The document summarizes research outputs and approaches from the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) to enhance food security and improve livelihoods. It discusses constraints like drought, desertification, and climate change leading to food insecurity. ICARDA's strategic plan focuses on risk management, integrated water and land management, and diversification to improve nutrition and incomes. Technologies developed include improved crop varieties tolerant to abiotic stresses and diseases, as well as seed production approaches to cope with drought.

1. Research Outputs and Approaches to Enhance Food Security and Improve Livelihoods in Dry Areas International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas Mahmoud Solh Director General IFAD/ICARDA Information Exchange Workshop

2. Outline Constraints leading to food insecurity and poverty in Dry Areas. What can make a difference? ICARDA Strategic Plan 2007-2016: Agricultural Research for Development in Dry Areas. Technologies towards food security & better livelihoods Approach for technology transfer IFAD Strategic Partnerships

3. The Changing World

4. Agriculture and the Food Security Challenge Expectation by 2030: - 8.3 billion people to feed - 83% in developing countries - 60% more food is needed Before the food price increase 850 million people faced hunger and absolute poverty After, 200 million people were added to the hungry and poor Prospects for Food and Agriculture: 2015 - 2030

5. Constraints leading to Food Insecurity and poverty in dry areas

6. Horizontal Expansion is no longer an Option for future production Growth: Expansion of Arable Land in Arab Countries Far Outpaced the World Until the 1990s, When Expansion Became Limited to Sudan Source : Authors. Adapted from FAO, 2008b.

7. Dry areas cover 41% of the earth’s surface, and are home to over 1.7 billion people – and the majority of the world’s poor. About 16% of the population lives in chronic poverty, particularly in marginal rainfed areas. Predominance of Dry Areas

8. The Dry Areas Of NENA Region: Fragile Eco-systems Physical water scarcity Rapid natural resource degradation and desertification Groundwater depletion Drought Climate change will make it drier -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 m Decrease of the Souss aquifer level in Morocco

9. Desertification/Land Degradation

10. Climate Change Severest Impact: Near East, North & Sub-Saharan Africa Hot spots of vulnerability to climate change in Central and West Asia and North Africa (CWANA) Region Temperature extremes – both heat and cold Water scarcity Loss of agro-biodiversity through habitat loss Increased vulnerability of pastoralists Smaller and more erratic harvests Major threats

11. Urban population will outpace rural Urbanization and Out-Migration Source: FAO.2002. World Agriculture: towards 2015/2030 Summary Report U rbanisation in developing countries will accelerate over the next 30 years 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 billion people Rural Urban projected projected

12. Urbanization in Countries of Dry Areas Source: FAO Statistical Yearbook, Vol.1, 2004. Urbanization % 0 20 40 60 80 100 Ethiopia Afghanistan Eritrea Tajikistan Yemen Somalia Pakistan Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan Sudan Egypt Turkmenistan Syria Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Morocco Algeria Mauritania Armenia Tunisia Iran Turkey Cyprus Iraq Palestine Jordan UAE Libya Lebanon Saudi Arabia Kuwait Less than 30% 30-50% 51-70% More than 70%

13. Further Challenges towards Food Security Inadequate agricultural policies for sustainable agricultural development Insufficient investment in agricultural research and development

14. World Development Report 2008

15. Unemployment rate in the world and world regions High Level of Unemployment Source: World Employment Report 2004-05: Employment, productivity and poverty reduction. ILO, December 2004.

16. Lack of employment opportunities Socio-political upheavals Increase in Food Prices Climate Change (Global CO 2 emissions) Over-exploitation of natural resources Migration Population growth Aboitic Stresses drought, heat, salinity Food Insecurity, poverty, hunger and malnutrition Land degradation, water scarcity, loss of biodiversity Interrelationships between key challenges in dry areas Food Insecurity & Poverty Trap

17. Arab Countries’ Cereal Productivity Lags Behind World Averages Source : Authors. Adapted from FAO, 2008b.

18. Cereal Demand Far Outpaces Domestic Production in Arab Countries Source : Authors. Adapted from IFPRI, 2008. Note : Includes Sudan; MT is metric tons

19. Widening Food Gap in Arab Countries

20. Arab Countries Are the Largest Net Importers of Cereal in the World (million metric tons, 2007) Sources: Authors. Adapted from (FAO, 2008e).

