Fuel & Energy: Resources & Utilization Briefly Descried

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Dawood University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
Fuel & energy 17-CH-10
Chemical engineering Mazhar shafi
CHAPTER NO.1
INTRODUCTION TO FUEL
1.1: WHAT IS FUEL?
Fuel is a combustible substance, containing carbon as a main constituent,
which on proper burning gives large amount of heat, which can be used
economically for domestic and industrial purpose.
Example:
Wood, charcoal, coal, kerosene, petrol, diesel, producer gas, oil gas etc.
1.2: WHAT IS FUEL USED FOR?
Fuels are mostly used as convenient energy stores because of their high
specific energy release when burnt with omnipresent ambient air (or other
specific oxidiser); the same fuel substance may be also used as a
feedstock in chemical synthesis (e.g. polymers from petroleum),
lubricants, paints (who has never used a coal chunk to draw), and so on,
but these uses are minority. Primary fuels (natural fuels) may be difficult
to find, and secondary fuels (artificial fuels) may be difficult to
manufacture, but, once at hand fuels are very easy to store, transport,
and use, with the only nuisance of safety (uncontrolled combustion) and
pollution (toxic emissions during storage and when burnt, dirtiness.
1.3: PROBLEM WITH FUEL:
Fuels are dangerous, because they accumulate a lot of chemical energy
that may be accidentally released, causing deathly thermal and chemical
effects.
 Fuels are pollutant when burnt (and even before; most liquid fuels
are cancerous); they are presently the major contribution to
environmental pollution, both locally and at a global scale.
 Fuels are scarce (fossil sources are being depleted) and the sources
are unevenly spread (most petroleum reserves are in the Middle
East, causing economic and political instabilities).
 Fuels are difficult to handle: coal is very dirty, crude-oil is too
viscous, and natural gas has very low density.

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1.4: CLASSIFICATION OF FUEL:
Fuels are classified into
 Primary Fuel
 Secondary Fuel
1.4.1: Primary Fuel:
Primary fuels or Natural Fuel are dense sources of primary energy
found as natural resources. Primary fuels are fuels that are found in
nature and can be extracted, captured, cleaned, or graded without any
sort of energy conversion or transformation process. This means that
all processing and collecting of the fuel is done before the fuel is
converted into heat or mechanical work. These primary fuels tend to
be non-renewable, and some of the most commonly known primary
fuels are fossil fuels.
As mentioned above, most of the primary fuels used currently
are non-renewable. However, one major renewable primary fuel is
from biomass sources. Other examples of primary fuel include: Coal
Crude, oil Bitumen Natural gas Uranium Thorium.
1.4.2: Secondary Fuel:
Secondary fuels are fuels that are derived from some primary
fuel or fuels through chemical or physical processes. These are fuels
that are not found as a natural resource. The energy for these
secondary fuels comes initially from primary energy sources.
Gasoline is the best example of a secondary fuel, as it must be
made from oil through distillation processes. While many of the actual
chemicals in gasoline are found in crude oil, they must be separated
out in order to put the hydrocarbons in the most useful form.
Molecular hydrogen can be a secondary fuel as well, but this is
often made in a fuel cell. This process allows water to be separated
into hydrogen and oxygen, but the energy to do this must come from
a primary energy source.

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Secondary fuels are often made to maximize the ability for
combustion to get energy into an engine. This means that secondary
fuels are often an intermediate form of energy between the primary
energy and the energy services.
1.5: TYPES OF FUEL:
1.5.1: SOLID FUEL:
Solid materials can be used as fuel to burn and
release energy through combustion, which provides heat and light. The
most common examples of solid fuels are:
 Wood: Includes firewood, charcoal, woodchips, pellets, sawdust,
and so on.
 Charcoal: Produced by heating wood in the absence of oxygen.
 Biomass: Natural plant materials, such as wheat, straw and other
fibrous material.
 Peat: Organic matter and decayed vegetation that can be burned
when dry.
 Coal: Combustible sedimentary rock.
 Coke: High-carbon material derived from coal.
 Waste: Everyday waste can be converted to a fuel source as long as
it does not contain toxic materials.

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1.5.2: LIQUID FUEL:
Liquids can be used to create mechanical energy, although it is the
fumes rather than the fluid of liquid fuels that is flammable. Fossil
fuels account for the majority of liquid fuels.
 Gasoline/petrol: Produced by removing crude oil from petroleum
and distilling it in refineries.
 Diesel: A mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons extracted from
petroleum, and processed to reduce the sulphur level.
 Kerosene: Extracted from petroleum.
 Methanol: Produced from methane, methanol is the lightest and
simplest form of alcohol.
 Ethanol: Most commonly found in drinks, but can be combined with
gasoline for use as a fuel.
 Butanol: Usually produced by fermenting biomass using bacteria,
butanol has a high energy content.
1.5.3: GASEOUS FUEL:
Gaseous fuels are distributed through pipes from point of
origin to point of use, although some are liquefied for storage. Odorisers
are often added to fuel gases so that they can be detected, since an
undetected buildup of gas can lead to an explosion.
 Coal gas: Derived from coal.
 Water gas: A mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen produced
from synthetic gas.
 Syngas: Synthetic gas consisting of hydrogen, carbon monoxide,
and often carbon dioxide.
 Biogas: A mixture of gases derived from organic matter breaking
down in the absence of oxygen.
 Blast furnace gas: Derived from the manufacture of metallic iron in
blast furnaces.

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CHAPTER NO.2
Fuel: Availability & Utilization
2.1: COAL:
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock,
formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with
variable amounts of other elements; chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen,
and nitrogen. Coal is formed if dead plant matter decays into peat and
over millions of years the heat and pressure of deep burial converts the
peat into coal.
As a fossil fuel burned for heat coal supplies about a quarter of the
world’s primary energy and is the largest source of energy for
the generation of electricity. Some iron and steel making and other
industrial processes burn coal.
The extraction and use of coal causes many premature deaths and much
illness. Coal damages the environment; including by climate change as it
is the largest anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide, 40% of the total
fossil fuel emissions. As part of the worldwide energy transition many
countries have stopped using or use less coal.
Pakistan has fairly large indigenous coal resources (over 186 billion tons)
which are sufficient to meet the energy requirements of the country on
long-term sustainable basis. Domestic production of coal is expected to
increase in the coming years on start of mining activity at Thar coalfield.
Presently, indigenous coal production is mostly consumed by brick kilns
and a small quantity is utilized by Khanote Power Plant and cement
factories.
Imported coal is used by power plants, cement manufacturing units,
Pakistan Steel and other industries etc. Import of coal has substantially
increased comparative to preceding year (FY 2016-17) due to
commissioning of new coal based power plants at Sahiwal & Port Qasim.
Key statistics of coal sector over the last 2 years

