This document discusses the debate around drilling for oil in Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. It outlines the three regions of Alaska's North Slope - the National Petroleum Reserve, Prudhoe Bay, and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is a federally protected area that opponents do not want opened to drilling due to fears it will damage the pristine wilderness, while proponents argue it could provide untapped oil riches.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on energy sources, fossil fuels, and their environmental impacts. It discusses the debate over drilling in Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and describes the three regions of Alaska's North Slope. It then summarizes the formation and extraction of coal, natural gas, crude oil, and alternative fossil fuels like oil sands. Throughout, it notes the environmental impacts of fossil fuel emissions and pollution as well as challenges of depletion and peak oil.
This document provides an overview of alternative energy sources including nuclear energy, bioenergy, and hydroelectric power. It discusses reasons for seeking alternative fuels to fossil fuels, contributions of alternative fuels globally, and debates around nuclear power. Key points covered include Sweden's transition away from nuclear power and increased use of alternatives like hydroelectric, biomass and wind. Details are given on nuclear power generation through fission, risks of accidents, and challenges of waste disposal. Bioenergy sources like ethanol and biodiesel are outlined as are developing technologies like algal biofuels. Hydropower is summarized as using the kinetic energy of moving water to generate electricity through dams or run-of-river systems.
This document provides an overview of various renewable energy sources including solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, and ocean energy. It discusses technologies such as photovoltaic cells, wind turbines, geothermal power plants, tidal power dams, and wave energy devices. The key benefits of these renewable sources are that they have no emissions, are sustainable, and can help create new jobs. However, issues include high upfront costs and intermittent availability for some sources.
This document discusses mining methods, their environmental and social impacts, and efforts to restore mined lands. It describes how minerals are extracted through various mining techniques like strip mining, underground mining, open pit mining and mountaintop removal. These methods can significantly damage the environment by destroying habitats, polluting water sources, and degrading land. The document also notes issues like human rights abuses during mineral extraction in places like the Democratic Republic of Congo and challenges with fully restoring mined lands.
This document discusses air pollution and solutions. It begins with an overview of the Earth's atmosphere and its four layers. It then discusses various types of outdoor air pollution including criteria pollutants like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter. Legislation like the Clean Air Act has addressed pollution by setting emissions standards. Pollution monitoring has shown decreases in emissions since the 1970s due to technologies like catalytic converters and scrubbers. However, toxic substances and some areas still fail air quality standards.
This document discusses alternatives to fossil fuels for energy production, focusing on nuclear energy. It provides background on nuclear energy, how it works, and examples of nuclear power generation in Sweden and other countries. It also summarizes some of the environmental and safety issues associated with nuclear power, including accidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl, and challenges of long-term nuclear waste storage.
The document discusses various renewable energy sources including solar, wind, geothermal, and hydrogen fuel cells. It notes that Iceland aims to convert its economy to be based completely on renewable energy sources like geothermal and hydropower. It also discusses how solar energy can be harnessed through passive and active collection methods, while wind energy is harnessed through wind turbines in wind farms.
This document discusses various energy sources including fossil fuels like coal, natural gas, and petroleum. It describes how these fuels are formed from ancient organic matter and the environmental impacts of their extraction and use. The text also addresses peak oil production and debates around drilling for oil in Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. It advocates for increased energy conservation and development of renewable energy sources.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on energy sources, fossil fuels, and their environmental impacts. It discusses the debate over drilling in Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and describes the three regions of Alaska's North Slope. It then summarizes the formation and extraction of coal, natural gas, crude oil, and alternative fossil fuels like oil sands. Throughout, it notes the environmental impacts of fossil fuel emissions and pollution as well as challenges of depletion and peak oil.
This document provides an overview of alternative energy sources including nuclear energy, bioenergy, and hydroelectric power. It discusses reasons for seeking alternative fuels to fossil fuels, contributions of alternative fuels globally, and debates around nuclear power. Key points covered include Sweden's transition away from nuclear power and increased use of alternatives like hydroelectric, biomass and wind. Details are given on nuclear power generation through fission, risks of accidents, and challenges of waste disposal. Bioenergy sources like ethanol and biodiesel are outlined as are developing technologies like algal biofuels. Hydropower is summarized as using the kinetic energy of moving water to generate electricity through dams or run-of-river systems.