21. 1970-2030 -10 40 90 140 190 240 1970 1980 1990 2000 2015 2030 million tones East Asia South Asia Near East/North Africa Latin America S.S.Africa Historical Development Projections Cereals imports of developing regions Food Insecurity Source: FAO, 2002 World Agriculture: towards 2015/30, http://www.fao.org/es/ESD/gstudies.htm

22. Crop Prospects and Food Situation, April 2008 FAO. Impact of Food Price Increases on Trade Balances, 2007-2008

23. Crop Prospects and Food Situation, April 2008 FAO Wheat Importers & Exporters 2007 (mt)

24. Implications of the Food Crisis: Countries moving from self-reliance to self sufficiency

25. Pathways Out of Food Insecurity & Poverty Better employment opportunities Peace and social stability Pro-poor policy and institutional options Adaptation/mitigation to climate change Diversification and access to markets Human resource development Improved food security Food Security & Better Livelihoods Resilient production systems Sustainable use of natural resources

26. What can make a difference?

27. Food Security: What Can Make the Difference? Enabling policy and political will Advances in S & T Integrated approaches and better NRM for economic growth Sustainable intensification of production systems Public awareness of the long term benefits of conservation technologies Capacity development & institutional support Partnerships

28. ICARDA Strategic Plan 2007-2016: Agricultural Research for Development in Dry Areas.

29. IWMI Colombo, Sri Lanka CIFOR Bogor, Indonesia ICLARM Penang, Malaysa IRRI Los Banos, Philippines ICRISAT Patancheru, India ICRAF Nairobi, Kenya ILRI Nairobi, Kenya IITA IBADAN, Nigeria WARDA Bouake, Cote d’Iviore Bioversity Rome, Italy CIP Lima, Peru CIAT Cali, Colombia CIMMYT Mexico City, Mexico IFPRI Washinton D.C., United States ICARDA Aleppo, Syria The CGIAR Centers

30. CGIAR Strategic Objectives FOOD FOR PEOPLE Create and accelerate sustainable increases in the productivity and production of healthy food by and for the poor ENVIRONMENT FOR PEOPLE Conserve, enhance and sustainably use natural resources and biodiversity to improve the livelihoods of the poor in response to climate change and other factors POLICIES FOR PEOPLE Promote policy and institutional change that will stimulate agricultural growth and equity to benefit the poor, especially rural women and other disadvantaged groups.

31. To overcome these challenges and enhance food security in a changing world …

32. Besides Conservation of Biodiversity and Crop Genetic Improvement, ICARDA is emphasizing: Risk management, drought mitigation, and adaptive capacity of agriculture to climate change Integrated water and land management Socio-economic research to strengthen community and institutional frameworks Diversification and marketing research for income generation and improving nutrition Shifting to market-oriented production Increased global coverage (Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, China, and Latin America) Strategy Emphasis

33. ICARDA’s Geographic Mandate

34. CWANA Dry areas (outside CWANA) Temperate Temperate Sub-Tropical Sub-Tropical Tropical Latin America Nile Valley and Sub-Saharan Africa North Africa West Asia Arabian Peninsula South Asia and China Highlands Central Asia and the Caucasus ICARDA’s Outreach Programs: Center without Walls

35. ICARDA Vision Improved livelihoods of the resource-poor in dry areas

36. ICARDA’s Mission “ To contribute to the improvement of livelihoods of the resource poor in dry areas by enhancing food security and alleviating poverty through research and partnerships to achieve sustainable increases in agricultural productivity and income, while ensuring the efficient and more equitable use and conservation of natural resources.”

