This document discusses the treatment of schizophrenia. It describes schizophrenia as a mental disorder characterized by disintegrated thought processes and emotions. It states that treatment depends on symptom severity and can include biological, psychodynamic, learning-based, psychosocial, and family interventions. Family counseling is emphasized to help patients and families understand the disease and different treatment options. Biological treatment primarily uses antipsychotic drugs, though some patients require newer medications.
This presentation gives detailed description of symptoms of catatonia with its etiologies and differential diagnoses. It should help to differentiate catatonia in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
This presentation gives detailed description of symptoms of catatonia with its etiologies and differential diagnoses. It should help to differentiate catatonia in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Schizophrenia: Theories and Treatmentschloecollier
The different theories of schizophrenia including:
Biological: Neurochemical, Neuroanatomical, Genetics
Cognitive: Abnormal Cognition, Abnormal Perceptions
Social Cultural: Labelling Theory, Family Dysfunction, High Expresses Emotion (EE)
Drug Treatment, Insight Therapy, Family Therapy, Community Care and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
A presentation about panic attacks and panic disorder. this presentation composed of the definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and prognosis of panic disorder.
This presentation will cover definition and classifications of psychosis and schizophrenia, symptom dimensions, etiopathogenesis, risk factors and prognosis and management approaches.
Running Head PSY 350 WEEK 2 OUTLINE .docxtoltonkendal
Running Head: PSY 350 WEEK 2 OUTLINE 3
PSY 350 WEEK 2 OUTLINE 2
Psy 350 Week 2 Outline
Tamara Golson
PSY 350 Physiological Psychology
Instructor Arthur Swisher
July 30, 2018
I. INTRODUCTION
This particular outline is a concise examination of my project topic choice titled ‘obsessive compulsive disorder’. Obsessive compulsive disorder is a neurological disorder that affects person through uncontrollable reoccurring thoughts commonly referred to as obsessions and behaviors that make one to feel the urge to be repeatedly involved in specific activities also commonly known as compulsions. The component that should be available for examination of obsessive compulsion disorder has majorly been pegged on physical examination of ones’ behavior since blood tests might not give reliable results. During obsessions as a sign of this disorder, one is always involved in actions of repeated thoughts, urges, or mental images that cause anxiety. Alternatively, the compulsive activities are always characterized by the urge to be involved in repetitive activities in response to the developed obsessive thoughts. (Rapoport, 2013) The main reason why I chose this topic is my personal experience with compulsive disorder patients. This disorder majorly affects children below 19 years of age and they grow with this condition to adulthood.
II. DISCUSSION
A. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER
Research studies indicate that obsessive compulsive disorder affects the cortex part of the brain hence have the implication on their behavior by making them to be obsessed to several things in a given environment which makes them have compulsive behaviors whereby such people are involved in repetitive activities because of obsessions. There also exist no documented studies that indicate subtypes of documented subtypes of obsessive compulsive disorder. (De Silva, 2014)
B. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE NATURAL HISTORY OF OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER
Obsessive compulsive disorder development on patients has been known to occur naturally and when treatment methods are adopted, there is an always reduced chance of obsessions and compulsion. On the other hand, it becomes severe when one is left untreated.
C. METHODS USED TO DIAGNOSE, EVALUATE AND MANAGE OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER
Doctors have been known to adopt physical examination as the main method of diagnosing obsessive compulsion disorder. This is achieved when one depicts symptoms that indicate obsession and compulsion. This type of disorder can be managed through administration of Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) these are majorly known to reduce its severity but don’t result to permanent treatment. (American Psychiatric Association., 2013)
D. RISK FACTORS OF OB ...
Schizophrenia: Theories and Treatmentschloecollier
The different theories of schizophrenia including:
Biological: Neurochemical, Neuroanatomical, Genetics
Cognitive: Abnormal Cognition, Abnormal Perceptions
Social Cultural: Labelling Theory, Family Dysfunction, High Expresses Emotion (EE)
Drug Treatment, Insight Therapy, Family Therapy, Community Care and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
A presentation about panic attacks and panic disorder. this presentation composed of the definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and prognosis of panic disorder.
This presentation will cover definition and classifications of psychosis and schizophrenia, symptom dimensions, etiopathogenesis, risk factors and prognosis and management approaches.
