Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. It is defined by the presence of positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions as well as negative symptoms like reduced emotional expression. It typically begins in young adulthood and follows a deteriorating course if not properly treated. There are several subtypes of schizophrenia including paranoid, disorganized and catatonic forms that are distinguished based on the predominant symptoms. The causes are thought to involve a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors.
This document summarizes mood disorders including mania. It defines mania as a syndrome characterized by overactivity, mood change, and feelings of self-importance. Mood disorders are classified and specific types like bipolar disorder and depressive episodes are described. Factors that may contribute to mood disorders like genetics and biochemistry are discussed. The characteristics of different types of manic episodes such as hypomania, acute mania, and delusional mania are outlined. Nursing diagnoses and treatment options including pharmacotherapy and psychosocial interventions are also summarized.
Bipolar disorder is a cyclical mood disorder that results in pathological mood swings from mania to depression. It has been recognized and studied for hundreds of years. There is strong evidence that bipolar disorder has a genetic component, with family and twin studies showing increased risk among relatives of those diagnosed. While specific genetic variants have not been consistently identified, heritability is stronger for bipolar disorder than for unipolar depression. Proper diagnosis distinguishes between bipolar I and II, as well as related disorders like cyclothymia, based on the presence and duration of manic or hypomanic episodes.
Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality. Although schizophrenia is not as common as other mental disorders, the symptoms can be very disabling.
Acute and transient psychotic disordersKarrar Husain
This document discusses the historical development of terminology used for acute and transient psychotic disorders (ATP). It describes several disorders identified in different regions in the late 19th/early 20th centuries including bouffee delirante, cycloid psychosis, reactive psychosis, and schizophreniform disorder. WHO studies in the 1990s provided evidence supporting ATP as a distinct condition, though its relationship to schizophrenia and affective disorders remains unclear. ATP is more common in developing countries and has an acute onset, variable symptoms, and typically good prognosis.
Clinical features and Management of SchizophreniaDr Kaushik Nandy
This document provides an overview of the clinical features and management of schizophrenia. It discusses the history and evolution of definitions and diagnostic criteria from Emil Kraepelin's original description of dementia praecox to the current DSM-5 and ICD-10 classifications. Key points include Bleuler's 4 As and Schneider's first-rank symptoms, differences between DSM-5 and ICD-10 criteria, assessment approaches, treatment options including pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, factors influencing medication selection, definitions of treatment response, and evaluating non-response.
Mood disorders include major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, dysthymia, and cyclothymia. They are characterized by changes in mood that last for an extended period of time and impair functioning. The document discusses the history, definitions, types, epidemiology, and etiology of mood disorders. It covers biological factors like neurotransmitter disturbances, hormonal regulation, sleep, immunology, and brain imaging findings. Psychosocial factors like life events, personality, and psychodynamic theories are also reviewed.
Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder that causes difficulties distinguishing reality from fantasy, impaired thinking, emotional expression, social behavior, and normal functioning. It typically develops in late teens to early adulthood. Genetics and environmental factors both contribute to its development. Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, negative symptoms like lack of emotion, and cognitive symptoms like poor executive functioning. There is no medical test for diagnosis, which is based on psychiatric evaluation and presence of characteristic symptoms for a minimum duration.
This document summarizes mood disorders including mania. It defines mania as a syndrome characterized by overactivity, mood change, and feelings of self-importance. Mood disorders are classified and specific types like bipolar disorder and depressive episodes are described. Factors that may contribute to mood disorders like genetics and biochemistry are discussed. The characteristics of different types of manic episodes such as hypomania, acute mania, and delusional mania are outlined. Nursing diagnoses and treatment options including pharmacotherapy and psychosocial interventions are also summarized.
Bipolar disorder is a cyclical mood disorder that results in pathological mood swings from mania to depression. It has been recognized and studied for hundreds of years. There is strong evidence that bipolar disorder has a genetic component, with family and twin studies showing increased risk among relatives of those diagnosed. While specific genetic variants have not been consistently identified, heritability is stronger for bipolar disorder than for unipolar depression. Proper diagnosis distinguishes between bipolar I and II, as well as related disorders like cyclothymia, based on the presence and duration of manic or hypomanic episodes.
Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality. Although schizophrenia is not as common as other mental disorders, the symptoms can be very disabling.
Acute and transient psychotic disordersKarrar Husain
This document discusses the historical development of terminology used for acute and transient psychotic disorders (ATP). It describes several disorders identified in different regions in the late 19th/early 20th centuries including bouffee delirante, cycloid psychosis, reactive psychosis, and schizophreniform disorder. WHO studies in the 1990s provided evidence supporting ATP as a distinct condition, though its relationship to schizophrenia and affective disorders remains unclear. ATP is more common in developing countries and has an acute onset, variable symptoms, and typically good prognosis.
Clinical features and Management of SchizophreniaDr Kaushik Nandy
This document provides an overview of the clinical features and management of schizophrenia. It discusses the history and evolution of definitions and diagnostic criteria from Emil Kraepelin's original description of dementia praecox to the current DSM-5 and ICD-10 classifications. Key points include Bleuler's 4 As and Schneider's first-rank symptoms, differences between DSM-5 and ICD-10 criteria, assessment approaches, treatment options including pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, factors influencing medication selection, definitions of treatment response, and evaluating non-response.
Mood disorders include major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, dysthymia, and cyclothymia. They are characterized by changes in mood that last for an extended period of time and impair functioning. The document discusses the history, definitions, types, epidemiology, and etiology of mood disorders. It covers biological factors like neurotransmitter disturbances, hormonal regulation, sleep, immunology, and brain imaging findings. Psychosocial factors like life events, personality, and psychodynamic theories are also reviewed.
Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder that causes difficulties distinguishing reality from fantasy, impaired thinking, emotional expression, social behavior, and normal functioning. It typically develops in late teens to early adulthood. Genetics and environmental factors both contribute to its development. Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, negative symptoms like lack of emotion, and cognitive symptoms like poor executive functioning. There is no medical test for diagnosis, which is based on psychiatric evaluation and presence of characteristic symptoms for a minimum duration.
Bipolar disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. It is classified into Bipolar I and II based on the severity of manic episodes. The exact causes are unknown but genetic and biochemical factors are thought to play a role. Clinical features include changes in mood, energy, sleep patterns, and risk-taking behavior. Treatment involves mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and antidepressants to control symptoms and prevent future episodes. Prognosis depends on factors like comorbidities, stress levels, and medication compliance.