This document provides an overview of various renewable energy sources including solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, and ocean energy. It discusses technologies such as photovoltaic cells, wind turbines, geothermal power plants, tidal power dams, and wave energy devices. The key benefits of these renewable sources are that they have no emissions, are sustainable, and can help create new jobs. However, issues include high upfront costs and intermittent availability for some sources.
This document discusses mining methods, their environmental and social impacts, and efforts to restore mined lands. It describes how minerals are extracted through various mining techniques like strip mining, underground mining, open pit mining and mountaintop removal. These methods can significantly damage the environment by destroying habitats, polluting water sources, and degrading land. The document also notes issues like human rights abuses during mineral extraction in places like the Democratic Republic of Congo and challenges with fully restoring mined lands.
This document discusses air pollution and solutions. It begins with an overview of the Earth's atmosphere and its four layers. It then discusses various types of outdoor air pollution including criteria pollutants like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter. Legislation like the Clean Air Act has addressed pollution by setting emissions standards. Pollution monitoring has shown decreases in emissions since the 1970s due to technologies like catalytic converters and scrubbers. However, toxic substances and some areas still fail air quality standards.
This document discusses alternatives to fossil fuels for energy production, focusing on nuclear energy. It provides background on nuclear energy, how it works, and examples of nuclear power generation in Sweden and other countries. It also summarizes some of the environmental and safety issues associated with nuclear power, including accidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl, and challenges of long-term nuclear waste storage.
The document discusses various renewable energy sources including solar, wind, geothermal, and hydrogen fuel cells. It notes that Iceland aims to convert its economy to be based completely on renewable energy sources like geothermal and hydropower. It also discusses how solar energy can be harnessed through passive and active collection methods, while wind energy is harnessed through wind turbines in wind farms.
This document discusses various energy sources including fossil fuels like coal, natural gas, and petroleum. It describes how these fuels are formed from ancient organic matter and the environmental impacts of their extraction and use. The text also addresses peak oil production and debates around drilling for oil in Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. It advocates for increased energy conservation and development of renewable energy sources.
Formation of fossil fuels in the geological time scale ,energy and environmentTessaRaju
The document discusses the formation of fossil fuels over geological timescales. It explains that fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas were formed from the decomposition of dead plants and animals over hundreds of millions of years. Coal formed from land sediments, while oil and natural gas primarily formed from marine sediments. The document also provides details on India's non-renewable energy reserves like coal, natural gas, and petroleum. It notes that non-renewable resources are being used faster than they can be replenished. Finally, it gives data on the world's largest energy reserves and the countries with the highest energy consumption like China, US, and India.
This document provides an overview of various energy sources in India, including both renewable and non-renewable sources. It discusses fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas which currently provide most of India's energy but are limited. It also covers renewable sources like solar, biomass, wind, and biogas energy which have potential to meet more of India's future energy needs in a sustainable manner. The document aims to evaluate both conventional and alternative energy sources and conservation practices important for India's development and environmental protection.
The document discusses various energy resources including renewable and non-renewable sources. Renewable resources such as sunlight, wind and water can be replenished, while non-renewable resources like fossil fuels and minerals are depleted over time. Growing energy needs are driven by industrialization, urbanization and population growth. The document then examines different energy sources in more detail, including fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil as well as renewable options such as hydroelectric, solar, wind, geothermal and hydrogen power. Both advantages and disadvantages are provided for each energy type.
Earth scientists have identified over 3000 minerals that are nonrenewable resources with limited supplies. Mineral resources can be metals like gold and silver or nonmetals like sulfur and quartz. Ores form in various ways as magma cools, through contact metamorphism, or by mineral-rich solutions depositing veins in cracks. Water also helps form ore deposits by carrying mineral fragments and dissolved minerals. Mineral resources are used for jewelry, building materials, and other applications. Conservation efforts include using alternative materials like plastics and recycling minerals.
Renewable and nonrenewable resources notesJehangir Khan
This document discusses renewable and nonrenewable resources. Renewable resources, such as crops, wind, and water can be replenished within a human lifetime. Nonrenewable resources like coal, oil and natural gas cannot be replenished and are finite. Global energy use has increased 50% from 1973 to 1993 and is expected to continue growing. This will likely accelerate issues like global warming due to increased greenhouse gas emissions. The document also discusses alternative energy sources like solar, wind, hydropower and nuclear that are more renewable options compared to fossil fuels.