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2.1.1: COAL MINING:
Coal mining is the process of extracting coal from the ground. Coal
is valued for its energy content, and, since the 1880s, has been widely
used to generate electricity. Steel and cement industries use coal as a
fuel for extraction of iron from iron ore and for cement production.
The most economical method of coal extraction from coal seams depends
on the depth and quality of the seams, and the geology and
environmental factors. Coal mining processes are differentiated by
whether they operate on the surface or underground. Many coals
extracted from both surface and underground mines require washing in
a coal preparation plant. Technical and economic feasibility are evaluated
baed on the following: regional, geological conditions,
overburden characteristics; coal seam continuity, thickness, structure,
quality, and depth; strength of materials above and below the seam for
roof and floor conditions; topography (especially altitude and slope);
climate; land ownership as it affects the availability of land for mining and
access; surface drainage patterns; ground water conditions; availability
of labor and materials; coal purchaser requirements in terms of tonnage,
quality, and destination; and capital investment requirements. Surface
mining and deep underground mining are the two basic methods of
mining. The choice of mining method depends primarily on depth,
density, overburden and thickness of the coal seam; seams relatively
close to the surface, at depths less than approximately 180 ft (55 m), are
usually surface mined.
2.1.1.1: SURFACE MINING:
When coal seams are near the surface, it may be economical to
extract the coal using open cut (also referred to as open cast, open pit,
mountaintop removal or strip) mining methods. Open cast coal mining
recovers a greater proportion of the coal deposit than underground
methods, as more of the coal seams in the strata may be exploited. This
equipment can include the following: Draglines which operate by
removing the overburden, power shovels, large trucks in which transport
overburden and coal, bucket wheel excavators, and conveyors. In this
mining method, explosives are first used in order to break through the
surface or overburden, of the mining area. The overburden is then
removed by draglines or by shovel and truck. Once the coal seam is

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exposed, it is drilled, fractured and thoroughly mined in strips. The coal
is then loaded onto large trucks or conveyors for transport to either the
coal preparation plant or directly to where it will be used.
Globally, about 40 percent of coal production involves surface mining.
2.1.1.2: STRIP MINING:
Strip mining exposes coal by removing earth above each coal seam.
This earth is referred to as overburden and is removed in long strips. The
overburden from the first strip is deposited in an area outside the planned
mining area and referred to as out-of-pit dumping. Overburden from
subsequent strips are deposited in the void left from mining the coal and
overburden from the previous strip. This is referred to as in-pit dumping.
It is often necessary to fragment the overburden by use of
explosives. This is accomplished by drilling holes into the overburden,
filling the holes with explosives, and detonating the explosive. The
overburden is then removed, using large earth-moving equipment, such
as draglines, shovel and trucks, excavator and trucks, or bucket-
wheels and conveyors. This overburden is put into the previously mined
(and now empty) strip. When all the overburden is removed, the
underlying coal seam will be exposed (a 'block' of coal). This block of coal
may be drilled and blasted (if hard) or otherwise loaded onto trucks or
conveyors for transport to the coal preparation (or wash) plant. Once this
strip is empty of coal, the process is repeated with a new strip being
created next to it. This method is most suitable for areas with flat terrain.
Equipment to be used depends on geological conditions. For
example, to remove overburden that is loose or unconsolidated, a bucket
wheel excavator might be the most productive. The life of some area
mines may be more than 50 years.
2.1.1.3: GROUND MINING:
Most coal seams are too deep underground for opencast mining and
require underground mining, a method that currently accounts for about
60 percent of world coal production.[5]
In deep mining, the room and pillar
or bord and pillar method progresses along the seam, while pillars and
timber are left standing to support the mine roof. Once room and pillar
mines have been developed to a stopping point (limited by geology,
ventilation, or economics), a supplementary version of room and pillar

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mining, termed second mining or retreat mining, is commonly started.
Miners remove the coal in the pillars, thereby recovering as much coal
from the coal seam as possible. A work area involved in pillar extraction
is called a pillar section.
Modern pillar sections use remote-controlled equipment, including large
hydraulic mobile roof-supports, which can prevent cave-ins until the /
There are six principal methods of underground mining:
 Longwall mining accounts for about 50 percent of underground
production. The longwall shearer has a face of 1,000 feet (300 m) or
more. It is a sophisticated machine with a rotating drum that moves
mechanically back and forth across a wide coal seam. The loosened
coal falls onto an armored chain conveyor or pan line that takes the
coal to the conveyor belt for removal from the work area. Longwall
systems have their own hydraulic roof supports which advance with
the machine as mining progresses. As the longwall mining equipment
moves forward, overlying rock that is no longer supported by coal is
allowed to fall behind the operation in a controlled manner. The
supports make possible high levels of production and safety. Sensors
detect how much coal remains in the seam while robotic controls
enhance efficiency. Longwall systems allow a 60-to-100 percent coal
recovery rate when surrounding geology allows their use. Once the
coal is removed, usually 75 percent of the section, the roof is allowed
to collapse in a safe manner.
 Continuous mining utilizes a Continuous Miner Machine with a large
rotating steel drum equipped with tungsten carbide picks that scrape
coal from the seam. Operating in a "room and pillar" (also known as
"bord and pillar") system—where the mine is divided into a series of
20-to-30-foot (5–10 m) "rooms" or work areas cut into the coalbed—
it can mine as much as 14 tons of coal a minute, more than a non-
mechanised mine of the 1920s would produce in an entire day.
Continuous miners account for about 45 percent of underground coal
production. Conveyors transport the removed coal from the seam.
Remote-controlled continuous miners are used to work in a variety of
difficult seams and conditions, and robotic versions controlled by
computers are becoming increasingly common. Continuous mining is
a misnomer, as room and pillar coal mining is very cyclical. In the US,