37. Technical Mandate: Cereal Improvement Barley Global Mandate Bread Wheat Durum Wheat Regional Mandate

38. Technical Mandate (cont’d) : Food Legume Improvement Global Mandate Lentil Kabuli Chickpea Grass pea Faba bean

39. The Balanced Diet Cereals + Food Legumes Food Legumes: High in protein and lysine but low in sulfur-containing Amino Acids Protein percentage: Faba bean 20 – 36 % Lentil 22 – 35 % Grass pea 25 – 31 % Kabuli Chickpea 16 – 24 % Cereals/Wheat Low in Protein & Lysine but high in sulfur-containing Amino Acids Combining food legumes & cereals provides a fully balanced diet: reducing malnutrition in poor communities

40. Technical Mandate (cont’d): Natural Resource Management in Non-Tropical Dry Areas Range improvement Forage Legumes Water use efficiency Land degradation Small ruminant nutrition

41. ICARDA’s Major Research Programs Biodiversity and Integrated Gene Management Integrated Water and Land Management Diversification and Sustainable Intensification of Production Systems Social, Economic and Policy Research

42. Pillars of Sustainable Agricultural Development to Enhance Food Security Integration in the field Institutions, Policy, and Community Approach Natural Resource Management& Inputs Crop & Livestock Genetic Improvement

43. Helping farmers to cope with climate change Intensification and diversification of livelihoods Enhance crop adaptation through tolerance to drought, extreme temperatures & salinity Improve resilience of farming systems Risk management & adaptive capacity of rural communities Enabling policies Adaptation - Mitigation - Resilience

44. Research Outputs & Technologies towards food security & better livelihoods 1. Improved Varieties

45. ICARDA Gene Bank: germplasm collected (Apr 2009) Number of Accessions Crop 2007- 2009 1977-2009 Barley 489 24,823 Wheat 658 33,639 Wild cereals 38 7,300 Forage legumes 0 28,330 Food legumes 292 32,456 Wild food legumes 0 851 Forage and range 0 5,666 Total 1,477 133,065

46. Geographic coverage of the conserved plant genetic resources at ICARDA

47. Conventional Plant Breeding

48. Genomics Marker Assisted Selection Double Haploids Embryo Rescue Tissue Culture DNA Fingerprinting Genetic Engineering Biotechnology Tools

49. Crop Improvement: Varieties Released using ICARDA Germplasm Worldwide, 1977 to 2008 1977 - 2008 Last 2 years Crop Developing Countries Industrialized Countries All Countries Barley 175 31 6 Durum Wheat 102 14 1 Bread Wheat 224 6 9 Chickpea 108 31 9 Faba Bean 51 6 1 Lentil 96 16 9 Forages 30 2 2 Peas 9 0 0 Sub-Total 761 120 24 Total 901 37 NET ESTIMATED BENEFIT = about US $850 m / year

50. Varieties Released High yield potential Tolerance to abiotic stresses: - Drought - Heat - Cold - Salinity Resistance/tolerance to biotic stresses - Diseases - Insect pests - Parasitic weeds

51. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Area Needed Actual Area Linear (Area Trend) Actual Production Linear (Production Trend) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Wheat in Syria Area Saved and Production Reached Wheat area (million ha) Production (million tons) 1 9 7 8 1 9 8 0 1 9 8 2 1 9 8 4 1 9 8 6 1 9 8 8 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 8 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 6 1 9 7 7 1 9 7 9 1 9 8 1 1 9 8 3 1 9 8 5 1 9 8 7 1 9 8 9 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 7

52. Wheat Crossed with Wild Relatives: Synthetic Wheat, tolerance to excessive drought Yield of “synthetic derivatives” compared to parents under drought stress. (Tel Hadya 2008 -- 211 mm) Parent Variety Yield t/ha % recurrent parent Cham 6*2/SW2 1.6 147 Cham 6*2/SW2 1.5 138 Cham-6 1.10 100 Attila-7 1.3 -

53. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Low (280mm) High (480mm) Average Maximum Yield of Synthetic Wheat Varieties derived from wild relatives under moisture extremes Yield (tons/ha) Moisture stress