This document provides an overview of delusional disorder, including its definition, history, epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, types, clinical features, differential diagnosis, course, prognosis, and treatment. Delusional disorder involves non-bizarre delusions without hallucinations or other symptoms of schizophrenia. It has a prevalence of about 0.03% and typically onset in middle age. The cause is unknown but may involve biological and psychosocial factors. Treatment involves antipsychotic medication, psychotherapy, and sometimes hospitalization. Prognosis is generally stable but depends on factors like age of onset and delusional type.
Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness characterized by psychotic symptoms like delusions and hallucinations. It affects about 1% of the population worldwide. While there is no cure, treatment including medications, psychotherapy, and rehabilitation can effectively manage symptoms and prevent relapses. Simple schizophrenia is a rare subtype without psychotic episodes, instead characterized by a progressive decline in social and occupational functioning over at least a year due to negative symptoms.
The document summarizes a seminar on generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). It defines anxiety and anxiety disorders, and classifies GAD as a chronic condition characterized by excessive and persistent worry. The seminar discusses the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria, differences between normal worry and GAD, and treatments for GAD including psychotherapy and medications.
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its symptoms, types, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, imaging findings, treatment goals, and pharmacological management. Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic disorder characterized by disorganized thinking and perceptions. It has several clinical subtypes and is generally treated through a combination of antipsychotic medications and psychotherapy, with goals of minimizing symptoms and improving functioning. The exact causes are unknown but involve genetic and environmental factors impacting brain neurochemistry.
hebephrenic (disorganized) and post schizophrenic depressionSuparnaDasNaskar
This document discusses two types of schizophrenia: hebephrenic schizophrenia and post schizophrenic depression. Hebephrenic schizophrenia is characterized by disorganized thought, behavior, and speech with little emotion expression. It typically onset between ages 15-25 and has the worst prognosis. Post schizophrenic depression is a depressive episode that can occur after schizophrenia where some low-level positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms may remain present. It is associated with an increased suicide risk. Case studies are also presented to illustrate the clinical presentation of each condition.
The document discusses mood disorders including major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, and bipolar disorders. It provides diagnostic criteria for each disorder based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). Symptoms are described for major depressive episodes, manic episodes, and hypomanic episodes. A case presentation is also included describing symptoms consistent with bipolar I disorder.
BPAD- CURRENT EPISODE OF MANIA WITH PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS
The patient, a 26-year-old male, presented with decreased need for sleep, increased activity and talkativeness, irritability, and psychotic symptoms over the past 2 months. He was diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder with a current manic episode with psychotic features. He was treated with lithium, olanzapine, and other medications but showed limited improvement. His treatment was changed to include divalproex and clonazepam in addition to olanzapine, which led to 50% improvement in his symptoms over one week.
Schizophrenia is a group of severe brain disorders in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behaviour.
Contrary to some popular belief, schizophrenia is not split personality or multiple personality. The word “schizophrenia” does mean “split mind,” but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking (Mayo, 2013).
Schizophrenia is a chronic condition, requiring lifelong treatment.
This case presentation discusses a 50-year-old African American female patient admitted to the hospital for schizoaffective disorder, manic episode. The patient has a history of schizoaffective disorder and has been living in a nursing home. The goals of hospitalization are to decrease restlessness, irritability, worry, anxiety and increase self-control and medication compliance. Interventions include medication management with Lamictal and Invega, nursing care, social work support, and education. The presentation provides context on schizoaffective disorder, symptoms, course, and treatment goals for managing the manic episode.
Sertima (Sertraline Hydrochloride Tablets) is a serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) which is used to treat depression and conditions called obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, social phobia (social anxiety disorder) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD).
Mania is an abnormally elevated mood state characterized by inappropriate elation, irritability, insomnia, grandiose notions, increased speech and thoughts, and poor judgment. It is caused by biological and psychosocial factors and can be treated with mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, ECT, and psychotherapy. Nurses assess severity, monitor for injury/violence risks, address nutrition issues, and support social interaction for patients experiencing mania.
1. Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior.
2. It affects about 1% of the population and is one of the most challenging diseases for psychiatrists to treat.
3. The causes are unknown but likely involve a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Management involves antipsychotic medications along with psychosocial therapies.
SCHIZOPHRENIA:
slide 1: A long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation.
slide 14: Types:
• Paranoid-type schizophrenia is characterized by delusions and auditory hallucinations (hearing voices that don't exist) but relatively normal intellectual functioning and expression of emotions. People with paranoid-type schizophrenia can exhibit anger, aloofness, anxiety, and can be argumentative.
• Disorganized-type schizophrenia is characterized by speech and behavior that are disorganized or difficult to understand, and flattening or inappropriate emotions. People with disorganized-type schizophrenia may laugh inappropriately for no apparent reason, make illogical statements, or seem preoccupied with their own thoughts or perceptions. Their disorganized behavior may disrupt normal activities, such as showering, dressing, and preparing meals.
• Undifferentiated-type schizophrenia is characterized by some symptoms seen in all of the above types, but not enough of any one of them to define it as another particular type of schizophrenia.
• Residual-type schizophrenia is characterized by a past history of at least one episode of schizophrenia, but the person currently has no "positive" symptoms (such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or behavior). It may represent a transition between a full-blown episode and complete remission, or it may continue for years without any further psychotic episodes.
Catatonic Schizophrenia
This type of schizophrenia includes extremes of behavior, including:
Catatonic excitement - overexcitement or hyperactivity, in which the patient may mimic sounds (echolalia) or movements (achopraxia) around them.
Catatonic stupor - a dramatic reduction in activity in which the patient cannot speak, move or respond. Virtually all movements stops.
Conclusion
It is clear now, through the use of genetic linkage studies and microbiology, that schizophrenia does indeed have a biological explanation. However, the biological explanation is only part of the story. A yet unknown combination of intense stress, sociocultural situations, and cognitive processes may lead to the actual onset of schizophrenia aided by natural precursors. The most compelling explanation seems to be that a genetically inherited biological abnormality gives rise to hallucinations/delusions as a result of intense stress and eventually leads to other negative symptoms in reaction to the hallucinations/ delusions. At any rate, the current understanding of schizophrenia explains that the symptoms, however easily identifiable, are the result of a complex interaction between nature and nurture that can be treated adequately through the use of atypical anti psychotic drugs and psychotherapy.
The document defines psychosis as a loss of contact with reality and discusses its causes, types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing management. Psychosis can be caused by genetic and medical factors as well as substance use and can involve hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorders. Diagnosis involves medical testing and evaluations to determine if underlying medical or substance conditions are present. Treatment includes antipsychotic medications, therapy, and rehabilitation services. Nursing care focuses on safety, communication, maintaining health, and addressing low self-esteem.