Nonrenewable resources such as minerals and fossil fuels cannot be replaced at the same rate at which they are consumed. They are finite resources formed over long geological periods. Renewable resources such as solar, wind, and hydropower can be replenished naturally in a short period of time through natural processes like the sun's heat and the wind. The key difference between nonrenewable and renewable resources is that nonrenewables are depleted once extracted while renewables can be replenished within our lifetimes through natural cycles.
Energy comes from various sources both renewable and non-renewable. The five fundamental sources of energy are nuclear fusion in the sun, gravity from the Earth and moon, nuclear fission reactions, energy in the Earth's interior, and energy stored in chemical bonds. Non-renewable sources include fossil fuels like coal, crude oil, and natural gas obtained from ancient organic matter underground. Nuclear energy also comes from mining and refining uranium. Renewable sources are solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass which use ongoing natural processes and can be replenished unlike non-renewable sources. Renewables are better for the environment but make up a smaller share of current energy usage.
this presentation deals with the formation, depletion, conservation of various sources of energy. it also includes the various advantages and disadvantages of the sources.
The document discusses various renewable and non-renewable energy sources including coal, crude oil, natural gas, oil shale, peat, hydropower, biomass, solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy, and nuclear energy. It provides brief descriptions of each source, noting whether they are renewable or non-renewable. Methods for obtaining and using different renewable sources like hydropower, biomass, solar, geothermal, and wind energy are outlined.
The document discusses different forms of energy including potential, kinetic, electrical, mechanical, chemical, heat, light, and various energy sources such as hydro, solar, wind, biomass, fossil fuels, and nuclear power. It describes how these different forms and sources of energy work, their environmental impacts, and how energy can be transformed from one form to another but not created or destroyed according to the law of conservation of energy. The document emphasizes the importance of conserving energy and developing renewable sources.
This document summarizes different types of energy resources including renewable and nonrenewable sources. It discusses that energy exists in two forms: potential and kinetic energy. The document outlines the first and second laws of thermodynamics. It provides details about nonrenewable energy sources like fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and nuclear fuel. Fossil fuel formation and global coal production statistics are mentioned. The document also summarizes renewable energy sources including sunlight, wind, water, and geothermal. It provides examples of large solar farms, wind farms, and hydroelectric plants. Biobased energy sources from dandelion rubber and laboratory grown meat are also briefly outlined.
The document discusses different sources of energy, including fossil fuels. It explains that there are two main types of energy sources: renewable sources that do not run out like sunlight and wind, and non-renewable fossil fuels like coal, natural gas, and petroleum that are formed from ancient living organisms but will eventually be depleted. These fossil fuels are the primary sources of energy currently used worldwide. While fossil fuels are easy to extract and generate large amounts of electricity efficiently, they also emit air and water pollution and contribute to climate change when burned.
The document discusses India's mineral and energy resources. It describes the different modes of occurrence of minerals in rocks and different types of mineral deposits. Major minerals discussed include iron ore, manganese, copper, bauxite and mica. India's important coalfields and areas of petroleum and natural gas production are also mentioned. The document also covers conventional energy sources like coal, petroleum and natural gas as well as non-conventional renewable sources such as solar, wind, tidal, and biomass energy. It stresses the importance of conservation of minerals and energy resources.
Energy comes from sources like fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which were formed from decaying plants and animals millions of years ago. While the Philippines has some coal and oil reserves, they are not sufficient to meet the country's growing energy demands, resulting in reliance on imports. Coal reserves in the Philippines are mostly low-rank lignite coal. Crude oil is found primarily in Palawan and is refined into products like gasoline and diesel. The Philippines also has natural gas reserves, with the largest field being the Malampaya gas field off Palawan, which supplies gas to power plants via a 504 km pipeline. However, the country still relies on other nations for much of its crude oil supply
This document outlines an introductory presentation on energy and the environment. It discusses types and classifications of energy, forms of energy, renewable and non-renewable energy sources, and related engineering subjects like power plant technology, bioenergy, and solar energy. It also covers environmental topics such as segments of the environment, pollution, and subjects related to environmental engineering. Finally, it discusses the relationship between energy and the environment and the objectives of energy and environment engineering in Pakistan to address energy crisis issues and protect the environment.
This document discusses nonrenewable resources including mineral and energy resources. It describes how mineral resources like metals and nonmetals are formed through geological processes and then mined. The impacts of mining include damage to the environment. Fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas are discussed as the main current energy resources but also have environmental impacts. Alternative energy sources like solar, wind and nuclear are presented as important future options.