54. Yields (kg/ha) of promising durum wheat genotypes under rainfed (RF) supplemental irrigation (SI) Key to Acronyms: RF = Rainfed; SI = Supplemental Irrigation RF ( 321 mm) RF+SI ( 321+70 mm) RF+SI ( 524+70 mm) 11 t/ha 6/t/ha 3.7t/ha

55. Heat-Tolerant Wheat in Sudan

56. Resistance/Tolerance to Hessian Fly in Morocco Hessian Fly Resistant

57. Black Stem Rust (Ug99)Resistant Wheat Lines Released in Ethiopia On-going Seed multiplications of resistant varieties in Egypt, Pakistan Afghanistan

58. Barley for Excessive Drought in Syria Local Landrace “ Zahra” versus local landrace (139 mm rainfall)

59. Chickpea Winter Sowing

60. New Chickpea Variety Survived 2007 Drought in Turkey The Kabuli chickpea, ‘Gokce’, developed by ICARDA and Turkish national scientists, has withstood severe drought in Turkey and produced when most other crops failed in 2007. Gokce is used on about 85% of the chickpea production areas (over 550,000 ha). With a yield advantage of 300 kg/ha over other varieties , and world prices over USD 1000/t, this represents an additional USD 165 million for Turkish farmers , in 2007 alone.

61. Ethiopia / ICARDA Collaboration Alemaya lentil variety widely adopted through EARI

62. Source of employment in rural areas - Ethiopia

63. Affects >15 million ha of wheat in West, Central Asia and East Europe Could reduce wheat yield by 50-90% in West Asia and Central Asia. Damage of Sunn Pest in Wheat

64. Research Outputs & Technologies towards food security & better livelihoods 2. Seed Production: Formal Seed Sector Informal Seed Sector: Village-based Seed System “ Seed for Grain” System to cope with drought

65. Capacity Development in the Seed Production Sector Favorable areas Less favorable areas National Seed Sector Develop-ment Framework Policy and regulatory reforms and harmonization Liberalization/commercialization of seed sector Mobilizing farmers and/or communities Encouraging local seed production and marketing Formal Sector Public Private Informal Sector VBSEs NGOs F A R M R E R S I M P A C T S

66. Informal Seed Sector: Village-Based Seed Enterprises (VBSE) VBSE: Afghanistan (17), Egypt (2), Eritrea (1), Pakistan (4)

67. Farmer seed (75%) Certified Seed 25% National seed requirements Improved practices Crop inspection and roguing Seed testing Known varietal identity, seed quality (purity, germination health) “ Grain-for-Seed” Concept to Cope with Climate Change Good season with no seed shortage “ Grain-for-Seed” task force: research, seed suppliers, extension, NGO’s and farmers unions, to adjust the bar position when needed

68. Farmer seed (75%) Certified Seed 25% National seed requirements Fields selected for grain for seed to cope with seed shortage Substandard grain fields “ Grain-for-Seed” & Coping with Climate Change: Very Dry Seasons with Severe Seed Shortage Improved practices Crop inspection and roguing Seed testing Known varietal identity, seed quality (purity, germination health) “ Grain-for-Seed” task force: research, seed suppliers, extension, NGO’s and farmers unions, to adjust the bar position when needed

69. Research Outputs & Technologies towards food security & better livelihoods 3. Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

70. Affects >15 million ha of wheat in West, Central Asia and East Europe Could reduce wheat yield by 50-90% in West Asia and Central Asia. Damage of Sunn Pest in Wheat

71. Sunn pest injects enzyme that decomposes grain gluten, vital for bread baking. If 2-3% of a grain lot is infested, entire wheat lot is ruined with respect to baking quality. Damage of Sunn Pest to Wheat Quality

72. Hand collection of Sunn pest in overwintering sites Use of insect-killing fungi in overwintering sites Enhancement and conservation of egg Parasitoids Genetic resistance at the vegetative stage Sunn pest IPM Technology options