Schizoaffective disorder is a chronic mental health condition characterized by symptoms of both schizophrenia and mood disorders like mania or depression. It affects a person's thoughts, emotions, and potentially their actions. It is considered a disorder of both the mind and emotions. Schizoaffective disorder can be of the bipolar, depressive, or mixed type depending on the symptoms present. Treatment involves medications like antipsychotics and mood stabilizers as well as psychotherapy and life skills training. Nursing care focuses on ensuring safety, promoting functioning, and supporting treatment compliance.
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, classification, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Some key points are:
- Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech/behavior, and impaired cognitive ability.
- It affects over 21 million people worldwide, with about 1.1% of the US population affected. Onset is typically earlier in males.
- Etiology includes genetic, viral, immune, and birth complications. Family history increases risk.
- Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, as well as negative symptoms impacting emotion and cognition.
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of various professionals that constitute a multidisciplinary mental health care team. The core mental health disciplines include psychiatry, psychiatric nursing, clinical psychology, and psychiatric social work. Effective teamwork requires coordinated input from each member to holistically assess, diagnose, treat and rehabilitate patients. The psychiatrist leads the team and is responsible for diagnosis and treatment, while other professionals like nurses, psychologists and social workers provide additional therapeutic, evaluative and rehabilitative services. Together the multidisciplinary team aims to provide optimal care to patients and support their recovery.
Delusional disorders and acute & transient psychosis are types of non-organic psychosis. Delusional disorders involve long-standing non-bizarre delusions for at least 3 months in disorders like somatic, persecutory, grandiose, jealous, and erotomanic types. Acute & transient psychotic disorders have an abrupt onset of symptoms within 2 weeks, and include disorders with polymorphic symptoms, schizophrenia-like symptoms, or predominantly delusional features. Both conditions are treated primarily with antipsychotics and psychotherapy, with good prognosis in many cases of acute & transient psychosis but a chronic course in some delusional disorders.
1. Schizophrenia is a disorder that affects thoughts, feelings and behaviors. It is diagnosed based on symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations that have persisted for at least one month.
2. The causes are unknown but involve both genetic and environmental factors. It often has a devastating social and emotional impact on patients.
3. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications. First generation medications include chlorpromazine and haloperidol. Second generation options include risperidone, clozapine, olanzapine and quetiapine.
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric illness characterized by distortions in thought, behavior, and perception. It occurs in about 1% of the population worldwide and typically emerges between ages 16-25. Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, negative symptoms such as blunted emotions and anhedonia, and cognitive symptoms involving problems with attention, memory, and decision-making. While the exact causes are unknown, genetics and abnormalities in neurotransmitter function, especially dopamine, are thought to play a role. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications, which are categorized as typical or atypical depending on their side effect profiles and efficacy against various symptom domains.
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. It is defined by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and negative symptoms. The disorder has been recognized since the late 19th century and was termed "dementia praecox" and later "schizophrenia". It affects about 1% of the population and has varying levels of severity and outcomes depending on factors like symptom type, treatment adherence and social support. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications and psychosocial therapies.
Bipolar disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. It is classified into Bipolar I and II based on the severity of manic episodes. The exact causes are unknown but genetic and biochemical factors are thought to play a role. Clinical features include changes in mood, energy, sleep patterns, and risk-taking behavior. Treatment involves mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and antidepressants to control symptoms and prevent future episodes. Prognosis depends on factors like comorbidities, stress levels, and medication compliance.
This document provides an overview of delusional disorder, including its definition, history, epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, types, clinical features, differential diagnosis, course, prognosis, and treatment. Delusional disorder involves non-bizarre delusions without hallucinations or other symptoms of schizophrenia. It has a prevalence of about 0.03% and typically onset in middle age. The cause is unknown but may involve biological and psychosocial factors. Treatment involves antipsychotic medication, psychotherapy, and sometimes hospitalization. Prognosis is generally stable but depends on factors like age of onset and delusional type.
Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness characterized by psychotic symptoms like delusions and hallucinations. It affects about 1% of the population worldwide. While there is no cure, treatment including medications, psychotherapy, and rehabilitation can effectively manage symptoms and prevent relapses. Simple schizophrenia is a rare subtype without psychotic episodes, instead characterized by a progressive decline in social and occupational functioning over at least a year due to negative symptoms.
The document summarizes a seminar on generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). It defines anxiety and anxiety disorders, and classifies GAD as a chronic condition characterized by excessive and persistent worry. The seminar discusses the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria, differences between normal worry and GAD, and treatments for GAD including psychotherapy and medications.
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its symptoms, types, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, imaging findings, treatment goals, and pharmacological management. Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic disorder characterized by disorganized thinking and perceptions. It has several clinical subtypes and is generally treated through a combination of antipsychotic medications and psychotherapy, with goals of minimizing symptoms and improving functioning. The exact causes are unknown but involve genetic and environmental factors impacting brain neurochemistry.
hebephrenic (disorganized) and post schizophrenic depressionSuparnaDasNaskar
This document discusses two types of schizophrenia: hebephrenic schizophrenia and post schizophrenic depression. Hebephrenic schizophrenia is characterized by disorganized thought, behavior, and speech with little emotion expression. It typically onset between ages 15-25 and has the worst prognosis. Post schizophrenic depression is a depressive episode that can occur after schizophrenia where some low-level positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms may remain present. It is associated with an increased suicide risk. Case studies are also presented to illustrate the clinical presentation of each condition.
The document discusses mood disorders including major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, and bipolar disorders. It provides diagnostic criteria for each disorder based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). Symptoms are described for major depressive episodes, manic episodes, and hypomanic episodes. A case presentation is also included describing symptoms consistent with bipolar I disorder.
BPAD- CURRENT EPISODE OF MANIA WITH PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS
The patient, a 26-year-old male, presented with decreased need for sleep, increased activity and talkativeness, irritability, and psychotic symptoms over the past 2 months. He was diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder with a current manic episode with psychotic features. He was treated with lithium, olanzapine, and other medications but showed limited improvement. His treatment was changed to include divalproex and clonazepam in addition to olanzapine, which led to 50% improvement in his symptoms over one week.
Schizophrenia is a group of severe brain disorders in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behaviour.
Contrary to some popular belief, schizophrenia is not split personality or multiple personality. The word “schizophrenia” does mean “split mind,” but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking (Mayo, 2013).
Schizophrenia is a chronic condition, requiring lifelong treatment.