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one can generally cut 20 feet (6 meters) (or a bit more
with MSHA permission) (12 meters or roughly 40 ft in South Africa
before the Continuous Miner goes out and the roof is supported by the
Roof Bolter), after which, the face has to be serviced, before it can be
advanced again. During servicing, the "continuous" miner moves to
another face. Some continuous miners can bolt and rock dust the face
(two major components of servicing) while cutting coal, while a trained
crew may be able to advance ventilation, to truly earn the "continuous"
label. However, very few mines are able to achieve it. Most continuous
mining machines in use in the US lack the ability to bolt and dust. This
may partly be because incorporation of bolting makes the machines
wider, and therefore, less maneuverable
 Room and pillar mining consists of coal deposits that are mined by
cutting a network of rooms into the coal seam. Pillars of coal are left
behind in order to keep up the roof. The pillars can make up to forty
percent of the total coal in the seam, however where there was space
to leave head and floor coal there is evidence from recent open cast
excavations that 18th-century operators used a variety of room and
pillar techniques to remove 92 percent of the in situ coal. However,
this can be extracted at a later stage (seeretreat mining).
 Blast mining or conventional mining, is an older practice that
uses explosives such as dynamite to break up the coal seam, after
which the coal is gathered and loaded onto shuttle cars or conveyors
for removal to a central loading area. This process consists of a series
of operations that begins with “cutting” the coalbed so it will break
easily when blasted with explosives. This type of mining accounts for
less than 5 percent of total underground production in the US today.
 Shortwall mining, a method currently accounting for less than 1
percent of deep coal production, involves the use of a continuous
mining machine with movable roof supports, similar to longwall. The
continuous miner shears coal panels 150 to 200 feet (45 to 60 metres)
wide and more than a half-mile (1 km) long, having regard to factors
such as geological strata.
 Retreat mining is a method in which the pillars or coal ribs used to
hold up the mine roof are extracted; allowing the mine roof to collapse
as the mining works back towards the entrance. This is one of the most
dangerous forms of mining, owing to imperfect predictability of when
the roof will collapse and possibly crush or trap workers in the mine.

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2.1.1.4: ENVIROMENT IMPACTS:
Coal mining can result in a number of adverse effects on
the environment.
Surface mining of coal completely eliminates existing vegetation,
destroys the genetic soil profile, displaces or destroys wildlife and habitat,
degrades air quality, alters current land uses, and to some extent
permanently changes the general topography of the area mined.[35]
This
often results in a scarred landscape with no scenic value. Of greater
concern, the movement, storage, and redistribution of soil during mining
can disrupt the community of soil microorganisms and
consequently nutrient cycling processes. Rehabilitation or reclamation
mitigates some of these concerns and is required by US Federal Law,
specifically the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977.
Mine dumps (tailings) could produce acid mine drainage which can seep
into waterways and aquifers, with consequences on ecological and human
health.
If underground mine tunnels collapse, they cause subsidence of the
ground above. Subsidence can damage buildings, and disrupt the flow of
streams and rivers by interfering with the natural drainage.
Coal production is a major contributor to global warming: burning coal
generates large quantities of carbon dioxide and mining operations can
release methane, a known greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. The coal
mining industry is working to improve its public image.
2.1.2: COAL RESERVES, CONSUMPTION & PRODUCTION:
World:
 World’s reserves is 3.7686 trillion tons.
o USA: 250916 million tons
o China: 138819 Million tons
 Production is 3.7686 billion ton.
o USA: 371.3 Million tons
o China: 1747.2 million tons.
 Consumption is 3.7315 billion ton.

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Pakistan:
Total proven reserves of coal 186 billion tones in Pakistan.
Coal Production 3.1 million Tones.
Consumption of Coal 7.8 million Tones.
Coal Imports 4.7 million Tones.
Overall coal production decreased by
8.5% in 2011-12 compared to 2006-07
due to lesser production from
Balochistan and KPK coalfields. Coal
imports have increased slightly by 0.13%
resulting in overall decrease in coal
supplies/consumption by 3% over the
last year. Consumption in power
generation decreased by 0.7% from 3.64
M tonnes in 2006-07 to 3.61M tonnes in
2011-12.
The coals of Pakistan are high in sulphur
and ash contents. The moisture
percentage is also high in Sindh coal, especially in the Thar coal. The
ranks of Pakistani coals range from lignite to high-volatile bituminous.
The demonstrated Thar coalfield
has the largest resources (over
175 billion tonnes in situ) and
out of that about 12 billion
tonnes are ‘demonstrated
reserves’ (of which 2.7 billion
classed as ‘measured’). Small
tonnages of indigenous coal are used for electricity generation and by
households, but by far the largest portion is used to fire brick kilns.
Coal reserves in Pakistan divides provinces as follows:
2.1.2.1: SINDH:
Coal from Lakhra in Sindh Province is found in 1853 by Baloch
Nomads. After that many coalfields are discovered in Sindh. Recently due
to discoveries of Thar coal deposits in Sindh Province, the Pakistan is

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ranked 7th internationally regarding lignitic coal reserves. But Pakistan is
unluckily importing coal so far. Coal deposits are extensively developed
in all the four provinces of Pakistan and also Azad Kashmir. Coal from
different areas of Pakistan generally ranges from lignite to high volatile
bituminous. These coals are friable, with relatively high content of ash
and sulphur. As a result of research by Malkani in 2012, Malkani and
Mahmood in early 2016 the total coal reserves of Pakistan increased upto
186,288.05mt with break up as Sindh 185.457 bt, Balochistan 458.72mt,
Punjab 235mt, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 126.74mt and Azad Kashmir 10.59
mt. The bulk of coal reserves are found more than 99% in Sindh Province
and more than 94% in Thar coalfields of Sindh.
 Total Coal Reserves in Sindh is 185.457 Billion Ton
o Thar Coalfields: 175,506mt.
o Lakhra Coalfields: (Dadu district): 1.3-bt
o Jherruck Coalfields: 1823-mt
o Meting-Jhimpir Coalfields: 161-mt

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2.1.2.2: PUNJAB:
o Total reserves of coal in Punjab provinces is 235-mt.
 Salt Range Coalfields: 213-mt
 Makerwal Coalfields 22-mt
2.1.2.3: BALUCHISTAN:
The coal reserves in Baluchistan is about 0.235 billion tons. Mostly
having large coal fields areas of Baluchistan are given below;
 Mach-Abegum Coalfields 22.7-mt
 Duki-Anambar 80.4-mt
 Khost-Shahrig-Harnai Coalfields 86.4-mt
 Sor Range-Sinjidi-Deghari Coalfields 54.5-mt
 Johan area 0.5-mt
 Chamalang Coalfields: 100-mt
 Toi Nala (Ghoze Ghar-Dewal) Coalfield: 15.5-mt
 Kingri Coalfields (K-T boundary coal) 81-mt
 Pir Ismail Ziarat 15.8-mt
 Kingri-Shikar-Tor Shah Coalfields 1-mt
 Narwel-Dab Coal area 1-mt

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2.1.2.4: KPK & AJK
 Coal resources
o KPK
 91 million tons
 Hangu & Cherat
o AJK
 9 million tons