73. Wheat infested by Sunn pest Predators of Sunn pest eggs Sunn pest killed by Fungi isolate IPM of Sunn Pest in Wheat

74. National policies in West Asia changed: government-supported aerial sprays replaced with ground applications by farmers, on over 3 million ha. Revised ETs implemented, resulting in reduced pesticide use. Major Accomplishments

75. Participatory approaches led by our NARS partners in collaboration with FAO Publications including manual in different languages Dissemination of IPM Sunn Pest Research Output

76. 0 50 100 150 200 250 2001 2002 2003 Years 127 193 231 300 277 2004 Sprayed areas (1000 ha) Evolution of Sprayed Areas against Sunn Pest in Syria 282 2005 232 2006 185 117 2007 2008 2009 87

77. Research Outputs & Technologies towards food security & better livelihoods 4. Water Management Supplemental Irrigation (Systems and management) Macro- and Micro-Water Catchments (Vallerani and other types) Deficit Irrigation as a water management strategy for the water scarce areas

78. Benchmark Sites for Integrated Water Management

79. Implementation in Three Agro-Ecologies Rainfed Areas Marginal Lands Irrigated Areas

80. Rainfed Agro-Ecosystems Supplemental Irrigation Early sowing Deficit irrigation Optimization Supplemental irrigation

81. Irrigated Agro-Ecosystem Increasing water productivity/income Management of saline water and soils Policies and institutions Modifying cropping patterns

82. Marginal Land (Badia) Agro-Ecosystem Water harvesting technologies Micro-catchments mechanized contour laser planting Effective water harvesting Grazing management 40-50% increase in rainwater productivity

83. Potential of WUE: Supplemental Irrigation (SI), Rainfed and Fully Irrigated (FI) Areas WUE: Water Use Efficiency

84. Tradeoffs between Water & Land Productivity - Deficit Irrigation Water productivity can be Increased Substantially Water, not Land, is the Limiting Resource Max WP Max Yield

85. Research Outputs & Technologies towards food security & better livelihoods 5. Diversification of Production Systems with High Value Crops Dryland Fruit Trees Protected Agriculture Herbal, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

86. Risk Management with Climate Change: Diversification of Production Systems using High-Value Crops Promotion of improved technologies for producing value-added products, to achieve higher income for rural communities in the intensified/diversified integrated crop/rangeland/livestock production systems Indigenous dryland fruit trees are good example like olives, figs , dates palm, pomegranate, pistachio, almonds, etc.

87. Fruit and vegetables for better livelihoods A low-risk bridge from subsistence to better livelihoods

88. Soilless Culture Increased yield per unit of water, space and energy Protected Agriculture

89. Diversifying production and diets; generating more income and improving water use efficiency Protected Agriculture for Resource-Poor Farmers Afghanistan Yemen

90. Research Outputs & Technologies towards food security & better livelihoods 6. Geographic Information System (GIS) Land use mapping to promote diversification of production systems Maps for potential areas for water harvesting Maps for potential areas for de-rocking

91. GIS to Target for Crop Diversification

92. New researchable themes in GIS: identifying areas suitable for de-rocking Idleb Governorate: Areas with some potential for de-rocking in Jebel Wastani and Jebel Zawia, requiring further investigation

93. Research Outputs & Technologies towards food security & better livelihoods 7. Conservation Agriculture: - Zero-Tillage Technology

94. Conservation Agriculture: Approach to Cope with Climate Change Major Practice Worldwide minimum soil disturbance/Zero Tillage (ZT) stubble retention many rotations (legumes, oilseeds) Benefits savings in time, fuel, machinery wear better soil structure better soil moisture conservation improved traffic ability – timely sowing higher yield potential less soil erosion

95. Agronomic technology: Zero-Tillage (ZT) practices for dry areas ZT technology introduced on large scale in 2006-07 by the ACIAR-ICARDA Project in Syria and Iraq. In the season 2008-09: Area of project –linked ZT crops has increased to about: 500 ha by 18 farmers in Iraq 2000 ha by 40 farmers in Syria (with another 160 ha linked to Syrian R&D projects) Good foundation and confidence for wider adoption and impact higher yields and lower costs being experienced with the technology recent increase in awareness and R&D keen involvement of farmers in testing/adoption keen involvement of local manufacturers in ZT seeder fabrication

