, death
and infant mortality rates at the state and national
levels.
o This system provides estimates and rates separately for
rural and urban areas.

44. SURVEY
 Demographic sample survey:-
 National sample survey office ( NSSO) established in
1950 in India conducts regular socio-economic surveys
(household ,expenditure, employment and
unemployment health and medical services etc.)
 It functions under the ministry of statistics,
Government of India.

45. HEALTH SURVEYS
National Family Health Survey (NFHS):-
 It is a large level, multiple surveys conducted in a
representative sample of households throughout
India.
 It provides essential data on health and family welfare
needed by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and
other agencies for policy and program purposes.
 It provide information on important emerging health
and family welfare issues.

46.  Annual health
survey:-
 The annual health survey
is a comprehensive,
representative dataset on
core vital indicators like
IMR, MMR and TFR
along with their co
variates of the districts
and provide special
attention on needy
districts.
 Concurrent
evaluation of
NRHM
 It assess the extent of
reach of NRHM activities
to the rural communities
and provide information
for policy making and
program planning.

47.  Multiple indicator
cluster
survey(MICS)
 it enable all the countries
to elicit statistically sound
and internationally
comparable data on
certain indicators in the
areas of health,
education.
 It is extensively used in
policy making and
program intervention.
 Longitudinally
aging study in
India(LASI)
 It mainly focuses on the
issues related to elderly
population of India on
health, economic and
social well being.

48. Editing process of vital statistics
 For proper utilization of vital statistics, the collected
material should be edited and properly presented.
 There are possibilities of several errors, mistakes and
irregularities in the collected vital statistics, the need
to be edited.
 Editing process is done for uniformity, consistency,
completeness and accuracy.

49.  In the editing process following three aspects are
included
Accuracy:- it means presentation of data in true form.
Approximation:- in approximation data is
approximated and then expressed so that figures
become simple and easy to remember compare and
count.
Statistical errors:- is the difference between actual
and estimated figures.
After editing the data are classified.

50. MODE OF PRESENTATION OF VITAL
STATISTICS
 Vital statistics and medical statistics are presented in
the form of tabulation, diagrams, charts and by maps.
 TABULATION
Tabulation is a method by which collected data is
made systematic, understandable and short.
Simple table:- only one type of data or characteristics
is presented.
Complex table:- Different types of information are
presented together in one table.

51.  Diagrammatic presentation
 One dimensional
o Line diagram
o Bar charts
1. Simple bar chart
2. Multiple bar chart
 Two dimensional diagram
o Rectangular diagram
o Square diagram
o Circular diagram

52.  Pictogram
 Pyramids
 Cartogram or maps

53. Responsibility of community
health nurse in vital statistics
 Collection of information regarding vital statistics in
her area.
 Observing the information collected by nursing and
health workers under her and guiding them.
 Editing/ classification of datas collected by nursing
and health workers under her and guide them.
 Attractive presentation of the data through tables,
diagrams, maps according to need.
 Sending data of vital statistics to concerned
institution.

54.  Analysis of the data, making community diagnosis and
providing treatment.
 Spreading the importance of vital statistics in the
community, creating awareness regarding registration.
 Having latest knowledge regarding data collection.
 Working efficiently as a link in health information
management system.
 Participation in health surveys.
 Making entries in the register about patients coming
to health centre.

55. CONCLUSION
 Environmental sanitation strongly depends on social
environmental sanitation can act on reducing exposure
to infectious agents by limiting contact to wastes or
polluted media and by changing hygiene and social
cultural practice and beliefs.
 Health education is related to health behavior. It is the
process of providing information, motivation and help to
maintain and adopt healthy habits and lifestyles.
 Vital statistics is data or record regarding marriage,
birth, diseases and death on the basis of which
community’s health and development are studied.

56. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Manivannan Shyamala D; Textbook of community health
nursing;CBS publications;volume 2; page no 74-83.
• Dahiya Heaven; textbook of community health
nursing;Kumar publishing house; 1st edition; page no 89-
98,177-180.
• Swarnkar K; textbook of community health nursing;third
edition;jaypee publication;page no 242-265, 805-816.
 -en.m.wikipedia.org
 - www.slideshare.com