This case presentation discusses a 50-year-old African American female patient admitted to the hospital for schizoaffective disorder, manic episode. The patient has a history of schizoaffective disorder and has been living in a nursing home. The goals of hospitalization are to decrease restlessness, irritability, worry, anxiety and increase self-control and medication compliance. Interventions include medication management with Lamictal and Invega, nursing care, social work support, and education. The presentation provides context on schizoaffective disorder, symptoms, course, and treatment goals for managing the manic episode.
Sertima (Sertraline Hydrochloride Tablets) is a serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) which is used to treat depression and conditions called obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, social phobia (social anxiety disorder) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD).
Mania is an abnormally elevated mood state characterized by inappropriate elation, irritability, insomnia, grandiose notions, increased speech and thoughts, and poor judgment. It is caused by biological and psychosocial factors and can be treated with mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, ECT, and psychotherapy. Nurses assess severity, monitor for injury/violence risks, address nutrition issues, and support social interaction for patients experiencing mania.
1. Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior.
2. It affects about 1% of the population and is one of the most challenging diseases for psychiatrists to treat.
3. The causes are unknown but likely involve a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Management involves antipsychotic medications along with psychosocial therapies.
SCHIZOPHRENIA:
slide 1: A long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation.
slide 14: Types:
• Paranoid-type schizophrenia is characterized by delusions and auditory hallucinations (hearing voices that don't exist) but relatively normal intellectual functioning and expression of emotions. People with paranoid-type schizophrenia can exhibit anger, aloofness, anxiety, and can be argumentative.
• Disorganized-type schizophrenia is characterized by speech and behavior that are disorganized or difficult to understand, and flattening or inappropriate emotions. People with disorganized-type schizophrenia may laugh inappropriately for no apparent reason, make illogical statements, or seem preoccupied with their own thoughts or perceptions. Their disorganized behavior may disrupt normal activities, such as showering, dressing, and preparing meals.
• Undifferentiated-type schizophrenia is characterized by some symptoms seen in all of the above types, but not enough of any one of them to define it as another particular type of schizophrenia.
• Residual-type schizophrenia is characterized by a past history of at least one episode of schizophrenia, but the person currently has no "positive" symptoms (such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or behavior). It may represent a transition between a full-blown episode and complete remission, or it may continue for years without any further psychotic episodes.
Catatonic Schizophrenia
This type of schizophrenia includes extremes of behavior, including:
Catatonic excitement - overexcitement or hyperactivity, in which the patient may mimic sounds (echolalia) or movements (achopraxia) around them.
Catatonic stupor - a dramatic reduction in activity in which the patient cannot speak, move or respond. Virtually all movements stops.
Conclusion
It is clear now, through the use of genetic linkage studies and microbiology, that schizophrenia does indeed have a biological explanation. However, the biological explanation is only part of the story. A yet unknown combination of intense stress, sociocultural situations, and cognitive processes may lead to the actual onset of schizophrenia aided by natural precursors. The most compelling explanation seems to be that a genetically inherited biological abnormality gives rise to hallucinations/delusions as a result of intense stress and eventually leads to other negative symptoms in reaction to the hallucinations/ delusions. At any rate, the current understanding of schizophrenia explains that the symptoms, however easily identifiable, are the result of a complex interaction between nature and nurture that can be treated adequately through the use of atypical anti psychotic drugs and psychotherapy.
The document defines psychosis as a loss of contact with reality and discusses its causes, types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing management. Psychosis can be caused by genetic and medical factors as well as substance use and can involve hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorders. Diagnosis involves medical testing and evaluations to determine if underlying medical or substance conditions are present. Treatment includes antipsychotic medications, therapy, and rehabilitation services. Nursing care focuses on safety, communication, maintaining health, and addressing low self-esteem.
Schizoaffective disorder is a chronic mental health condition characterized by symptoms of both schizophrenia and mood disorders like mania or depression. It affects a person's thoughts, emotions, and potentially their actions. It is considered a disorder of both the mind and emotions. Schizoaffective disorder can be of the bipolar, depressive, or mixed type depending on the symptoms present. Treatment involves medications like antipsychotics and mood stabilizers as well as psychotherapy and life skills training. Nursing care focuses on ensuring safety, promoting functioning, and supporting treatment compliance.
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, classification, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Some key points are:
- Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech/behavior, and impaired cognitive ability.
- It affects over 21 million people worldwide, with about 1.1% of the US population affected. Onset is typically earlier in males.
- Etiology includes genetic, viral, immune, and birth complications. Family history increases risk.
- Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, as well as negative symptoms impacting emotion and cognition.
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of various professionals that constitute a multidisciplinary mental health care team. The core mental health disciplines include psychiatry, psychiatric nursing, clinical psychology, and psychiatric social work. Effective teamwork requires coordinated input from each member to holistically assess, diagnose, treat and rehabilitate patients. The psychiatrist leads the team and is responsible for diagnosis and treatment, while other professionals like nurses, psychologists and social workers provide additional therapeutic, evaluative and rehabilitative services. Together the multidisciplinary team aims to provide optimal care to patients and support their recovery.
Delusional disorders and acute & transient psychosis are types of non-organic psychosis. Delusional disorders involve long-standing non-bizarre delusions for at least 3 months in disorders like somatic, persecutory, grandiose, jealous, and erotomanic types. Acute & transient psychotic disorders have an abrupt onset of symptoms within 2 weeks, and include disorders with polymorphic symptoms, schizophrenia-like symptoms, or predominantly delusional features. Both conditions are treated primarily with antipsychotics and psychotherapy, with good prognosis in many cases of acute & transient psychosis but a chronic course in some delusional disorders.
1. Schizophrenia is a disorder that affects thoughts, feelings and behaviors. It is diagnosed based on symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations that have persisted for at least one month.
2. The causes are unknown but involve both genetic and environmental factors. It often has a devastating social and emotional impact on patients.
3. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications. First generation medications include chlorpromazine and haloperidol. Second generation options include risperidone, clozapine, olanzapine and quetiapine.
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric illness characterized by distortions in thought, behavior, and perception. It occurs in about 1% of the population worldwide and typically emerges between ages 16-25. Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, negative symptoms such as blunted emotions and anhedonia, and cognitive symptoms involving problems with attention, memory, and decision-making. While the exact causes are unknown, genetics and abnormalities in neurotransmitter function, especially dopamine, are thought to play a role. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications, which are categorized as typical or atypical depending on their side effect profiles and efficacy against various symptom domains.
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. It is defined by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and negative symptoms. The disorder has been recognized since the late 19th century and was termed "dementia praecox" and later "schizophrenia". It affects about 1% of the population and has varying levels of severity and outcomes depending on factors like symptom type, treatment adherence and social support. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications and psychosocial therapies.
