The document discusses scaling up climate-smart agriculture practices to help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from the agriculture sector and help farmers adapt to climate change. It provides examples of climate-smart practices for different crops, livestock, and natural resource management. These practices can help reduce emissions, improve yields, increase resilience, and improve food security and incomes for smallholder farmers. However, adoption of new practices faces barriers such as insecure land tenure, lack of access to information, training and farm equipment. Providing an enabling environment can help overcome these barriers and scale up climate-smart agriculture.

1. COP
19
Side
Event
12
November,
2013
SCALING
UP
CLIMATE
SMART
AGRICULTURE:
POLICIES,
DEVELOPMENT,
ADAPTATION
AND
MITIGATION
Henry
Neufeldt
World
Agroforestry
Centre
(ICRAF)

2. Emissions
from
agricultural
producMon,
conversion
of
land
and
pre-­‐
and
postproducMon
processes
9.5-­‐14.7
Gt
CO2e
(19-­‐29%)
global
food
system
7.6-­‐12.4
Gt
CO2e
(15-­‐25%)
indirect
5.4-­‐5.8
Gt
CO2e
(10-­‐12%)
direct

3. EsMmated
historical
and
projected
GHG
emissions
•
•
•
•
•
38%
as
N2O
from
soils
32%
as
CH4
from
ruminant
enteric
fermentaMon
12%
mainly
as
N2O
and
CH4
through
biomass
burning
11%
mainly
as
CH4
in
rice
producMon
7%
as
N2O
and
CH4
from
manure
management
Smith
et
al
in
IPCC
AR4
GWIII,
2007

4. Global
technical
miMgaMon
potenMal
by
2030
by
management
pracMce
and
greenhouse
gases
Smith
et
al
in
IPCC
AR4
GWIII,
2007

5. Climate-­‐smart
agriculture
Whole
food
systems
Climate
variability
Climate
change
Incremental
adaptaMon
Food
security
Synergies
AdaptaMon
MiMgaMon
Tradeoffs
TransformaMonal
adaptaMon
THE
CHALLENGES

6. Examples
of
climate-­‐smart
agriculture
pracMces
Crops
Livestock
No
Mllage,
direct
seeding
Increased
feeding
efficiency
RotaMons
with
legumes
Improved
rangeland
management
Intercropping
with
Efficient
treatment
of
legumes
manure
New
varieMes:
shorter
Improved
livestock
cycle,
drought
tolerant,
health
etc
Improved
storage
&
Animal
husbandry
processing
technologies
improvements
Agroforestry
MulMpurpose
trees
on
farms
Nitrogen-­‐fixing
trees,
bushes,
fodder
trees
Improved
fallows
Hedges,
windbreaks,
shelterbelts,
live
fences
Fruit
orchards

7. Examples
of
climate-­‐smart
agriculture
pracMces
Water
management
Water
storage
–
e.g.
water
pans
Alternate
we`ng
and
drying
(rice)
Dams,
pits,
retaining
ridges
Improved
irrigaMon
(drip)
Soils
management
Fisheries
&
Aquaculture
ConservaMon
agriculture
Saline
resistant
species
and
no-­‐Mll
Stone
bunds
Increased
feeding
efficiency
PlanMng
pits
(zai)
IntegraMon
of
aquaculture
in
farms
Mulching
Low
energy
fuel
efficient
fishing

8. Examples
of
no-­‐Mll
pracMces
in
different
countries

9. GHG
miMgaMon
through
no-­‐Mll
in
selected
countries
UNEP
Emissions
Gap
Report,
2013

10. System
of
rice
intensificaMon
as
an
example
of
improved
nutrient
and
water
management
Uphoff,
2012

11. Review
of
SRI
management
impacts
on
yield,
water
saving,
costs
of
producMon
and
farmer
income
per
ha
in
13
countries
Average:
+50%
yield
-­‐37.5%
water
use
-­‐16%
costs
+94%
income
Uphoff,
2012

12. Evergreen
agriculture
with
Faidherbia
albida

13. Farmer
climate
coping
strategies
• Farmers
most
interested
in
reducing
food
insecurity
• No
long-­‐
or
medium-­‐term
planning
possible
under
food
insecure
situaMon
• Tree
planMng
(and
other
investments
in
livelihood
improvements)
only
ager
basic
food
security
is
guaranteed
• Food
insecurity
rose
by
at
least
one
month
(above
on
average
3
months)
during
recent
drought
and
floods
• Coping
strategies
lead
into
‘poverty
trap’
• Agroforestry
reduced
food
insecurity
by
about
1
month
All
#s
in
%
Lower
Nyando
Middle
Nyando
Reduce
Comm-­‐
QuanMty,
unity
or
Quality
or
#
family
of
meals
support
Help
from
Gov,
NGO,
Church
Borrow
money
Casual
Labor
Sell
possess-­‐
ions
or
livestock
Consume
Seeds
Children
alend
school
less
85
30
42
32
28
72
72
38
38
23
18
37.5
25
40
61
12.5
Thorlakson
and
Neufeldt,
Agriculture
and
Food
Security
2012,
1:15

14. Barriers
to
adopMon
of
CSA
in
smallholder
agriculture
•
•
•
•
•
•
Provide
an
enabling
legal
and
poliMcal
environment
Improve
market
accessibility
Involve
farmers
in
the
project-­‐planning
process
Improve
access
to
knowledge
and
training
Introduce
more
secure
tenure
Overcome
the
barriers
of
high
opportunity
costs
to
land
• Improve
access
to
farm
implements
and
capital
Thorlakson
and
Neufeldt,
2012

15. Financial
benefits
of
no-­‐Mll
wheat
producMon
in
northern
Kasakhstan
Derpsch
et
al,
2010

16. Constraints:
insecure
tenure
Economic,
Environmental
and
Social
Tenure
Unadjud
Freehold
Impacts
Effect
Net
returns
to
land
($
ha-­‐1
y-­‐1)
$126
$288
2.28
Woody
crops,
woodlots
etc
(ha
km-­‐2)
5.4
25.6
4.7
Hedgerows
(km
km-­‐2)
5.2
23.6
4.5
Social
cost
from
embedding
-­‐$40
$30
$70
Social
"tax"
-­‐32%
+10%

17. InnovaTon
and
food
security
RelaMonship
between
innovaMveness
(number
of
farming
system
changes)
and
household
food
security
(number
of
food
deficit
months).
Error
bars
indicate
the
95%
confidence
interval
of
the
mean
Kristjanson
et
al.,
2012

18. Lessons
learned
for
policy
development
and
scaling
up
Agricultural
miTgaTon
opTons
require
a
coordinated
mix
of
policy
support,
private
and
public
sector
investment,
strengthened
research,
and
capacity
building
of
key
stakeholders
Explicitly
considering
climate
change
miTgaTon,
adaptaTon
and
other
benefits
at
the
outset
is
criTcal
to
achieving
mulTple
benefits
and
reducing
tradeoffs
FacilitaTon
of
public-­‐private
partnerships
and
stakeholder
engagement,
including
research
centers,
governments,
extension
agents,
the
private
sector
and
NGOs,
is
criTcal
Financial
incenTves
(including
tax
offsets,
subsidies,
credit)
are
needed
to
overcome
high
investment
costs
and
lag
Tmes
before
benefits
accrue
Technologies
must
be
context
specific
to
the
region
or
country
where
they
are
introduced
AdapTve
management
of
natural
resource
governance
systems
is
essenTal

19. Thanks
for
a
future