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2.1.3: UTILIZATION OF COAL:
2.1.3.1: POWER GENERATION:
Despite these problems, lignite coal is used extensively for power
generation throughout the world. In many areas, there is abundance of
lignite reserves, as in Pakistan. Pakistan’s enormous deposits of lignite
need to be developed, because it is relatively cheap to mine and suitable
for power generation. Open-cut mines using Bucket Wheel Excavators are
able to recover lignite from the thick coal beds located in the Thar
coalfield. This type of mining is very common in Germany, Greece, Spain,
Australia and India.
The Thar lignite of Sindh has 50% moisture. SFBD technology, now
commercially developed, however, removes moisture from coal by direct
evaporation in a steam heated exchanger, and produces dry coal with
very little moisture. Another technology for power generation from lignite
coal is Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) which is also very effective. In CFB
technology, coal mixed with limestone is burned in a fluidized bed. The
sulfur in the coal is absorbed by the calcium carbonate, and the emission
is free from sulfur dioxide. Pakistan has large very deposits of limestone
in all its provinces. The Integrated Gasification and Combined Cycle
(IGCC), which increases the efficiency and reduces the emission level of
the power generation plant, is a recent advanced technology applicable
to high moisture lignite coal for power generation.
2.1.3.2: AS AN INDUSTRIAL FUEL:
The importance of coal as an industrial fuel and its role in a wide
range of industrial applications are well known in the industry. It is a
cheaper fuel than others. In some industrial applications, such as brick
kilns and glass tanks, the high emission of the coal flame is a distinct
advantage. In brick kilns, for example, it has been found that one tonne
of coal will do the same work as one tonne of oil. Coal is used as boiler
fuel for the supply of steam to process plant in the paper, chemical, and
food processing industries. It is used for direct firing in the manufacture
of cement, bricks, pipes, glass tanks, and metal smelting.
2.1.3.3: BRICK KILN:
Presently, coal is commonly used for making bricks and roofing tiles, as
it is an ideal fuel for kilns, especially for heavy clay products. In Pakistan,
about 50% of coal production is used in the brick kiln industry. Therefore,

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a large market for indigenous coal is available in Pakistan for interested
private investors.
2.1.3.4: CEMENT INDUSTRY:
In many countries, coal is used as fuel in the cement industry.
Previously, coal was not used as fuel in cement plants in Pakistan, but
now the cement industry has started using indigenous coal. The GOP is
now conducting a feasibility study to convert gas-based and oil-based
cement plants to run on indigenous coal. It is expected that, in future
more and more cement plants will use indigenous coal as fuel. This
constitutes another market for indigenous coal for private investors.
2.1.3.5: COAL BRIQUETTES:
Yet another industrial use of coal is in the form of smokeless coal
briquettes which can be used as domestic fuel, and would have special
applicability in reducing deforestation in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.
Pakistan’s Fuel Research Center has developed smokeless coal briquette
of good quality in its pilot plant at Karachi.

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2.2: OIL:
Oil and gas sector is most dynamic, and one of the core industrial
sectors all over the world. Some countries are specially gifted by the
nature in this regard that they have raw forms of oil and gas present
beneath the land they own. USA, Central Asia, Arab world, some parts of
Africa and the adjoining areas are some of the localities where the crude
oil and gas is found. When we come to Pakistan, we see that Pakistan is
blessed with enormous resources and Pakistan is also good at oil and gas
wells. The Sui place, the Baluchistan region and some areas of Sindh
contain bulk amount of these resources. But unfortunately the resources
are not properly channelized in Pakistan rather foreign companies are
playing more part in exploration and production. The demand is
increasing rapidly and the local production is too low despite the fact that
Pakistan has the potential of oil and gas production itself.
2.2.1: Overview (Energy Book-2017-18)
The annual consumption of petroleum products in the country was
around 26 million tons during FY 2016-17. During July 18, 60.4 million
barrels of crude oil was imported, while 21.8 million barrels was locally
extracted. The indigenous crude oil meets only 15 percent of the country’s
total requirements, while 85 percent requirements are met through
imports in the shape of crude oil and refined petroleum products. The
indigenous and imported crude is refined by six major and two small
refineries.
Total Proven Reserves 0.31 billion barrels
Total Oil Production 62.09 thousand barrels/day
Total Crude Oil Production 59.08 thousand barrels/day
Oil Consumption 426.72 thousand barrels/day
Oil Imports 634.43 thousand barrels/day
Refinery Capacity 286 thousand barrels/day
Oil Wells (2012) 69 wells
2.2.2: Refineries:
Some of the main achievements are:

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2.2.2.1: BYCO Oil Pakistan Limited:
Recently, Byco Oil Pakistan Limited (Byco) has established an
Oil Refinery at Hub, Balochistan with refinery capacity of 120,000
Barrel Per Day (5 million tons/annum) at cost of US$ 400 million.
Byco has also installed Single Buoy Mooring (SBM) facilities for
transportation of imported Crude Oil and petroleum products from
ships to the storages tanks. The capacity of said facility is 12 M. tons
per annum.
2.2.2.2: Attock Refinery Limited:
Attock Refinery Limited (ARL) has started producing Euro-II
(0.05 percent Sulphur HSD) Further, the refinery has also installed
isomerization plant and enhanced the production of Motor Gasoline.
2.2.2.3: Pakistan Refinery Limited:
Pakistan Refinery Limited (PRL) has also installed
isomerization plant in 2016 and since then has doubled its
production of Motor Gasoline.
2.2.2.4: Pakistan Refinery Limited:
Pak Arab Refinery Limited (PARCO) is implementing PARCO
Coastal Refinery project at Khalifa Point, near Hub, Balochistan,
which is a state of the art refinery having capacity of 250,000 barre
per day (over 11 Million tons per annum). Estimated cost of the
project is over US$ 5 billion. On the directive of the Prime Minister,
1811 acres land has been allocated for the establishment of PARCO
Coastal Refinery. PARCO is working on a detailed feasibility study of
the project which is expected to be finalized by the end June, 2017
and the project I expected to be completed by end of 2023.

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2.2.3: Oil Contribution of Sindh:
According to Pakistan Energy Year Book 2008 (published by the
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources), Sindh produced 13.87
million barrels of oil (i.e. 38,000 barrels/day) that makes 56 percent of
the total national oil production during 2006-07. Province-wise Oil
Production in Pakistan, 2007-08 Province Oil Production (Million Barrels)
Percentage Sindh Punjab NWFP
Balochistan 14.37 6.51 4.68
0.024 56.13 25.46 18.32 0.1
Pakistan 25.60 100% Source:
Pakistan Energy Yearbook 2008,
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural
Resources, GOP During the same
year, Sindh produced 1,033,110
Million cubic feet of gas, which makes approx 71 % percent of the total
national gas production.
During the same year, Sindh
produced 1,033,110 Million cubic
feet of gas, which makes approx
71% percent of the total national
gas production.
 Sindh is the largest oil producing province of Pakistan
 Sindh is the largest gas producing province of Pakistan
 Sindh and Baluchistan together contribute more than 93 percent of
the national gas production and therefore can be considered energy
basket of Pakistan.
2.2.4: Oil Consumption:
Total oil consumption during July-February 2018 at 16. 5 million
tons, was marginally lower than consumption recorded during the same
period last year (16.7 million tons). Since FY 2014, there has been a
considerable change in share of components in oil consumption.