This document outlines guidelines for psychiatric management according to the APA. It discusses assessing symptoms and establishing a diagnosis, formulating and implementing a treatment plan, developing therapeutic alliance and promoting treatment adherence, providing patient and family education and therapies, treating comorbid conditions, attending to social circumstances and functioning, integrating treatments from multiple clinicians, and carefully documenting treatment. It then provides more detailed guidance on specific aspects of establishing a diagnosis, developing a treatment plan, promoting adherence, educating patients and families, and monitoring health during treatment.
Schizophrenia is a devastating psychotic disorder characterized by positive symptoms like delusions and hallucinations as well as negative symptoms that impact social and occupational functioning. It typically emerges in late adolescence/early adulthood and follows a chronic course with different phases. Treatment involves antipsychotic medication and psychosocial interventions to manage symptoms and maximize functioning.
This document is a fictional account of schizophrenia written for a high school psychology class. It provides information about the symptoms and experiences of living with schizophrenia, including hearing voices, difficulty trusting others and functioning socially. It discusses the history and causes of schizophrenia, how it typically develops in late adolescence/early adulthood, and treatments like medications that can help manage symptoms in many cases. The document aims to provide insight into what it's like to live with schizophrenia from the perspective of someone experiencing it.
Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophreniaJP Rajendran
The document reviews literature on the relationship between childhood trauma and psychosis/schizophrenia. It finds high rates of childhood abuse reported among patients diagnosed with severe mental illnesses, especially females. Certain symptoms like hallucinations are more common among those with abuse histories. Theoretical models propose mechanisms like faulty information processing, dissociation, and neurobiological impacts of trauma that could explain the link between early adversity and psychotic experiences. Clinical implications include improving assessment of trauma histories and early intervention for vulnerable individuals.
This is a project for a high school AP Psychology course. This is a fictionalized account of having a psychological ailment. For questions about this blog project or its content please email the teacher Chris Jocham: jocham@fultonschools.org
role of first rank symptoms in diagnosis of psychiatric disordersPraveen Md
The document discusses the history and conceptualization of first-rank symptoms (FRS) in schizophrenia. It describes how Kraepelin, Bleuler, and Schneider contributed to defining and categorizing FRS. Key points:
- Schneider identified 11 FRS including auditory hallucinations and thought disorders that he believed distinguished schizophrenia from other psychoses.
- Studies have found FRS occur in other disorders like bipolar disorder and dissociative disorders, though they are more frequent and severe in schizophrenia.
- While FRS were once considered pathognomonic of schizophrenia, most research now finds they are not exclusive to or predictive of outcomes in schizophrenia. Their diagnostic specificity has been questioned.
This document discusses the treatment of schizophrenia. It describes schizophrenia as a mental disorder characterized by disintegrated thought processes and emotions. It states that treatment depends on symptom severity and can include biological, psychodynamic, learning-based, psychosocial, and family interventions. Family counseling is emphasized to help patients and families understand the disease and different treatment options. Biological treatment primarily uses antipsychotic drugs, though some patients require newer medications.
1) A study of mortality rates in patients with schizophrenia in Sweden found rates were 2-3 times higher than the general population, with suicide rates being particularly elevated.
2) Recovery from schizophrenia is possible for many patients with appropriate treatment, though a meta-analysis found only 13.5% of patients met strict recovery criteria.
3) Guidelines provide no clear consensus on the optimal duration of antipsychotic treatment for multi-episode schizophrenia. Long-term treatment aims to reduce relapse rates but risks include brain tissue reduction.
This document discusses functionalism in linguistics. It defines functionalism as a reaction against earlier structuralist theories that focused only on synchronic language and did not attempt to explain linguistic phenomena. Functionalism reintroduced the study of diachronic language change and how it relates to language function and use. The document outlines some of the key principles of functionalism, including its focus on language change over time and patterns across languages. It also addresses some common misconceptions about functionalism and argues that it will be aided by new large language corpora.
Schizophrenia is a multifactorial disorder with biological and environmental causes. It is associated with abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex and enlarged ventricles. Symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. Genetic factors play a prominent role in risk for developing schizophrenia. While there is no cure, treatment aims to control symptoms and reduce risk of relapse using antipsychotic medication alongside psychological and social support. An integrated approach is needed to help those with schizophrenia reach maximal social adjustment.
Schizophrenia has been conceptualized through biological, psychological, and social models. The biological model emphasizes genetic and neurobiological factors, such as abnormalities in dopamine, glutamate, and other neurotransmitter systems as well as structural brain changes. The psychological model focuses on personality and cognitive factors like theory of mind impairments that may contribute to symptoms. The social model examines environmental influences like family dynamics, life stressors, and psychosocial determinants of the disorder. Current hypotheses propose schizophrenia arises from complex gene-environment interactions impacting neurodevelopment and brain connectivity that increase vulnerability to stress.
This powerpoint is suitable for unit 4 AQA psychology revision. It should only be used for revision and not to learn the topic as it does not include everything.
Schizophrenia is a group of biological disorders that produce impairments in thinking, learning, and relationships. It affects around 1% of the population and often begins in late adolescence or early adulthood. While there is no known cure, treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Biological factors like genetics and brain abnormalities are involved in schizophrenia, as are psychological and social factors. Medications are effective in reducing positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, while psychosocial therapies also play an important role in treatment and recovery.
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, emotions, and perception of reality. It includes positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions as well as negative symptoms involving loss of interests and emotional expression. The disorder typically develops in early adulthood and can take several forms including paranoid, disorganized, and catatonic types that are distinguished by their particular symptoms.
This document provides an outline and information for a case presentation on schizophrenia (F20). It includes an introduction to schizophrenia and statistics on the disorder. Demographic information is provided for the client, S.X., including her referral from another hospital. The chief complaint and past psychiatric history indicate positive symptoms like suspiciousness and disorganized behavior emerging at age 20. Previous unsuccessful treatments including quetiapine and benztropine are noted. Theoretical perspectives on schizophrenia and descriptions of positive and negative symptoms are also summarized.
This document provides information on the management of schizophrenia. It defines schizophrenia and its symptoms. It discusses the phases of treatment including acute, stabilization, and maintenance phases. It covers diagnostic evaluation, pharmacological treatment including antipsychotic medication selection and dosing, and non-pharmacological treatment. It also addresses management of agitation, treatment of relapse, and prevention of recurrence. The goal of treatment is to control symptoms, reduce risk of relapse, and help patients improve functioning.