96. Syria: Long-term ZT vs CT Trials at ICARDA For straw and grain yield ZT > CC Early > late planting For grain yield : Farmer practice: CT, late sowing: 670 kg/ha Improved practice: ZT, early sowing: 1285 kg/ha Example: lentil on wheat stubble 2007-08

97. Iraq: ZT evaluation by farmers in 2008/09 Azaz Tel Kief Ninevah: 6 farmers growing 437 ha of ZT crops using modified Rama seeder Mr Sinan Jalili, Alnamroud Modified ZT Rama seeder

98. Syria: ZT demonstrations with farmers in 2008/09 Afrin El Bab Syria: 41 farmers testing ZT on 2073 ha Musselmiya Maara ZT CC

99. Local ZT seeders – first made in Syria in 2008 Kamishley - local El Bab - local Qabbasin - local Amazon – imported Indian - imported Local seeders - price ≈ $1400 - performance excellent All performed well at ICARDA research sites in 2008-09

100. Fabrication of Seed Drills - Iraq & Syria ZT Seeder with press wheels, Mosul Co. for Mechanical Works Rama (John Shearer) ZT seeder modified by local farmer ( Mr Ghazi Fathi ) Locally manufactured machinery for zero tillage (ZT) are now available (ACIAR Project)

101. Research Outputs & Technologies towards food security & better livelihoods 8. Livestock-Based Production Systems: - Strategic feeding of low cost balanced diets - Technologies for fodder production - Technology for improved milking - Technology for improved yogurt processing - Technology for improved cheese processing

102. Ecosystem Resilience: Integrated Crop/Rangeland/Livestock Production Systems Barley Production Cactus & Fodder Shrubs By-products Feed Blocks On-farm Feed Production Natural Pastures Enhancement & Rangeland Management Successful Technologies Flock management

103. Problems: High costs of supplements in dry years Cereals used as feeds Solutions: Low cost balanced diets for intensive and semi-intensive systems using available by-products and crop residues Feed blocks can be used to ensure homogeneity of mixtures On-farm testing and implementation in community-based projects Technology for improved feeding: Strategic feeding of low cost balanced diets

104. Effect of strategic feeding of urea-molasses feed blocks on performance of ewes & lambs (Average of two years, 7 flocks in 3 villages) Technology for improved feeding: Strategic Feeding of Low Cost Balanced Diets

105. Benefits: Strategic supplementation resulted in a net gain of 18.7 $US per ewe compared to traditional feeding In an average flock of 50 ewes using this technology would generate ~935 US$ Technology for improved feeding: Strategic feeding of low cost balanced diets

106. Technology for improved milking Problems in traditional milking Health problems of women Milk contamination Solutions : Simple milking ramp Cleaning udder before milking Teat immersion after milking The benefits: Comfortable milking Cleaner milk Mastitis detection Better udder control Higher quality products reflecting in better income

107. Technology for improved yogurt processing Value Added Problems: Weak texture and bad transportability Sourness of yogurt Solutions: Yogurt culture with different firmness Use of a thermometer to avoid contamination The benefits: High quality yogurt and reduced milk spoilage due to contaminated starters Firm texture, resisting transportation on bumpy roads More net income

108. Technology for improved cheese processing Added Value Problems: Eye formation Sourness and/or off flavor Risk of Brucellosis Solutions: Milk pasteurization prior to cheese making Use of thermometers The benefits: Hygiene & high quality product reducing risks to transmission of diseases Improved marketability and increased net income

109. Key constraints Low-yielding varieties Quality seed availability Inappropriate production methods Ineffective extension Lack of institutions Solutions High-yielding forages Seed production Best practices Technologies for fodder production Example Afghanistan