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The share of power in oil consumption has significantly declined while
share of transport has increased. This is taking place as the newer
installed power plants are moving toward cheaper fuels, whereas,
increase share of transport is mainly due to decline in domestic prices of
petrol and higher imports of used cars. During July-Feb FY 2017-18, share
of transport in oil consumption increased further to 64.4 percent
compared to 57.2 percent during the same period last year. However,
share of power decreased to 26.4 percent from 33.2 percent during the
period under discussion.
2.2.5: Crude Oil:
Crude oil, liquid petroleum that is found accumulated in various
porous rock formations in Earth’s crust and is extracted for burning as
fuel or for processing into chemical products.
Crude oil, commonly known as petroleum, is a liquid found within
the Earth comprised of hydrocarbons, organic compounds and small
amounts of metal. While hydrocarbons are usually the primary
component of crude oil, their composition can vary from 50%-97%
depending on the type of crude oil and how it is extracted. Organic
compounds like nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur typically make-up between
6%-10% of crude oil while metals such as copper, nickel, vanadium and
iron account for less than 1% of the total composition.
Crude oil is created through the heating and compression of organic
materials over a long period of time. Most of the oil we extract today
comes from the remains of prehistoric algae and zooplankton whose
remains settled on the bottom of an Ocean or Lake. Over time this organic
material combined with mud and was then heated to high temperatures
from the pressure created by heavy layers of sediment. This process,
known as digenesis, changes the chemical composition first into a waxy

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compound called kerogen and then, with increased heat, into a liquid
through a process called catagenesis.
2.2.5.1: Crude Oil Extraction:
The most common method of crude oil extraction is drilling.
Geologists will first identify a section of land they believe has oil
flowing beneath it. There are a number of ways this can be
accomplished, the most frequently used methods are satellite
imagery, gravity meters, and magnetometers. Once a steady
stream of oil is found, underground the drilling can begin.
Drilling is not an overly complicated process however a standard
method has been developed to provide maximum efficiency. The
first step of the process involves drilling into the ground in the exact
location where the oil is located. Once a steady flow has been
identified at a particular depth beneath the ground a perforating gun
is lowered into the well. A perforating gun has explosive charges
within it that allow for oil to flow through holes in the casing. Once
the casing is properly perforated a tube is run into the hole allowing
the oil and gas to flow up the well. To seal the tubing a device called
a packer is run along the outside of the tube. The last step involves
the placement of a structure called a Christmas tree which allows oil
workers to control the flow of oil from the well.
2.2.5.2: Globally Oil Production:
While just about every country in the world depends on oil, not all
countries produce it. The top five oil producing countries are: Saudi Arabia,
Russia, United States, Iran, and China. It is important to note that the term
production here refers to crude oil extracted from oil reserves. The top five oil
consuming countries are: United States, China, Japan, Russia, and
Germany.
At the current rate of consumption it is estimated that worldwide reserves will
become extinguished by 2039. Scientists and engineers are working hard to
find ways of more efficiently extracting and processing crude oil to delay what
could become a global energy crisis.

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2.2.5.3: Refining of Crude Oil:
The fractions are further treated to convert them into mixture of more
useful saleable products by various methods such as cracking, reforming,
alkylation, polymerization and isomerization. These mixtures of new
compounds are then separated using methods such as fractionation and
solvent extraction. Impurities are removed are removed by various methods;
e.g dehydration, desalting, Sulphur removal and hydro-treating. Refinery
processes have developed in response to changing market demands for
certain products. With the advent of the internal combustion engine the main
task of refineries became the production of petrol. The quantities of petrol
available from distillation alone was insufficient to satisfy consumer demand.
Refineries began to look for ways to produce more and better quality petrol.
Two types of processes have been developed:
 breaking down large, heavy hydrocarbon molecules
 Reshaping or rebuilding hydrocarbon molecules.
2.2.5.3.1: Fractional Distillation:
Because crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons with different boiling
temperatures, it can be separated by distillation into groups of hydrocarbons
that boils between two specific boiling points. Two types of distillation are
performed; atmospheric and vacuum.

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Atmospheric distillation takes place in a distilling column at or near atmospheric
pressure. The crude oil is heated to 350 - 400 o C and the vapour and liquid are
piped into the distilling column. The liquid falls to the bottom and the vapour rises,
passing through a series of perforated trays (sieve trays). Heavier hydrocarbons
condense more quickly and settle on lower trays and lighter hydrocarbons remain
as a vapour longer and condense on higher trays.
Liquid fractions are drawn from the trays and removed. In this way the light gases,
methane, ethane, propane and butane pass out the top of the column, petrol is
formed in the top trays, kerosene and gas oils in the middle, and fuel oils at the
bottom. Residue drawn of the bottom may be burned as fuel, processed into
lubricating oils, waxes and bitumen or used as feedstock for cracking units.
To recover additional heavy distillates from this residue, it may be piped to a second
distillation column where the process is repeated under vacuum, called vacuum
distillation. This allows heavy hydrocarbons with boiling points of 450 o C and higher
to be separated without them partly cracking into unwanted products such as coke
and gas.
The heavy distillates recovered by vacuum distillation can be converted into
lubricating oils by a variety of processes. The most common of these is called solvent
extraction. In one version of this process the heavy distillate is washed with a liquid
which does not dissolve in it but which dissolves (and so extracts) the non-lubricating
oil components out of it. Another version uses a liquid which does not dissolve in it
but which causes the non-lubricating oil components to precipitate (as an extract)
from it. Other processes exist which remove impurities by adsorption onto a highly
porous solid or which remove any waxes that may be present by causing them to
crystallize and precipitate out.
2.2.5.4: Products from Crude Oil:
This is a list of products produced from petroleum. Types of
unrefined petroleum include asphalt, bitumen, crude oil, and natural
gas. Fuel, hydrocarbon, oil, petrochemical, petroleum production,
petroleum refining, Pitch Lake, tar sand.
Fuels
 butane
 diesel fuel
 fuel oil
 gasoline
 kerosene
 liquefied natural gas