This document discusses nonrenewable and renewable resources. It defines nonrenewable resources as natural resources that cannot be remade in a short period of time, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which are fossil fuels that take millions of years to form. Renewable resources are defined as those that can be replenished within a short period of time, such as solar, wind, and water energy sources. The document also provides details on how fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas form over millions of years from the remains of ancient organisms.
Este documento describe diferentes instrumentos ópticos como el ojo humano, microscopio óptico, telescopio y cámara fotográfica. Explica las partes y funciones de cada uno, como la córnea, iris, pupila y retina en el ojo, el objetivo, ocular y platina en el microscopio, y el objetivo, ocular y obturador en la cámara. También cubre brevemente la lupa y sus usos para ampliar objetos.
This document discusses methods for conducting and analyzing aquifer tests. It begins by listing objectives of aquifer tests such as measuring hydraulic parameters and determining aquifer properties. It then covers considerations for planning a test and equipment requirements. The document explains concepts such as drawdown, transmissivity, and storativity. It presents equations for analyzing confined and unconfined aquifers, including Theis, Cooper-Jacob, and Neuman models. Finally, it lists some common programs that can be used to analyze aquifer test data.
Formation of fossil fuels in the geological time scale ,energy and environmentTessaRaju
The document discusses the formation of fossil fuels over geological timescales. It explains that fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas were formed from the decomposition of dead plants and animals over hundreds of millions of years. Coal formed from land sediments, while oil and natural gas primarily formed from marine sediments. The document also provides details on India's non-renewable energy reserves like coal, natural gas, and petroleum. It notes that non-renewable resources are being used faster than they can be replenished. Finally, it gives data on the world's largest energy reserves and the countries with the highest energy consumption like China, US, and India.
This document provides an overview of various energy sources in India, including both renewable and non-renewable sources. It discusses fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas which currently provide most of India's energy but are limited. It also covers renewable sources like solar, biomass, wind, and biogas energy which have potential to meet more of India's future energy needs in a sustainable manner. The document aims to evaluate both conventional and alternative energy sources and conservation practices important for India's development and environmental protection.
The document discusses various energy resources including renewable and non-renewable sources. Renewable resources such as sunlight, wind and water can be replenished, while non-renewable resources like fossil fuels and minerals are depleted over time. Growing energy needs are driven by industrialization, urbanization and population growth. The document then examines different energy sources in more detail, including fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil as well as renewable options such as hydroelectric, solar, wind, geothermal and hydrogen power. Both advantages and disadvantages are provided for each energy type.
Earth scientists have identified over 3000 minerals that are nonrenewable resources with limited supplies. Mineral resources can be metals like gold and silver or nonmetals like sulfur and quartz. Ores form in various ways as magma cools, through contact metamorphism, or by mineral-rich solutions depositing veins in cracks. Water also helps form ore deposits by carrying mineral fragments and dissolved minerals. Mineral resources are used for jewelry, building materials, and other applications. Conservation efforts include using alternative materials like plastics and recycling minerals.
Renewable and nonrenewable resources notesJehangir Khan
This document discusses renewable and nonrenewable resources. Renewable resources, such as crops, wind, and water can be replenished within a human lifetime. Nonrenewable resources like coal, oil and natural gas cannot be replenished and are finite. Global energy use has increased 50% from 1973 to 1993 and is expected to continue growing. This will likely accelerate issues like global warming due to increased greenhouse gas emissions. The document also discusses alternative energy sources like solar, wind, hydropower and nuclear that are more renewable options compared to fossil fuels.
Nonrenewable resources such as minerals and fossil fuels cannot be replaced at the same rate at which they are consumed. They are finite resources formed over long geological periods. Renewable resources such as solar, wind, and hydropower can be replenished naturally in a short period of time through natural processes like the sun's heat and the wind. The key difference between nonrenewable and renewable resources is that nonrenewables are depleted once extracted while renewables can be replenished within our lifetimes through natural cycles.
Energy comes from various sources both renewable and non-renewable. The five fundamental sources of energy are nuclear fusion in the sun, gravity from the Earth and moon, nuclear fission reactions, energy in the Earth's interior, and energy stored in chemical bonds. Non-renewable sources include fossil fuels like coal, crude oil, and natural gas obtained from ancient organic matter underground. Nuclear energy also comes from mining and refining uranium. Renewable sources are solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass which use ongoing natural processes and can be replenished unlike non-renewable sources. Renewables are better for the environment but make up a smaller share of current energy usage.
this presentation deals with the formation, depletion, conservation of various sources of energy. it also includes the various advantages and disadvantages of the sources.