Running Head PSY 350 WEEK 2 OUTLINE .docxtoltonkendal
Running Head: PSY 350 WEEK 2 OUTLINE 3
PSY 350 WEEK 2 OUTLINE 2
Psy 350 Week 2 Outline
Tamara Golson
PSY 350 Physiological Psychology
Instructor Arthur Swisher
July 30, 2018
I. INTRODUCTION
This particular outline is a concise examination of my project topic choice titled ‘obsessive compulsive disorder’. Obsessive compulsive disorder is a neurological disorder that affects person through uncontrollable reoccurring thoughts commonly referred to as obsessions and behaviors that make one to feel the urge to be repeatedly involved in specific activities also commonly known as compulsions. The component that should be available for examination of obsessive compulsion disorder has majorly been pegged on physical examination of ones’ behavior since blood tests might not give reliable results. During obsessions as a sign of this disorder, one is always involved in actions of repeated thoughts, urges, or mental images that cause anxiety. Alternatively, the compulsive activities are always characterized by the urge to be involved in repetitive activities in response to the developed obsessive thoughts. (Rapoport, 2013) The main reason why I chose this topic is my personal experience with compulsive disorder patients. This disorder majorly affects children below 19 years of age and they grow with this condition to adulthood.
II. DISCUSSION
A. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER
Research studies indicate that obsessive compulsive disorder affects the cortex part of the brain hence have the implication on their behavior by making them to be obsessed to several things in a given environment which makes them have compulsive behaviors whereby such people are involved in repetitive activities because of obsessions. There also exist no documented studies that indicate subtypes of documented subtypes of obsessive compulsive disorder. (De Silva, 2014)
B. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE NATURAL HISTORY OF OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER
Obsessive compulsive disorder development on patients has been known to occur naturally and when treatment methods are adopted, there is an always reduced chance of obsessions and compulsion. On the other hand, it becomes severe when one is left untreated.
C. METHODS USED TO DIAGNOSE, EVALUATE AND MANAGE OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER
Doctors have been known to adopt physical examination as the main method of diagnosing obsessive compulsion disorder. This is achieved when one depicts symptoms that indicate obsession and compulsion. This type of disorder can be managed through administration of Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) these are majorly known to reduce its severity but don’t result to permanent treatment. (American Psychiatric Association., 2013)
D. RISK FACTORS OF OB ...
This powerpoint presentation represents definition of the Somatoform disorder, its subtypes, etiology in perspective of theories along differential diagnosis in an attempt to shed light on the disorder adequately
Couple therapy and treatment of sexual dysfunctionGladys Escalante
Psychology: Couple Therapy and Transsexual dysfunction
sex, Dr. Steven Mendoza, Marriage and Family Therapy,
Treatment of sexual dysfunction, Clinical Psychology,
AQA Psychology A Level Revision Cards - Schizophrenia Topicaesop
revision cards for aqa psych paper 3 schizophrenia topic. please excuse spelling or grammar mistakes! made entirely by me using the standard year 2 textbook, for reference i achieved an a* :)
HUMAN SEXUALITY AND SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS (1).pptxIshneetKaur41
Human Sexuality - Normal sexuality, normal sexual response, sexual identity and orientation and sexual dysfunctions with treatment - female sexual arousal disorder, anorgasmia, ejaculatory dysfunction, male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
Running head SCHIZOPHRENIA MENTAL DISORDER .docxtoltonkendal
Running head: SCHIZOPHRENIA MENTAL DISORDER 1
SCHIZOPHRENIA MENTAL DISORDER 2
Schizophrenia Mental Disorder
Student’s Name
Course Name
Instructor’s Name
University Affiliation
Schizophrenia Mental Disorder
Introduction
Schizophrenia is a type of psychological illness. It is a chronic and unembellished mental disorder that mainly distresses an individual’s thinking, norms as well as to their extent of sensation. According to modern day research, reports indicates that persons who have schizophrenia might appear as if they have misplaced touch with realism. However, much it is not collective as in comparison with the other mental disorders, its symptoms seem to be much disabling in nature (Miller, 2012). An example is a reduction of a person’s pleasure in their daily undertakings. It raises the question; what can a man do in the absence of desire and affection in all their doings? From the information as already mentioned above, this paper takes turn providing an enhanced analysis of the mental disorder disease – Schizophrenia.
Signs and Symptoms
In close to all the reported cases, signs and symptoms of schizophrenia often start from ages ranging between 16 and 30. There are however fewer cases that the disease has identification among the children. In this paper, it classifies the symptoms and signs into three categories. They include the positive, negative, as well as to the cognitive symptoms as illustrated below.