Presentation of schizophrenia as in a simple waySuresh Prajapati
Schizophrenia is a type of psychosis characterized by disturbances in thinking, perception, affect, and behavior. It has been studied and defined by researchers like Kraepelin, Bleuler, and Schneider. Bleuler identified four fundamental symptoms - affective blunting, loosening of associations, autism, and ambivalence. Schizophrenia has several phases and is influenced by biological, psychological, and environmental factors. It is diagnosed based on the presence of symptoms from different groups for over one month. Treatment involves pharmacological therapy with antipsychotics, electroconvulsive therapy in rare cases, and psychosocial interventions like psychoeducation, psychotherapy, and rehabilitation.
This document discusses schizophrenia, including its symptoms, diagnosis, subtypes, course, and etiology. Some key points:
- Schizophrenia is characterized by distortions in thinking/perception and inappropriate/blunted affects. It occurs in 1% of the population and typically begins between ages 16-25.
- Diagnosis requires symptoms for at least 6 months and deterioration in relationships/functioning. Subtypes include paranoid, hebephrenic, catatonic, and undifferentiated.
- Etiology is multifactorial involving genetic, biological, environmental factors. The dopamine hypothesis proposes psychotic symptoms relate to dopaminergic hyperactivity in the brain.
Will talk about the severe psychological disorders-- The familiar name for all might be -"Schizophrenia" - it is not just one category but has multiple categories combined under -"Schizophrenia spectrum"
My forensic psychiatric research done in Indian jails shows most convicts under murder cases belong to schizophrenia spectrum (98% schizophrenia and 2% paranoid & schizoid personality disorders), and most have murdered their spouses, family members, friends or colleagues and surrendered themselves on the spot.
This presentation on the "Schizophrenia spectrum" has been particularly shared with you all to extend my message to help these affected people at the right time and maintaining their condition to prevent them from committing such crimes as there is no proper mental health care--Clinical, Legal or authoritative help available for convicts suffering from mental disorder.
The document provides information about schizophrenia, including its definition, symptoms, diagnosis, course, treatment, and etiology. Some key points:
- Schizophrenia is defined by positive and negative symptoms that last at least 6 months and cause deterioration in functioning.
- It affects about 1% of the population and typically emerges in late adolescence/early adulthood.
- Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior, emotional blunting, and lack of motivation.
- Treatment involves antipsychotic medication and psychosocial support like therapy. The exact causes are unknown but are thought to involve genetic and environmental factors impacting brain development.
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. It defines the disorders included in the schizophrenia spectrum and their key features, such as delusions and hallucinations. It also discusses the potential biological, genetic, and environmental causes of schizophrenia. The course of schizophrenia typically involves prodromal, active, and residual phases. Treatment approaches include milieu therapy, token economies, antipsychotic medications, psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and family therapy.
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, and behavior. It affects approximately 1% of the population and typically emerges between ages 16-25. The disorder is defined by a combination of positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions as well as negative symptoms involving deterioration of social and occupational functioning over a period of 6 months or more. While the causes are not fully known, genetics and environmental factors are thought to play a role in schizophrenia.
The document discusses schizophrenia, defining it as a mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, and emotional expression. It outlines the key symptoms of schizophrenia, including positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, and negative symptoms like reduced speech and emotional expression. The document also covers the history of schizophrenia, diagnostic criteria, course of illness, subtypes, and diagnostic classifications.
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, as well as negative symptoms that impact emotional expression and behavior. It affects about 1% of the population and has no known cause but genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role. There are different subtypes of schizophrenia based on symptoms, and it is diagnosed through a clinical examination and history. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications as well as therapies to manage symptoms and promote functioning. Nurses play an important role in caring for those with schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. It is diagnosed based on signs of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and other symptoms. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications along with psychosocial therapies like family therapy, social skills training and milieu therapy. Nursing care focuses on ensuring safety, administering medications properly, and supporting recovery through acceptance, trust-building and encouraging social functioning.
Schizophrenia and other Psychotic disorders.pptxGokulnathMbbs
Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that causes disturbances in thinking, feelings and behavior. It affects how a person perceives or expresses reality. Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech and thinking. It has no known single cause but is thought to involve genetic and environmental factors. Types include paranoid, disorganized and catatonic schizophrenia. Complications can include depression, anxiety, suicide and substance abuse.
This document provides information on schizophrenia and delusional disorders. It describes the symptoms and classification of schizophrenia, including positive and negative symptoms. It notes the prevalence of schizophrenia peaks from ages 15-25 for males and 25-33 for females. For delusional disorders, it identifies the predominant symptom as delusions and notes their estimated prevalence in the United States is 0.025-0.03%. Treatment for both includes hospitalization, antipsychotic medications, psychotherapy and family therapy.
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its symptoms, diagnosis, subtypes, and biological and environmental factors. Schizophrenia is characterized by disturbances in thinking, perception, emotions and behavior. It affects about 1% of the population and complete recovery is rare. Symptoms include positive symptoms like delusions and hallucinations, negative symptoms like reduced emotional expression, and disorganized symptoms like disorganized speech. Schizophrenia has genetic and neurological factors and is influenced by life stressors.
The document discusses schizophrenia, a type of psychosis characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. It defines schizophrenia and describes its subtypes according to the ICD-10 classification system. The causes are thought to involve genetic and environmental factors. Signs and symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions as well as negative symptoms such as reduced emotional expression. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, and treatment includes antipsychotic medication, psychotherapy and social/vocational support.
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. It describes key symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior. It discusses diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and related disorders like brief psychotic disorder and schizophreniform disorder. It also covers prevalence, development and course, risk factors, cultural considerations, gender differences, and high suicide risk associated with these conditions.
Schizophrenia is a psychological disorder characterized by an inability to distinguish between reality and fantasy. It causes difficulties thinking logically and having normal emotional responses. Common symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. While the exact causes are unknown, genetics and environmental factors like prenatal viral infections may play a role. Treatments include antipsychotic medications and therapy, which can help manage symptoms.
A short slide share on the topic schizophrenia, a mental health condition Its discusses the types oy schizophrenia, sign and symptoms, causes and treatment with management .
The document discusses various diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia from different sources such as the DSM-III, ICD-9, and researchers like Schneider, Langfeldt, and Taylor. It outlines the essential features and symptom criteria included in each diagnostic approach. The DSM-III focuses on delusions, hallucinations, and thought disorders. ICD-9 lists four basic types but comments on diagnosing simple schizophrenia sparingly. Various signs and symptoms are also described, including loose associations, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, disturbances in thinking, delusions, and emotional changes.