The document discusses various renewable and non-renewable energy sources including coal, crude oil, natural gas, oil shale, peat, hydropower, biomass, solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy, and nuclear energy. It provides brief descriptions of each source, noting whether they are renewable or non-renewable. Methods for obtaining and using different renewable sources like hydropower, biomass, solar, geothermal, and wind energy are outlined.
The document discusses different forms of energy including potential, kinetic, electrical, mechanical, chemical, heat, light, and various energy sources such as hydro, solar, wind, biomass, fossil fuels, and nuclear power. It describes how these different forms and sources of energy work, their environmental impacts, and how energy can be transformed from one form to another but not created or destroyed according to the law of conservation of energy. The document emphasizes the importance of conserving energy and developing renewable sources.
This document summarizes different types of energy resources including renewable and nonrenewable sources. It discusses that energy exists in two forms: potential and kinetic energy. The document outlines the first and second laws of thermodynamics. It provides details about nonrenewable energy sources like fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and nuclear fuel. Fossil fuel formation and global coal production statistics are mentioned. The document also summarizes renewable energy sources including sunlight, wind, water, and geothermal. It provides examples of large solar farms, wind farms, and hydroelectric plants. Biobased energy sources from dandelion rubber and laboratory grown meat are also briefly outlined.
The document discusses different sources of energy, including fossil fuels. It explains that there are two main types of energy sources: renewable sources that do not run out like sunlight and wind, and non-renewable fossil fuels like coal, natural gas, and petroleum that are formed from ancient living organisms but will eventually be depleted. These fossil fuels are the primary sources of energy currently used worldwide. While fossil fuels are easy to extract and generate large amounts of electricity efficiently, they also emit air and water pollution and contribute to climate change when burned.
The document discusses India's mineral and energy resources. It describes the different modes of occurrence of minerals in rocks and different types of mineral deposits. Major minerals discussed include iron ore, manganese, copper, bauxite and mica. India's important coalfields and areas of petroleum and natural gas production are also mentioned. The document also covers conventional energy sources like coal, petroleum and natural gas as well as non-conventional renewable sources such as solar, wind, tidal, and biomass energy. It stresses the importance of conservation of minerals and energy resources.
Energy comes from sources like fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which were formed from decaying plants and animals millions of years ago. While the Philippines has some coal and oil reserves, they are not sufficient to meet the country's growing energy demands, resulting in reliance on imports. Coal reserves in the Philippines are mostly low-rank lignite coal. Crude oil is found primarily in Palawan and is refined into products like gasoline and diesel. The Philippines also has natural gas reserves, with the largest field being the Malampaya gas field off Palawan, which supplies gas to power plants via a 504 km pipeline. However, the country still relies on other nations for much of its crude oil supply
This document outlines an introductory presentation on energy and the environment. It discusses types and classifications of energy, forms of energy, renewable and non-renewable energy sources, and related engineering subjects like power plant technology, bioenergy, and solar energy. It also covers environmental topics such as segments of the environment, pollution, and subjects related to environmental engineering. Finally, it discusses the relationship between energy and the environment and the objectives of energy and environment engineering in Pakistan to address energy crisis issues and protect the environment.
This document discusses nonrenewable resources including mineral and energy resources. It describes how mineral resources like metals and nonmetals are formed through geological processes and then mined. The impacts of mining include damage to the environment. Fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas are discussed as the main current energy resources but also have environmental impacts. Alternative energy sources like solar, wind and nuclear are presented as important future options.
This document discusses nonrenewable and renewable resources. It defines nonrenewable resources as natural resources that cannot be remade in a short period of time, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which are fossil fuels that take millions of years to form. Renewable resources are defined as those that can be replenished within a short period of time, such as solar, wind, and water energy sources. The document also provides details on how fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas form over millions of years from the remains of ancient organisms.
Este documento describe diferentes instrumentos ópticos como el ojo humano, microscopio óptico, telescopio y cámara fotográfica. Explica las partes y funciones de cada uno, como la córnea, iris, pupila y retina en el ojo, el objetivo, ocular y platina en el microscopio, y el objetivo, ocular y obturador en la cámara. También cubre brevemente la lupa y sus usos para ampliar objetos.
