Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, as well as negative symptoms that impact emotional expression and behavior. It affects about 1% of the population and has no known cause but genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role. There are different subtypes of schizophrenia based on symptoms, and it is diagnosed through a clinical examination and history. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications as well as therapies to manage symptoms and promote functioning. Nurses play an important role in caring for those with schizophrenia.

1. VIDYAKIRANA COLLEGE OF NURSING
BANGLORE
SUB.- MENTAL HEALTH NURSING
TOPIC- SCHIZOPHRENIA
PRESENTTED BY – MRS. SULEKHA DESHMUKH

2. Schizophrenia

3. Introduction
• Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that has an effect on how a
person feel, behaves and thinks
• It is a brain disorder
• Its introduce by Eugen Bleuler in 1908

4. Definition
• Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by
disruption in though processes, perception, emotional
responsiveness and social interaction, it affect a person’s
ability to think, feel and behave clearly
• Schizophrenia is severe mental disorder that have in
common symptoms such as hallucination, delusions, blunted
emotions, disorganized thinking and withdrawal from
reality.

5. Incidence
• Schizophrenia occurs equally in male and female, the peak
ages of onset are 20-28 year for male and 26-32 year in
females.
• Around 1% of population is affected. diagnosis is based on
the patient’s self reported
• No laboratory test for schizophrenia currently
• Common in urban areas with those who are unemployed,
poor, and homeless

6. Causes of schizophrenia
• The exact causes of schizophrenia are unknown, research
suggested some causes
• A. biological factors
• brain chemical imbalance

7. • Genetics

8. • Neurological development

9. Psychological factors
• Impaired ego function
• Mother child relationship
• low intelligent people
• Oversensitive people

10. Social factors
• Social isolation
• Disorganization of family
• Low socio- economic level
• Feeling of hopelessness
[ex. I have no future.
I will never be happy again
No one can help me]
• Stressful life events

11. Environmental factors
• Maternal influenza[stillbirth]
• Malnutrition before birth
• Viral infection

12. Types of schizophrenia
• There are five type of schizophrenia, each based on the kind of
symptoms the person has at the time of assessment
• Paranoid schizophrenia
• Disorganized schizophrenia
• Catatonic schizophrenia
• Undifferentiated schizophrenia
• Residual schizophrenia

13. Paranoid
schizophrenia

14. • Paranoid type schizophrenia is characterized by delusions
and auditory hallucination but emotion and speech will not
affected. The delusion can often be being some other
person who is famous.
• At the workplace he has the false believe that co workers talk
about behind his back and laugh quietly as he passes by

15. Disorganized
schizophrenia
/hebephrenic

16. Disorganized type schizophrenia is
characterized by speech and behavior
that are disorganized or difficult to
understand and flattening or
inappropriate emotions.
people with disorganized type
schizophrenia may laugh at the changing
color of a traffic light or at something
not closely related to what they are
saying or doing .
Their disorganized behavior may disrupt
normal activities such as showering,
dressing, and preparing meals.

17. Catatonic
schizophrenia
Catatonic type schizophrenia is
characterized by disturbance of
movement, people with catatonic
type of schizophrenia may keep
themselves completely immobile
or move all over the place.
They may not say anything for
hours, or they may repeat
anything you say or do senselessly

18. Undifferentiated
schizophrenia

19. • Undifferentiated type of schizophrenia is characterized by
episodes of two or more of following symptoms delusion
hallucination, disorganized speech or behavior, catatonic
behavior or negative symptoms but the individual does not
qualify for a diagnosis of paranoid, disorganized or catatonic
type of schizophrenia.

20. Residual
schizophrenia

21. • Residual type of schizophrenia is characterized by a past
history of at least one episode of schizophrenia but the
person currently has no positive symptoms (delusion,
hallucination, disorganized speech or behavior)

22. Sign and symptoms
• Positive symptoms
• Delusion – false beliefs that are not based in reality
• Hallucination – involving seeing or hearing things that don’t
exit
• Disorganized speech and thinking- effective communication
can be impaired and questions may be partially or
completely unrelated.
• Catatonia- purposeless abnormal motor activity or
aggressive behaviour

23. Negative symptoms
• Flat effect – reduced expression of emotion via facial
expression voice tone
• Alogia – reduce speech
• Avolition- inability to begin and sustain activities
• A sociality – withdrawal from social contacts

24. Cognitive symptoms
Poor executive
functioning – inability to
understand information
to make decisions.
Poor working memory -
inability to use
information immediately
after learning.

25. Diagnostic
evaluation
• History collection
• Physical examination
• Neurological
examination
• Mental status
examination
• Blood investigation
• CT and MRI scan

26. Treatment
modalities

27. Non-
pharmacotherapy
• Group therapy
• Behavior
therapy
• Social skill
training
• Family therapy
• ECT

28. Pharmacological
treatment

29. • Typical antipsychotic [1950] ex.- haloperidol
• Atypical antipsychotic[1990] ex.- risperidone

30. •Nursing
responsibility