This document summarizes schizophrenia, including its etiology, pathogenesis, clinical pictures and types. It discusses potential genetic and environmental predisposing factors. Four main types of schizophrenia are described: paranoid, hebephrenic, catatonic, and simple. Treatment options mentioned include antipsychotic medications, electroconvulsive therapy, psychotherapy, and social/vocational rehabilitation programs.
Here is a nursing care plan for a schizophrenic patient:
Nursing Diagnosis: Disturbed thought processes related to hallucinations and delusions
Goals:
- Patient will demonstrate logical and reality-based thinking
- Reduce symptoms of psychosis
Interventions:
- Reorient patient frequently to time, place and situation
- Engage in therapeutic communication to assess thought processes
- Monitor for paranoid or dangerous thoughts and report immediately
- Encourage patient to verbalize thoughts and feelings to increase insight
- Provide distraction from auditory or visual hallucinations
Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for self-harm related to command hallucinations
Goals:
- Patient will remain
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
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Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
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Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
2. Definition
• The schizophrenic disorders are characterized in general by
fundamental and characteristic distortions of thinking and
perception, and affects that are inappropriate or blunted.
• Clear consciousness and intellectual capacity are usually
maintained although certain cognitive deficits may evolve in
the course of time.
• The most important psychopathological phenomena include
– thought or withdrawal syndrome; especially new mother after
childbirth
– thought of suicidal attempt
– delusional perception and delusions of control
– influence or passivity
– hallucinatory voices commenting or discussing the patient in the third
person
– thought disorders and negative symptoms.
3. Schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia occurs with regular frequency
nearly everywhere in the world in 1 % of
population and begins mainly in young age
(mostly around 16 to 25 years).
• Schizophrenia is defined by
– a group of characteristic positive and negative
symptoms
– deterioration in social, occupational, or interpersonal
relationships
– continuous signs of the disturbance for at least 6
months
4. History
• Emil Kraepelin: This illness develops relatively early in
life, and its course is likely deteriorating and chronic;
deterioration reminded dementia (―Dementia praecox‖),
but was not followed by any organic changes of the brain,
detectable at that time.
• Eugen Bleuler: He renamed Kraepelin’s dementia
praecox as schizophrenia (1911); he recognized the
cognitive impairment in this illness, which he named as a
―splitting‖ of mind.
• Kurt Schneider: He emphasized the role of psychotic
symptoms, as hallucinations, delusions and gave them the
privilege of ―the first rank symptoms‖ even in the concept
of the diagnosis of schizophrenia.
5. Eugen Bleuler
•
Bleuler maintained, that for the diagnosis of schizophrenia
are most important the following four fundamental
symptoms:
–
–
–
–
•
•
•
affective blunting
disturbance of association (fragmented thinking)
autism
ambivalence (fragmented emotional response)
These groups of symptoms, are called „four A’ s‖ and
Bleuler thought, that they are ―primary‖ for this diagnosis.
The other known symptoms, hallucinations, delusions,
which are appearing in schizophrenia very often also, he
used to call as a ―secondary symptoms‖
Secondary symptoms which are caused by quite different
factors — example: intoxication to
6. Course of Illness
• Course of schizophrenia:
– continuous without temporary improvement
– episodic with progressive or stable deficit
– episodic with complete or incomplete remission
• Typical stages of schizophrenia:
– prodromal phase
– active phase
– residual phase
7. DSM-IV
• Diagnostic manuals:
– lCD-10 International Classification of Disease
– DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
• schizophrenia is according to lCD-10, defined from the
point of view of the presence and expression of primary
and/or secondary symptoms (at present covered by the
terms negative and positive symptoms):
– the negative symptoms are represented by cognitive disorders,
having its origin probably in the disorders of associations of
thoughts, combined with emotional blunting and small or missing
production of hallucinations and delusions
– the positive symptom are characterized by the presence of
hallucinations and delusions
– the division is not quite strict and lesser or greater mixture of
symptoms from these two groups are possible
8. Positive and Negative Symptoms
Negative
Alogia (abnormal speech)
Lack of interest in life
Poor in making decisions
Languages impairment
Positive
Hallucinations
Delusions
Bizarre behavior
Unusual thoughts
Social isolation
Disorder of movement
10. The Criteria of Diagnosis
For the diagnosis of schizophrenia is necessary
• presence of one very clear symptom - from point a) to d)
• or the presence of the symptoms from at least two groups - from point
e) to h)
for one month or more:
a) the hearing of own thoughts, the feelings of thought withdrawal,
thought insertion, or thought broadcasting
b) the delusions of control, outside manipulation and influence, or the
feelings of passivity, which are connected with the movements of the
body or extremities, specific thoughts, acting or feelings, delusional
perception
c) hallucinated voices, which are commenting permanently the behavior
of the patient or they talk about him between themselves, or the other
types of hallucinatory voices, coming from different parts of body
d) permanent delusions of different kind, which are inappropriate and
unacceptable in given culture
11. The Criteria of Diagnosis
e) the lasting hallucination of every form
f) blocks or intrusion of thoughts into the flow of thinking and resulting
incoherence and irrelevance of speech, or neologisms
g) catatonic behavior
h) „the negative symptoms‖, for instance the expressed apathy, poor
speech, blunting and inappropriateness of emotional reactions
i) expressed and conspicuous qualitative changes in patient’s
behavior, the loss of interests, hobbies, aimlessness, inactivity, the
loss of relations to others and social withdrawal
•
•
Diagnosis of acute schizophorm disorder – if the conditions for
diagnosis of schizophrenia are fulfilled, but lasting less than one
month
Diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder - if the schizophrenic and
affective symptoms are developing together at the same time
12. Paranoid Schizophrenia
• Paranoid schizophrenia is characterized mainly
by delusions of persecution, feelings of passive
or active control, feelings of intrusion, and often
by megalomanic tendencies also. The delusions
are not usually systemized too much, without
tight logical connections and are often combined
with hallucinations of different senses, mostly
with hearing voices.
• Disturbances of affect, volition and speech, and
catatonic symptoms, are either absent or
relatively inconspicuous.
13. Hebephrenic Schizophrenia
• Hebephrenic schizophrenia is characterized by
disorganized thinking with blunted and inappropriate
emotions. It begins mostly in adolescent age, the behavior
is often bizarre. There could appear mannerisms,
grimacing, inappropriate laugh and joking,
pseudophilosophical brooding and sudden impulsive
reactions without external stimulation. There is a tendency
to social isolation.
• Usually the prognosis is poor because of the rapid
development of "negative" symptoms, particularly flattening
of affect and loss of volition. Hebephrenia should normally
be diagnosed only in adolescents or young adults.