This document discusses methods for conducting and analyzing aquifer tests. It begins by listing objectives of aquifer tests such as measuring hydraulic parameters and determining aquifer properties. It then covers considerations for planning a test and equipment requirements. The document explains concepts such as drawdown, transmissivity, and storativity. It presents equations for analyzing confined and unconfined aquifers, including Theis, Cooper-Jacob, and Neuman models. Finally, it lists some common programs that can be used to analyze aquifer test data.
Management of water resources has been crucial for the development of civilizations throughout history. Early civilizations managed water for drinking, irrigation, flood control, transportation, and power. While water management techniques like qanats, aqueducts, and irrigation systems date back millennia, populations pressures and other challenges confront modern water managers.
This document discusses open channel flow, including:
1) Key parameters like hydraulic radius, channel roughness, and types of flow profiles.
2) Empirical equations for open channel flow including Chezy and Manning's equations.
3) Concepts of critical flow including critical depth, specific energy, and the importance of the Froude number.
4) Measurement techniques for discharge like weirs and sluice gates.
5) Gradually and rapidly varied flow, water surface profiles, and hydraulic jumps.
This chapter discusses municipal and irrigation water development. It describes how large cities like Los Angeles and New York developed elaborate water systems like aqueducts to transport water from rural areas. It also explains how irrigation became widespread in the 1900s with the use of pumps and sprinkler systems to allow agriculture in arid western regions. However, salinity buildup poses a long-term challenge for irrigation in dry areas as salts concentrate in the soil. There is now competition for water between growing cities and agricultural interests.
This document discusses open channel hydraulics and specific energy. It defines key terms like head, energy, hydraulic grade line, energy line, critical depth, Froude number, specific energy, and gradually varied flow. It explains the concepts of critical depth, alternate depths, and how specific energy relates to critical depth for rectangular and non-rectangular channels. It also discusses surface profiles, backwater curves, types of bed slopes, occurrence of critical depth with changes in bed slope, and the energy equation for gradually varied flow. An example problem is included to demonstrate calculating distance between depths for gradually varied flow.
India; Rain Water Harvesting and Artificial RechargeD5Z
This document provides an overview of artificial recharge and rainwater harvesting case studies in India. It begins with background on groundwater development and the need for artificial recharge. It then describes traditional artificial recharge practices used in different regions of India. The document also discusses planning, techniques, and efforts by the Central Ground Water Board to implement artificial recharge projects. Finally, it provides success stories of artificial recharge projects in various states that have recharged groundwater and raised water levels.
A broad crested weir with a crest height of 0.3m is located in a channel. With a measured head of 0.6m above the crest, the problem asks to calculate the rate of discharge per unit width, accounting for velocity of approach. Broad crested weirs follow the relationship that discharge per unit width (q) is proportional to the head (H) raised to the power of 3/2. Using this relationship and the given values of 0.3m for crest height and 0.6m for head, the problem is solved through trial and error to find the value of q.
This document discusses the design of open channels. It describes the process of designing channels to prevent silting and scouring. The key steps are determining the depth, bed width, side slopes, and longitudinal slope of the channel based on the discharge and sediment load. It also discusses different channel types and design methods for rigid and erodible channels. The main design methods covered are the permissible velocity method and tractive force method for erodible channels. Design procedures and examples are provided for rectangular and trapezoidal channel sections.
Here are the answers to the quiz questions:
1. Groundwater is flowing from Well A to Well B.
2. The hydraulic gradient is (102 m - 105 m) / 1000 m = 0.003
3. The flux is q = K i = 10 m/day * 0.003 = 0.03 m/day
4. The porosity is 250 mL / 1000 mL = 25%
5. The remaining 50 mL of water is held in the material by capillary forces.
6. The porosity would be less for clay than sand.
7. Less water would pour out if we use clay instead of sand.
8. [T/F] An aquiclude is
The document provides an introduction to hydrology, including:
- Defining hydrology as the science studying the water cycle and flows between the atmosphere, land, and oceans.
- Describing the key elements of the water cycle, including precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, and the spatial and temporal scales involved.
- Noting that the water cycle sustains life on Earth, shapes its surface, and regulates the climate.
This document provides an overview of ground water hydrology. It defines key terms like aquifers, aquitards, the water table, porosity, permeability and discusses the movement and storage of groundwater. It explains that groundwater is an important source of water, especially in arid areas, and outlines the water balance concept and different zones of subsurface water like the saturated and aeration zones.