110. High-yielding forages identified Grasspea & Vetch

111. Grain Straw 1 2-year average, 3 replicates High-yielding forages identified Grasspea & Vetch

112. High-yielding forages identified: Cowpea

113. Grain Fodder 1 2-year average, 3 replicates High-yielding forages identified: Grasspea & Vetch

114. Enhanced knowledge & information: field days

115. Participation in the Fodder Project: 600 participating households in 13 villages 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 BalaiAsia Labenar Mataki Saraki-4 Logari Shinwari Ghorbani Saraki Mamorin Saraki Atiq Atiq Khan Kotiha Sarak-3 Saraki Awal Sarak-2 Participating Households

116. More impact at farmers’ level

117. Researcher-Extension Agent-Farmer Traditional Approach Integrated Research Sites as Platforms for Technology Transfer and development Community Approach Participatory Approach Poverty Mapping & Livelihoods Analysis Value Chain Adoption and Impact Assessment Not mutually exclusive .. Approaches & Mechanisms for Technology Transfer: Research for Development Continuum

118. D D R for ICARDA Research for Development vs Research and Development Research for Development

119. Diagnostic & Base Line Surveys Basic Research Applied Research Adaptive/Strategic Research Researcher/Extension Agent/Farmer on-Farm Trials Farmer-Managed On-Farm Trials Pilot Production-Cum-Demonstration Plots by Farmers; Extension Commercial Production Project IMPACT STUDIES The Continuum from Basic Research to Technology Transfer ON-FARM FEEDBACK Adoption Studies

120. Site Integration Problem analysis System analysis Site selection Solution development (options) Extrapolation and adaptation ICARDA Integrated Research Site: INRM System

121. Transfer and Adaptation Up-scaling and Extrapolation Integrated Research Site Similar environment Different environment ICARDA Linking Research with Development GIS + Bio-economic Modeling GIS

122. Using GIS for Finding of Similarity with Research Benchmark Sites for up scaling and diffusion of Technology

123. Community Approach & Community Action Plans Community Community Technologies Technologies Policy & Policy & Property right Property right studies studies Agro Agro - - Ecological Ecological Characterization Characterization Scenarii Scenarii Modeling Modeling Validation with community representatives Validation with community representatives Presentation to decision makers Presentation to decision makers Private sector Other communities Public institutions Community Community Technologies Technologies Policy & Policy & Property right Property right studies studies Agro Agro - - Ecological Ecological Characterization Characterization Community Action Plan & Scenarios Modeling Modeling NGOs Validation with community representatives Validation with community representatives Presentation to decision makers Presentation to decision makers Private sector Other communities Public institutions

124. M&M Phase1 Dropped Chosen technologies Local Institutions Adopted Rejected Offered technologies M&M Phase2 participatory approach

125. Livelihood Analysis & Income Mapping

126. Distribution of human poverty in Sudan (2006) Composite index of life expectancy, deprivation of knowledge, lack of access to public and private services Based on data from two national surveys; The 2000 Multiple Indicators Clusters Survey (MICS) including 2006 Health Survey Human poverty is the highest in the South

127. Participatory in Crop Improvement Farmers score barley lines according to their selection criteria in a participatory barley breeding project of ICARDA in Eritrea

128. Small holder farmers Large farmers Traders /intermediaries Local market/ retailers Exporters Processors Fresh: wholesale, retailers, shops; hotels Supermarkets Domestic consumers International consumer Value chain: Conceptual framework Institutions, policies, government regulations, etc Canned food ACTIVITIES BY STAGE & ACTOR L INKAGES& POWER

129. Impact of wheat research in Syria Annual benefits from research: estimated at USD 142 million Saved land: The same production without the technology would have required additional 1 million hectares

130. Impact of Improved Technologies on Profitability (Net Return $/ha) Technology Country Adopters Non-adopters Increase Wheat Egypt 1,191 830 43% Sudan 510 134 281% Yemen 677 318 113% Faba bean Egypt 962 820 17% Ethiopia 164 108 52% Sudan 369 293 26% Chickpea Ethiopia 551 201 174% Lentil Ethiopia 781 451 73%

131. Partnership & networking

132. Adoption and Impact of Technologies At Farmers’ & Rural Community Levels

133. THANK YOU