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 liquefied petroleum gas
 propane
Other Products
 microcrystalline wax
 napalm
 naphtha
 naphthalene
 paraffin wax
 petroleum jelly
 petroleum wax
 refined asphalt
 refined bitumen
USES:
I. Gasoline:
According to the Energy Information Administration, the most
common refined product is gasoline, the bulk of which is used to

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fuel internal combustion engines, such as those found in
automobiles.
II. Diesel
A slightly heavier product, diesel fuel is also used in certain types
of internal combustion engines, and is superior to gasoline in its
fuel economy and its ease of combustion, as well as, if properly
refined, its emissions.
III. Kerosene:
Kerosene has many uses, including heating, lighting and the
propulsion of jets. Although different than standard jet fuel, it is
superior in several ways, including its higher freeze point. It can
also be easily blended into diesel fuel.
IV. Coke:
Coke is reside left after all the usual fuels have been distilled from
the crude. It can be used as a form of charcoal briquette or in the
manufacture of electrodes and dry cells.
V. Liquefied Petroleum Gas:
Various kinds of liquefied petroleum gas--like propane and
butane--are commonly used as fuels in outdoor grills and other
portable appliances. They can also be used to manufacture other
petrochemicals.
VI. Heating Oil
Heating oil is a low-viscosity fuel commonly used in boilers and
furnaces. According to the Energy Information Administration,
about one-quarter of all crude oil is converted to heating oil.
VII. Solvents:
Crude oil can also be refined into many industrial solvents--like
benzene, toluene and xylene--used for the cleaning of machine
parts.
VIII. Asphalt
Asphalt, a byproduct of crude oil, is a black, molasses-like
substance used primarily in the construction of roads, where is
acts as a binding agent for hard particles.

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IX. Lubricants:
Also known as mineral oils, lubricants are high-viscosity
derivatives of crude used to reduce the friction between moving
parts. There are a number of different types of petroleum-based
lubricants, organized into three different categories based on
their base chemical--paraffinic, naphthenic and aromatic.
X. Residual Fuels:
Some of the heaviest fuels, which remain after most other fuels
have been distilled, are residual fuels. These viscous fuels are
used to power heavy machinery in boats, power plants and
factories.
2.2.5.1: Crude Oil Production:
Pakistan production of crude oil was at level of 87 thousand
barrels per day in August 2018, up from 85 thousand barrels
per day previous month, this is a change of 2.35 %.
The share of oil production by different provinces. Sindh and
KPK produced 78% of the total oil production in 2011-12
whereas Punjab’s share of oil production was reported 22%.
Only 0.08% oil was produced from Baluchistan during this
period.
Pakistan imports large quantities of oil and petroleum products from
Saudi Arabia and other Middle Eastern countries. These crude oil imports
stood at 5.9 million tonnes in nine month fiscal year 2017 versus 4.2
million tonnes in nine month fiscal year
2016. Transportation and power are the two major users of oil, and the
share of oil consumption has increased in these two sectors.

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A report released by the Oil Companies Advisory Council (OCAC) for the
year 2016-17 revealed Pakistan’s petroleum productions consumption
grew by 9.64 percent compared to 2015-16. According to OCAC’s report,
not only did this fuel a rise in import bill but also put pressure on
Pakistan’s two ports FOTCO at Port Qasim and KPT Oil Piers at Keamari.
OCAC’s report stated the fuel consumption was expected to rise in lieu of
increased activities due to China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) in
2018. The report mentioned the downstream oil sector faced many
challenges during 2016-17, although global oil prices remained steady,
which helped Pakistan take advantage from the low price point.
OCAC’s report added an increase in demand for transport fuels in lieu of
lower global oil prices remained a major challenge.
Petroleum consumption during 2016-17 was recorded at 27 million tons,
a rise of 9.64 percent compared to 2015-16. High-speed diesel and PMG
posted a rise of 10 and 15 percent respectively compared to 2015-16.
Presuming a growth rate figure of 7 percent, OCAC stated Pakistan’s
annual petroleum demand could reach around 55 million tons by 2030,
from the projected demand of 29.6 million tons in 2018.
The report stated it was important to ensure the provision of quality
petroleum products like Euro IV/V to the consumers.
Another frightening situation spread over Pakistan as the country’s oil
reserves are expected to deplete during the next 10 years.
Gas reserves are also expected to diminish after 13 years, if they are
being used up at the current pace.
2.3: NATURAL GAS:
Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture
consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying
amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage
of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium. It is formed
when layers of decomposing plant and animal matter are exposed to
intense heat and pressure under the surface of the Earth over millions of

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years. The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is
stored in the form of chemical bonds in the gas.
Natural gas is a fossil fuel used as a source of energy for heating, cooking,
and electricity generation. It is also used as a fuel for vehicles and as a
chemical feedstock in the manufacture of plastics and other commercially
important organic chemicals. Fossil fuel-based natural gas is a non-
renewable resource.
Natural gas is found in deep underground rock formations or associated
with other hydrocarbon reservoirs in coal beds and as methane
clathrates. Petroleum is another resource and fossil fuel found in close
proximity to and with natural gas. Most natural gas were created over
time by two mechanisms: biogenic and thermogenic. Biogenic gas is
created by methanogenic organisms in marshes, bogs, landfills, and
shallow sediments. Deeper in the earth, at greater temperature and
pressure, thermogenic gas is created from buried organic material.
2.3.1: OCCURENCE:
Like oil, natural gas is a product of decomposed organic matter,
typically from ancient marine microorganisms, deposited over the past
550 million years.
This organic material mixed with mud, silt, and sand on the sea floor,
gradually becoming buried over time. Sealed off in an oxygen-free
environment and exposed to increasing amounts of heat and pressure,
the organic matter underwent a thermal breakdown process that
converted it into hydrocarbons.
The lightest of these hydrocarbons exist in the gaseous state under
normal conditions and are known collectively as natural gas. In its pure
form, natural gas is a colorless, odorless gas composed primarily of
methane. Methane, the simplest and lightest hydrocarbon, is a highly
flammable compound consisting of one carbon atom surrounded by four
hydrogen atoms (chemical formula: CH4).
Once natural gas forms, its fate depends on two critical characteristics of
the surrounding rock: porosity and permeability. Porosity refers to the
amount of empty space contained within the grains of a rock. Highly
porous rocks, such as sandstones, typically have porosities of 5 percent