Non-renewable Resources slides by Kiersten LippmannKiersten Lippmann
Graphic heavy slides to engage students based on Essential Environment by Withgott and Laposota. Slides cover Chapter 15 on non-renewable Energy Sources
The chapter discusses different energy sources including fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas as well as renewable sources. It covers the formation of fossil fuels, issues with their use, and various renewable energy technologies such as hydroelectric, geothermal, wind, solar, and biomass. The chapter also discusses energy conservation and the potential future use of hydrogen fuel cells.
Nuclear energy has long been hailed as a promising solution to our energy needs, offering a relatively clean and efficient source of power. However, alongside its benefits come significant risks and hazards that cannot be ignored. From the potential for catastrophic accidents to the long-term environmental and health impacts of radioactive materials, nuclear hazards pose complex challenges that demand careful consideration. In this comprehensive exploration, we delve into the various aspects of nuclear hazards, from their origins and mechanisms to their effects and the strategies employed to mitigate them.
Understanding Nuclear Hazards:1.1. Nuclear Energy and Its Hazards:
- Nuclear energy harnesses the power of atomic reactions to generate electricity, primarily through nuclear fission.
- The hazards associated with nuclear energy arise from the radioactive materials produced during fission, which emit harmful ionizing radiation.
- Types of nuclear hazards include accidents, radiation exposure, radioactive contamination, and the long-term storage of radioactive waste.1.2. Sources of Nuclear Hazards:
- Nuclear power plants: Accidents such as Chernobyl and Fukushima have demonstrated the potential for catastrophic failures in nuclear reactors.
- Nuclear weapons testing: The detonation of nuclear weapons releases large amounts of radioactive fallout into the environment.
- Radioactive waste: The disposal and storage of spent nuclear fuel and other radioactive materials present ongoing hazards.
Impacts of Nuclear Hazards:2.1. Health Effects:
- Acute effects of radiation exposure include radiation sickness, burns, and organ damage.
- Chronic exposure to low levels of radiation increases the risk of cancer, genetic mutations, and other long-term health problems.
- Vulnerable populations, such as children and pregnant women, are particularly susceptible to the harmful effects of radiation.2.2. Environmental Consequences:
- Radioactive contamination can persist in the environment for thousands of years, affecting ecosystems and wildlife.
- Contaminated water sources, soil, and air can lead to bioaccumulation of radioactive isotopes in plants and animals, potentially entering the food chain.
The document summarizes different types of energy resources including renewable and non-renewable sources. It discusses various renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydel, bioenergy and biomass. Specific examples are provided on the use of solar energy for cooking and generating biogas from cow dung. Non-renewable sources like coal, crude oil, natural gas and nuclear energy are also summarized. The document concludes with proposing a framework and sample projects for children to study energy resources in their local area.
This document summarizes natural resources and their classification. It discusses renewable resources like water, soil, wind and sun that can replenish within a human lifetime. Non-renewable resources like fossil fuels, ores and minerals took millions of years to form and exist in fixed amounts. The document also covers alternative energy resources, forest resources, water resources, and problems associated with overexploitation of natural resources like deforestation, depletion of non-renewable resources, and conflicts over shared water systems.
The document discusses the differences between renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Renewable sources like wind and solar have an infinite supply, while non-renewables like coal, oil and gas have a finite supply that will eventually run out. It then provides details on various energy sources, both renewable (solar, wind, tidal) and non-renewable (coal, oil, gas, nuclear), discussing their usage and environmental impacts. It also examines global trade in energy commodities and geopolitical factors that influence energy production and consumption.
Chapter 9 Energy Source Environmental Sciencetangekpitou070
This chapter discusses different energy sources and their pros and cons. It begins by distinguishing between nonrenewable fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas, and renewable sources such as solar, wind and hydroelectric power. It then examines each energy source in more detail, describing their formation or operation, worldwide usage, environmental impacts and issues. The chapter emphasizes that while fossil fuels currently supply most energy needs, renewable sources are growing in importance and have potential to provide over half the world's energy by 2050 with advancements. Energy conservation is also discussed as a way to reduce demand on energy systems.
Man's use of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas provides most of the world's energy but contributes to environmental issues like pollution and climate change. Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind and hydropower are increasingly important as they don't pollute or deplete resources, though they have limitations in supply and costs. Nuclear power also provides large-scale energy without pollution, but nuclear waste storage is a challenge and accidents are a risk. Alternative fuels like hydrogen may eventually replace fossil fuels but require more development. Overall, balancing energy needs with environmental impacts requires transitioning to diverse, sustainable sources.
