Schizophrenia is a psychological disorder characterized by an inability to distinguish between reality and fantasy. It causes difficulties thinking logically and having normal emotional responses. Common symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. While the exact causes are unknown, genetics and environmental factors like prenatal viral infections may play a role. Treatments include antipsychotic medications and therapy, which can help manage symptoms.

1. SCHIZOPHRENIA
Created by :- Lulun Guite. Psy-III.

2. WHAT IS SCHIZOPHRENIA?
• Schizophrenia is a psychological disorder.
• It is classified separately from other disorder because it
is not easily categorized as an anxiety or mood
disorder.
• Schizophrenia is characterized by the inability to
separate reality from non-reality or fantasy.
• Schizophrenic patients often experience non-existent
stimuli that create perceptions of things that do not
exist, such as voices.
• Symptoms may include: flat effect (exhibiting no
emotion), delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized
thinking.

4. INTRODUCTION
Schizophrenic disorder is a complex mental disorder that makes it difficult to –
o Tell the difference between real and unreal experience.
o Think logically.
o Have normal emotional responses.
o Behave normally in social situation.
Although these common symptoms are found in most of us, every
individual cannot be called a schizophrenic person. This symptoms
varies in degrees and in nature. Some scholars like Saundrak Carson
states that; “this disorder is characterized by an array of diverse
symptoms, including- extreme oddities in perception, thinking,
action, sense of self and behaviour relating to others.”
Although the hallmark of schizophrenia is a significant loss of
contact with realty, it doesn’t refer to Psychosis.

5. CAUSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
• No one knows the exact cause of schizophrenia, but
multiple possible factors have been discovered.
• Genetics appear to play a part; someone is more likely
to develop schizophrenia if they have an identical twin
with schizophrenia than if they have a fraternal twin
with schizophrenia.
• Women infected with the influenza virus during their
pregnancy are more likely to give birth to children who
will develop the disorder.
• Schizophrenic’s brains also contain larger fluid-filled
areas than their healthy brain counterparts.

7. CLINICAL PICTURE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
According to DSM IV TR- two or more of the following
symptoms are present for a significant portion of time during
a month period.
I) Delusions
II) Hallucination
III) Disorganized Speech
IV) Catatonic behaviour
V) Negative symptoms
VI) Dysfunction in work
VII) Sign of disturbance for atleast six months .

8. SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
The three main symptoms of schizophrenia:
i)Positive symptoms: - Includes unusual thoughts or
perception that include hallucinations, delusions,
thought disorder and disorders of movement.
ii)Negative symptoms: – Represent a lose or
decrease in the ability to start plans, speak,
express emotion, or find any pleasure in life.
iii)Cognitive symptoms: – Problems with attention
and certain memory, and the function that allow
people to plan and organize.

9. TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

11. DISORGANIZED SCHIZOPHRENIA
• Usually occurs at an earlier age and has a gradual,
insidious onset.
• It is characterized by disorganized speech,
disorganized behaviour, and flat or inappropriate
affect.
• It is also known as “hebephrenic schizophrenic”.
• Patients with this disorder may have severe
disruptions in their ability to take care of
themselves and be unable to perform routine
tasks.
• There is no form of treatment intervention yet
discovered.

12. CATATONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA
• Immobile body or stupor.
• Excessive motor activity that is purposeless
and unrelated to outside stimuli.
• Extreme negativism (resistance to being
moved, or to follow instructions) or mutism.
• Assumption of bizarre postures, or
stereotyped movements or mannerisms.
• Echolalia or echopraxia.

13. PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA
• Increased suspiciousness and severe difficulties in
interpersonal relationships.
• Persecutory delusions are the most frequent and may
involve a wide range of bizarre ideas and plots.
• Patients tend to function at a higher level overall and
also to have more intact cognitive skills.
• Preoccupation with delusions or frequent auditory
hallucinations are common.
• No evidence of marked disorganized speech,
disorganized or catatonic behaviour, flat or
inappropriate affect.

14. Residual schizophrenia
• Long term schizophrenia where most symptoms have
disappeared, negative symptoms (detractions from
normal behaviour) often remain such as flat effect or a
refusal to talk.
• Absence of prominent delusions, hallucinations,
disorganized speech, and grossly disorganized or
catatonic behaviour.
• Continued evidence of schizophrenia (e.g., odd beliefs,
unusual perceptual experiences).

15. Undifferentiated schizophrenia
• Symptoms of schizophrenia that do not meet
criteria for the Paranoid, Disorganized, or
Catatonic types.
• People in the acute, early phases of a
schizophrenic breakdown frequently exhibit
undifferentiated symptoms.

16. SCHIZOPHRENIC DELUSIONS
• A delusion is a false belief.
• Some common schizophrenic delusions include:
- Being cheated
- Being harassed
- Being poisoned
- Being spied upon
- Being plotted against
• Most delusions are very grandiose and involve
the patient at the center of some large plot or
scheme.

17. SCHIZOPHRENIC HALLUCINATION
• A hallucination is a non-existent stimulus that is
perceived as real.
• The most common Schizophrenic hallucination is
hearing voices, however the patient may also have
visual hallucinations where they see a person or object
that does not exist.
• Hallucinated voices often interact with the patient:
- By commenting on their behaviour
- By ordering them to do things
- By warning of impending dangers
- By talking to other voices about the patient.

19. TREATING SCHIZOPHRENIA
• Anti-psychotic drugs have been effective in treating symptoms of
schizophrenia.
• Unfortunately, these drugs can also have some mild side effects
including drowsiness, weight gain, jitters, movement problems, and
muscle contractions.
• A possible long-term side effect of anti-psychotic drugs is a
condition called tardive dyskinesia where patients will develop
uncontrollable movements.
• Another treatment is a typical anti-psychotic drugs which have less
side effects and can better treat patients not treated effectively by
the normal drugs.
• Therapy and counseling are also effective in improving behaviour as
well as creating a system of support for the patients.

20. Anti-psychotic drugs

21. FAMOUS PEOPLE WITHSCHIZOPHRENIA
(L- R) John Nash- Noble prize winner
Mary Todd Lincoln- wife of Abraham Lincoln
Syd Barret- guitarist for Pink Floyd

22. SCHIZOPHRENICAL CHART

23. CONCLUSION
• Schizophrenia, along with depression, is one of
the only disorders known to exist in every culture
and society around the world.
• Schizophrenia effects men and women equally,
but it is usually diagnosed earlier in men.
• Schizophrenia has received a significant stigma in
history and in modern society, further facilitating
social withdrawal among schizophrenics.
• Although seemingly primitive, electroconvulsive
therapy has proven to be safe and effective in
treating several cases of schizophrenia.