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to 25 percent, giving them large amounts of space to store fluids such as
oil, water, and gas. Permeability is a measure of the degree to which the
pore spaces in a rock are interconnected. A highly permeable rock will
permit gas and liquids to flow easily through the rock, while a low-
permeability rock will not allow fluids to pass through.
2.3.1: RESERVES:
In 2018, reserves of natural gas for Pakistan was 21 trillion cubic feet.
Over the last 10 years, reserves of natural gas in Pakistan was decreasing
on average by 2.28 % each year, although before that, it grew from 22
trillion cubic feet in 1999 to 31 trillion cubic feet in 2009.
The Sui gas field is the biggest gas field of Pakistan, located in Blauchistan
near Sui. The Sui gas field was discovered in 1952 and its exploration was
started commercially in 1955. This gas fields is responsible for the 26%
gas production of Pakistan. The remaining reserves of natural gas are
about 800 billion cubic feet and
The daily production is 4032 million cubic feet per day. The operating
company for the Pakistan gas fields is Pakistan Petroleum Limited
Natural gas fields in the
Pakistan:
 Adkhi
 Badim
 Bhit gas field
 Khasan gas field
 Kandanwari gas field
 Kandkhot field
 Khan field
 Mari field
 Miano gas field
 Mizra field
 Sawan gas field
 Sui gas field
 Toot gas field
 Ul Haq field
 Zamzama field
The Sui gas field is the biggest natural gas field in the Pakistan. It is
located near Sui in Baluchistan. The gas field was discovered in the late

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1952 and the commercial exploitation of the field began in 1955. The Sui
gas field accounts for 26% of Pakistan’s gas production. Remaining
reserves are estimated to be at about 800 billion cubic feet (tcf) and the
daily production is around 660 million cubic feet (19,000,000 m3
) of
natural. The operator of the field is Pakistan petroleum limited. Other
natural gas companies in Pakistan are:
 SUI NORTHERN GAS COMPANY LIMITED
 SUI SOUTHERN GAS COMPANY LIMITED
 PAKISTAN STATE OIL COMPANY LIMITED
 PAKISTAN PETROLEUM LIMITED
 PAK ARAB REFINERY LIMITED
 SAINDAK METALS LIMITED
 LAKHRA COAL DEVELOPMENT COMPANY Ltd
 GOVERNEMNT HOLDINGS (Private) LIMITED
 PAKISTAN MINERAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED
 INTER STATE GAS SYSTEMS (PVT) LIMITED
 STATE PETROLEUM REFINING AND PETROCHEMICAL CORPORATION
(PVT) LTD
 NATIONAL REFINERY LIMITED (NRL)
 OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT COMPANY LIMITED
2.3.1: CONSUMPTION:
Natural Gas is a clean, safe, efficient and environment friendly fuel. Its
indigenous supplies contribute about 38 percent in total primary energy
supply mix of the country Pakistan has an extensive gas network of over
12,829 km Transmission, 132,065 km Distribution and 34,631 Services
gas pipelines to cater the requirement of more than 8.9 Million consumers
across the country. The government is pursuing its policies for enhancing
indigenous gas production as well as importing gas to meet the increasing
demand of energy in the country. During July-February 2017-18, average
natural gas consumption was about 3,837 Million Cubic Feet per day
(MMCFD) including 632 MMCFD volume of RLNG, compared to 3,205
Million Cubic Feet per day (MMCFD) last year. The power sector continues
to remain the largest consumer of gas, followed by the domestic sector.
The sector wise breakup is given table.

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During July-Feb FY 2017-18, the two Gas utility companies (SNGPL &
SSGCL) have laid 328 Km Gas Transmission network, 8,861 Km
Distribution and 1,216 Km Services lines and connected 231
villages/towns to the gas network. During the period under discussion,
the gas utility companies have invested Rs 1,351 Million on Transmission
Projects, Rs 10,202 Million on Distribution Projects and Rs 11,198 Million
on other projects bringing total investment to about Rs 22,751 Million.
Additional gas connections of 428,282 were provided across the country
additional including 426,721 Domestic, 1,519 Commercial and 42
Industrial.
According to a report published by Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority
(OGRA), Balochistan produced 17pc of the total natural gas in the
country; but consumed only 2pc natural gas during 2015-16.
The report also said that Sindh and Punjab are the biggest gas consumers
with 46pc and 42pc share respectively, followed by Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
and Balochistan using 10pc and 2pc gas, respectively.

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2.3.2: PRODUCTION:
The share of gas production by different provinces. Sindh stands at the
top position for producing 67% of the total gas production in 2011-12
whereas Baluchistan was the 2nd province with a production share of
19%. KPK and Punjab produced 9% and 4% gas respectively during this
period.
Total Proven Reserves 30 Trillion Cubic Feet
Total Natural Gas Production 1400 billion cubic Feet
Natural Gas Consumption 1400 billion cubic feet
Net Imports 0.00

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CHAPTER NO.3
Energy And Resources
3.1: ENERGY:
Energy has commonly two sources
Renewable Energy Resources
Non-Renewable Energy Resources
3.1 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES:
Renewable energy comes from natural resources and are
naturally replenished. Major renewable energy sources are:
• Hydro-energy
• Solar energy
• Biomass Energy
• Wind Energy
• Geothermal Energy
• Tidal Energy
The generation of electricity from renewables, such as biomass, wind,
solar, geothermal, and biofuels are growing steadily. Renewable energy
replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: power generation, hot
water/space heating, transport fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.
 Renewable power generation provides 18 % of total electricity
generation worldwide. Renewable power generators are spread
across many countries, and wind power alone already provides a
significant share of electricity in some areas.

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 Solar hot water contributes a portion of the water heating needs of
over 70 million households in many countries.
 Renewable biofuels have contributed to a decline in oil consumption
in many countries.
3.1.1 HYDRO-ENERGY:
Hydro-energy is derived from the force or energy of moving water.
Most hydroelectric energy comes from the potential energy of dammed
water driving a water turbine and generator. The power extracted from
the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between
the source and the water’s outflow. This height difference is called the
head. The amount of potential energy in water is proportional to the head.
To deliver water to a turbine while maintaining pressure arising from the
head, a large pipe called a penstock may be used.
One of the major advantages of hydroelectricity is the elimination
of fuel. Because there is no fuel combustion, there is little air pollution in
comparison with fossil fuel plants and limited thermal pollution compared
with nuclear plants. Hydroelectric plants also tend to have longer
economic lives than fuel-fired power generation, with some plants now in
service which were built 50–100 years ago. Operating labor cost is also
usually low, as plants are automated and need few personnel on site
during normal operation. The sale of electricity from the station may cover
the construction costs after 5–8 years of full operation.
Hydroelectric usually refers to large-scale hydroelectric dams. Micro
hydro systems typically produce up to 100 kW of power. Hydro systems
without dam derive kinetic energy from rivers and oceans. Ocean energy
includes marine current power, ocean thermal energy conversion, and
tidal power
3.1.1.1 HYDRO POWER IN PAKISTAN:
The total Hydropower resource in Pakistan is estimated at about
50,000 MW. Most of the resources are located in the North of the country,
which offers sites for large scale (100 MW to 7,000 MW) power projects.
Smaller (less than 50 MW) sites are available throughout the country. In
addition, canal system with total of 58,450 km watercourses, farm
channels and field ditchers running another 160,000 km in length has a