Positive signs:
In this category, they have a regard for psychotic norms. It means that it is hard to depict the signs commonly in people who are living a healthy lifestyle. However, the given individuals might tend to part ways with their connectivity with different components of reality. The symptoms might include: -
· Delusions
· Agitated movements of the body in a disorderly manner
· Hallucinations
· Unfamiliar perspective of thinking entailing disorderly thoughts and imaginations
Negative symptoms:
In this set, symptoms have a closer affiliation with disturbances to both the common behaviors as well as to particular emotions (Mueser, 2011). The symptoms comprise of: -
· Condensed level of speaking
· Reduction in the extent of both pleasure and feelings in a person’s everyday life undertakings
· Decline on the voice tone as well as the ordinary portrayal of emotions
· Hardships in commencing and sustaining of various activities
Cognitive symptoms:
In this set of symptoms, it varies from one given an individual to the other. To certain people, the symptoms are observable as being delicate in nature. On the other hand, the symptoms prove to be extra severe (Weiberger et al., 2011). In such situations, the affected persons are capable of recognizing alterations in either the facets of thinking and imagination, as well as to variations in their memory. Examples of symptoms ...
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Essay
Treatment of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by disintegration of emotional responses
as well as thought processes and often manifested by auditory hallucinations, bizarre delusions,
paranoid or disorganized speech and thinking accompanied by significant occupational or social
dysfunction (leff, & sturgeon, 1985).
The disorder is diagnosed based on the patients reported experiences and on the observed
behaviour. Treatment of schizophrenia depends on the severity of the symptoms that patients
show hence some of them may be treated as outpatients or even be hospitalized. Currently the
disease can be treated using various approaches like the biological, psychodynamic, learning-
based, psychosocial-rehabilitation and family intervention (Leff, & Sturgeon, 1985).
The psychological intervention plays a crucial role in the comprehensive program for
healing of the disorder and in involves the use of family area interventions which have been
proofed to yield positive effects especially on the course of illness when the family program is
included. it includes programs that help people to and achieve goals in their lives and a variety of
approaches used include: case management, centre or clubhouse based programs, counseling as
well as housing programs that has a built-in support or even outside support.
The family approach of treating the disease includes conducting of family counseling
which helps the patients and their family members to understand about the disease and how to
ménage it. the counseling involve teaching them about the treatments being offered and gain an
understanding of the pros and cons of each type of treatment and to make them be in position to
discuss them with the physician making everyone to be a partner in the care provided for the
patient. The family treatment can either be applied or supportive. The family intervention
includes focusing on both the family and individual sessions on issues with education, problem
3. Essay
solving, crisis prevention and behavioral training and all serve to reduce the relapse (Leff, &
Sturgeon, 1985).
The biological treatment of schizophrenia primarily consists of use of neuropletics which
are drugs that are prescribed in a relatively standard manner (chlorpromazine equivalent). The
neuroleptics administered often become less effective especially for the type of schizophrenia
that shows negative symptoms. The biological treatment of schizophrenia can also be performed
by using the bipolarity of drugs and it’s through this method that the resistant schizophrenia can
be mobilized. Other biological methods of treatments and new prospects in the chemotherapy are
also put into consideration. Most of the treatments are given in tablet form and should be taken
long enough to be able to control the symptoms as well as prevent the relapse. Some patients fail
to respond to traditional antipsychotic medications but usually get good results especially when
administered with recently developed mediations.
Features of the various sexual dysfunctions
Sexual dysfunction is the inability of an individual to enjoy sex resulting to reduction of
normal psychological changes that are often brought by sexual arousal. These sexual
dysfunctions are classified according to their phase of occurrence in the sexual cycle. They are
normally caused by temporary factors such as fatigue, alcohol, drugs or sickness.
First, sexual dysfunction is the hypoactive desire which is a disinterest in sexual activity
and it often results from participation in the sexual intercourse just as a simple marital duty.
Another disorder is the aversion to sex and in this case a sexual activity repulses an individual or
even makes them become unusually apprehensive (Segraves, & Balon, 2009).
Erectile dysfunction is the inability of males to attain an erection or sustain it long
enough for coitus and in females the inability to be sexually aroused is called sexual arousal
4. Essay
disorder. Premature ejaculation is the inability of men to control ejaculation process hence
making it occur before any sexual satisfaction relations take place in their partners. The lack of
or delay in attaining orgasm in female is called inhibited orgasm while in males is ejaculatory
incompetence. Others are the usual pain disorders which are the dyspareunia which involve pain
occurring during a sexual, intercourse and the vaginismus which is a female disorder in which
there is an involuntary spasmodic muscle contractions at the entrance of the vagina hence
attempt to have an intercourse result to a painful sexual experience (Segraves, & Balon, 2009).
5. Essay
References
Leff, J., K. & Sturgeon, D. (1985). A Controlled Trial of Social Intervention in the Families of
Schizophrenic Patients. British journal of psychiatry, 146, 584-601.
Segraves, R, T & Balon, R. (2009). Clinical Manual of Sexual Disorders. New York: American
Psychiatric Pub.