- Natural resources like metals, water, and fossil fuels are used for energy production. Fossil fuels include oil, gas, and coal formed from ancient organisms.
- Oil and gas are extracted through drilling and hydraulic fracking. Coal formed as plants were buried and heated over millions of years.
- Non-renewable energy sources are finite, while renewable sources like wind and solar are continually replenished. Fossil fuel combustion emits greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide.
- Natural resources include metals, minerals, water, crops and fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas. Energy resources include both non-renewable fossil fuels and renewable sources.
- Non-renewable energy resources like oil, gas and coal were formed from ancient organisms over millions of years. Renewable energy comes from ongoing natural sources like wind and solar power.
- Countries utilize different combinations of energy sources in their energy mix to meet their needs, including fossil fuels, nuclear power and renewables like hydropower and wind.
The document discusses fossil fuels, which are fuels formed from the remains of ancient organisms. It defines fossil as the remains of prehistoric organisms preserved in rock and fuel as a material burned for energy. Fossil fuels are natural fuels like coal and gas formed from decomposed organisms. The five main fossil fuels are coal, natural gas, oil, petroleum, and liquefied petroleum gas. Fossil fuels are widely used for electricity generation, heating, and transportation. While they provide high energy and are abundant, their use also causes environmental issues like depletion, greenhouse gas emissions, and pollution. Examples of fossil fuel power plants in the Philippines include coal, natural gas, and oil-fired facilities.
Fossil fuels will not run out soon and alternatives will not replace them in the near future. While consumption of fossil fuels has increased dramatically, estimates that they would run out date back to the early 20th century and have been inaccurate. Renewable resources like wind and solar still only account for a small percentage of global energy usage despite subsidies, and producing energy from them requires significantly more land. While fossil fuel usage has risks for climate change, their benefits have also allowed unprecedented increases in standards of living and agricultural productivity. A balanced approach is needed that incorporates energy efficiency along with continued development of alternatives like nuclear and carbon capture technology.
Energy resources Growing energy needs Renewable and non renewable energy reso...BestStatus1
Energy is essential for development and life. While fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas currently provide most energy, they are finite and contribute to climate change. Renewable sources like solar, wind, hydro and biomass are increasingly important alternatives. India relies heavily on coal but is diversifying its energy mix with renewable sources to meet growing demand in a sustainable manner.
This document provides an overview of energy use and production in Canada. It discusses that Canada is a large per capita energy user due to its northern climate and industrial economy. It then outlines how energy is used across different sectors and the types of energy industries in Canada, including coal, oil and gas, and electricity production from hydro, thermal, and nuclear sources. Specific energy projects like the Mackenzie Gas Project and offshore oil production at Hibernia are also summarized. The document emphasizes Canada's role as a major energy exporter, especially of natural gas, oil, coal and electricity to the United States.
The document is a question bank for the subject EE8703 - Renewable Energy Systems. It contains 30 questions about various topics related to renewable and non-renewable energy sources. The questions cover fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas as well as renewable sources such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, ocean and biomass energy. The questions discuss the formation, uses, advantages and disadvantages of each energy source. The final question provides a brief overview of India's renewable energy scenario and capacity additions in recent years.
Energy comes in different forms including heat, light, mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear. It can be classified as either potential (stored) or kinetic (working) energy. Biomass is a renewable energy source that contains stored solar energy and includes materials such as wood, crops, and garbage. When burned, biomass releases chemical energy as heat. Biomass provides about 3% of energy in the United States and its use can reduce waste and support domestic agriculture.
The document discusses different types of energy resources. It describes fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas, which formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. It also discusses nuclear energy produced from uranium fission. Additionally, it covers inexhaustible resources like solar, wind, water, and geothermal energy. Finally, it briefly outlines various mineral resources.
this ppt was presented on fossil fuel by Mr.Amanullah Adeel and scholar student originally from Afghanistan at Shivaji University, Kolhapur Maharashtra India. This is focused on energy production and consumption in worldwide and fossil fuels impacts on environment.
An ecosystem consists of organisms living in a community and interacting with abiotic factors. Ecosystems range in size from small aquariums to large forests. Regardless of size, ecosystems involve two main processes - energy flow and chemical cycling. Ecologists view ecosystems as transformers of energy and processors of matter, with energy flowing through while matter cycles within. Primary producers like plants convert light energy to chemical energy, which is then consumed and passed between trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.