• Denoted also as disorganized schizophrenia
14. Catatonic Schizophrenia
• Catatonic schizophrenia is characterized mainly
by motoric activity, which might be strongly
increased (hypekinesis) or decreased (stupor), or
automatic obedience and negativism.
• We recognize two forms:
– productive form — which shows catatonic excitement,
extreme and often aggressive activity. Treatment by
neuroleptics or by electroconvulsive therapy.
– stuporose form — characterized by general inhibition of
patient’s behavior or at least by retardation and
slowness, followed often by mutism, negativism,
fexibilitas cerea or by stupor. The consciousness is not
absent.
15. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
• Psychotic conditions meeting the general
diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia but not
conforming to any of the subtypes in F20.0F20.2, or exhibiting the features of more than
one of them without a clear predominance of a
particular set of diagnostic characteristics.
• This subgroup represents also the former
diagnosis of atypical schizophrenia.
16. Post schizophrenic Depression
• A depressive episode, which may be prolonged,
arising in the aftermath of a schizophrenic
illness. Some schizophrenic symptoms, either
„positive― or „negative―, must still be present but
they no longer dominate the clinical picture.
• These depressive states are associated with an
increased risk of suicide.
17. Residual Schizophrenia
• A chronic stage in the development of
schizophrenia with clear succession from the
initial stage with one or more episodes
characterized by general criteria of
schizophrenia to the late stage with long-lasting
negative symptoms and deterioration (not
necessarily irreversible).
18. Simple Schizophrenia
• Simple schizophrenia is characterized by early
and slowly developing initial stage with growing
social isolation, withdrawal, small activity,
passivity, avolition and dependence on the
others.
• The patients are indifferent, without any initiative
and volition. There is not expressed the
presence of hallucinations and delusions.
19. Delusional Disorder
• A disorder characterized by the development of
one delusion or of the group of similar related
delusions, which are persisting unusually long,
very often for the whole life.
• Other psychopathological symptoms —
hallucinations, intrusion of thoughts etc. are not
present and are excluding this diagnosis.
• It begins usually in the middle age.
20. Acute and Transient Psychotic
Disorders
• The criteria should be the following features:
– acute beginning (to two weeks)
– presence of typical symptoms (quickly changing
―symptoms‖)
– presence of typical schizophrenic symptoms.
• Complete recovery usually occurs within a few
months, often within a few weeks or even days.
• Usually happens to Bipolar patients.
• The disorder may or may not be associated with
acute stress, defined as usually stressful events
preceding the onset by one to two weeks.
21. Induced Delusional Disorder
• A delusional disorder shared by two or more
people with close emotional links. Only one of
the people suffers from a genuine psychotic
disorder; the delusions are induced in the other
and usually disappear when the people are
separated.
• The psychotic disorder of the dominant member
of this dyad is mainly, but not necessarily, of
schizophrenic type. The original delusions of
dominant member and his partner are usually
chronic, either persecutory or megalomanic.
22. Genetics of Schizophrenia
• Many psychiatric disorders are multifactorial
(caused by the interaction of external and
genetic factors) and from the genetic point of
view.
• Relative risk for schizophrenia is around:
–
–
–
–
–
1% for normal population
5.6% for parents
10.1% for siblings
12.8% for children
50% in twins(especially identical@monozygotic
twins.)
23. Etiology of Schizophrenia
• The etiology(causes) and pathogenesis of
schizophrenia is not known
• It is accepted, that schizophrenia is „the
group of schizophrenias― which origin is
multifactorial:
– internal factors – genetic, inborn, biochemical
– external factors – trauma, infection of CNS,
stress
24. Etiology of Schizophrenia Dopamine Hypothesis
• The most influential and plausible are the hypotheses,
based on the supposed disorder of neurotransmission in the
brain, derived mainly from
1. the effects of antipsychotic drugs that have in common the ability to
inhibit the dopaminergic system by blocking action of dopamine in
the brain
2. dopamine-releasing drugs (amphetamine, mescaline, diethyl amide
of lysergic acid - LSD) that can induce state closely resembling
paranoid schizophrenia
• Classical dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: Psychotic
symptoms are related to dopaminergic hyperactivity in the
brain. Hyperactivity of dopaminergic systems during
schizophrenia is result of increased sensitivity and density
of dopamine D2 receptors in the different parts of the brain.
25. Etiology of Schizophrenia Contemporary Models
• Dopamine hypothesis revisited: various neurotransmitter
systems probably takes place in the etiology of
schizophrenia (norepinephric, serotonergic,
glutamatergic, some peptidergic systems); based on
effects of atypical antipsychotics especially.
• Contemporary models of schizophrenia conceptualize it
as a neurocognitive disorder, with the various signs and
symptoms reflecting the effects of a more fundamental
cognitive deficit:
– the symptoms of schizophreniacognitive
dysmetria,neurodevelopmental
26. Etiology of Schizophrenia Neurodevelopment Model
• Neurodevelopmental model supposes in schizophrenia
the presence of ―silent lesion‖ in the brain, mostly in the
parts, important for the development of integration
(frontal, parietal and temporal), which is caused by
different factors (genetic, inborn, infection, trauma...)
during very early development of the brain in prenatal or
early postnatal period of life.
30. Antipsychotic, Second Generation
(Atypical)
• Less uncontrollable shaking than the firstgeneration antipsychotics.
• More costly and
• have higher rates of metabolic side effects
– hypertension,
– diabetes and
– weight gain.
32. Therapy and Rehabilitation
• Psychotherapy
• Individual psychotherapy, Cognitive Behavioral
Therapy (CBT)
• Group therapy
• Family therapy
• Social skills training
• Vocational rehabilitation and supported employment
• Community Treatment Programs
• ECT (Electro-Convulsive Therapy)
• Art Therapy
• Self-help groups
33. Surgery
• Lobotomy
– No longer in widespread use
• New procedures
– Antipsychotic medication delivery system
implant
• Currently being tested
34. Lifestyle Changes
• Nutrition
– Healthy Diet
– Avoid sugar, alcohol, caffeine and preservatives
– Add omega3 and antioxidants
• Exercise
– Including yoga
– Improves physical and mental health
• Stress Management
– Stress contributes to active symptoms
– Learn to identify stressors
– Develop relaxation techniques
35. Conclusion
• We need to actively involve in treatment, and
adapt a better life for yourself.
• The Schizophrenics should be more optimistic
and not live in despair even though life
challenges in many way.
• The society should play a vital role in accepting
the patients and give them their deserved
chance in this material world.