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huge hydropower potential at numerous sites/locations on each site,
ranging from 1 MW to more than 10 MW hydro plants can be installed.
There is a significant hydropower potential in Pakistan. Many projects
have been deployed in the past to utilize this potential but still most of
the hydropower sites has not been developed yet. The total installed
capacity of hydropower resources until 2010 was 6,720 MW (Ministry of
Finance, Government of
Pakistan [MOF-GOP], 2013)
which is only 11% of the total
hydropower potential of Pakistan
because the total proved
hydropower potential of Pakistan
is 60,000 MW (Water and Power
Development Authority
[WAPDA], 2013). Figure 2
presents categorization of
hydropower potential in terms of
available basins, rivers, and
small hydel potential sites
available in the country. The
Indus River Basin contains
almost 75% of all hydropower
potential in Pakistan.

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Table 1. Large Scale Hydropower projects of Pakistan that are under
implementation or can be taken under consideration till 2030 (WAPDA, 2013)
3.1.2 SOLAR ENERGY:
Solar energy is derived from the sun through the form of solar radiation.
Solar powered electrical generation relies on photovoltaic and heat
engines. Other solar applications include space heating and cooling
through solar architecture, day lighting, and solar hot water, solar
cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes. Solar
S.N Name Of Project Capacity (MW)
1 Neelum Jhelum AJK 969
2 Diamar Basha -Diamar/Kohistan 4500
3 Bunji-Astore 7100
4 Dasu-Kohistan 4320
5 Terbela.4th Extension-Swabi 1400
6 Munda-Muhamend Agency 740
7 Lower Spat-Gah Kohistan 496
8 Lower Palas Valley Kohistan 665
9 Patan 2800
10 Thakot 2800
11 Kheyal Khawar –KPK 122
12 Golen Gol Project-KPK 106
13 Tarbela.5th Extension Swabi 500
14 Akhori Dam- Punjab 600
15 Yulbu dam 2800
16 Shyok (Yugo) Project 520
17 Skardu Dam Project 1600
18 Tungus Hydropower Project 2200
19 Dudhnial Hydropower Project 960
20 Suki-Kinari Hydropower Project 840
21 Kundal Shahi Hydropower Project 700
22 Rajdhani Hydropower 132
23 Mahl Hydropower Project 600
24 Kala Bagh Dam 3800
Total 41270 MW

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technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active
solar depending on the way they capture, convert, and distribute solar
energy.
3.1.2.1 SOLAR ENERGY IN PAKISTAN:
Pakistan has some of the highest values of insolation in the world
with eight to nine hours of sunshine per day, ideal climatic conditions for
solar power generation. However, the country has been slow to adopt the
technology.
The country has solar plants in Pakistani Kashmir, Punjab, Sindh
and Balochistan. Initiatives are under development by the International
Renewable Energy Agency, the Japan International Cooperation Agency,
Chinese companies, and Pakistani private sector energy companies. The
country aims to build the world's largest solar power park, the Quaid-e-
Azam Solar Power Park (QASP) in the Cholistan Desert, Punjab, by 2017

38 | P a g e
with a 1 GW capacity. A plant of this size would be enough to power
around 320,000 homes.
Figure 3.1.2.1: Solar Potential Of Pakistan
On May 29, 2012, Pakistan inaugurated its first solar power on-grid power
plant in Islamabad. Introduction of Clean Energy by Solar Electricity
Generation System is a special grant aid project by the Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA) under the Coolio Earth
Partnership. This project includes the installation of two
178 kW photovoltaic (PV) systems at the premises of the Planning
Commission and Pakistan Engineering Council.
This is the first on-grid solar PV project that employs net-metering,
thereby allowing the beneficiaries to sell surplus electricity to the
Islamabad Electric Supply Company (IESCO), the electricity distribution
company of the Islamabad Division. The project was executed with grant
assistance, worth 480 million Yen (approx. 553.63 million Pakistani
Rupees) over three years commencing in 2010.
Beaconhouse installed the first high quality integrated solar energy
system with a 10 kW power generation capacity capable of grid tie-in at
Beaconhouse Canal Side Campus, Lahore. It was a pilot project for BSS
designed by U.S. consultants, based upon feasibility by the U.S. Trade
and Development Agency (USTDA).
50 to 100 MW of photovoltaic is expected to be installed in 2013, and at
least 300 MW in 2014. In May 2015, 100 MW of a planned 1,000 MW were
installed in the Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park.
3.1.2.2: ANNUAL SOLAR IRRADIATION:
Solar irradiance in Pakistan is 5.3 kWh/m²/day. Pakistan set a target to
add approximately 10 GW of renewable capacity by 2030 in addition to
replacing 5% diesel with biodiesel by 2015 and 10% by 2025.
3.1.3 BIOMASS/BIOENERGY:
Biomass is organic material made from plants including microorganisms
and animals. Plants absorb the sun’s energy in photosynthesis and store
the energy as Biomass.Therefore, biomass is a renewable energy source
based on the carbon cycle. Some examples of biomass fuels include wood,
crops, and algae. When burned, the chemical energy in biomass is

39 | P a g e
released as heat. Biomass can be converted to other biofuels, such as
ethanol and biodiesel. Biomass grown for biofuel includes corn, soybeans,
willow switch grass, rapeseed, sugar beet, palm oil, and sorghum.
Cellulosic biomass such as corn stover, straw, timber, rice husks can also
be used for biofuel production. Anaerobic digestion of biomass produces
biogas, while gasification produces syngas, which is the mixture of
hydrogen and carbon dioxide to be converted to liquid fuels. Cellulosic
ethanol can also be created by a thermochemical process, which uses
various combinations of temperature, pressure, water, oxygen or air, and
catalysts to convert biomass to cellulosic
Ethanol.
3.1.3.1 BIOFUEL:
 Biological fuels produced from photosynthesis can be categorized in
three groups:
 Carbohydrates, representing a mixture of mono-, di-, and
polysaccharides (17 kJ/g).
 Fats, unsaturated and saturated fatty acids (triglyceride) (39 kJ/g).
 Proteins, used partly as fuel source, (17 kJ/g).
Carbohydrates are straight-chain aldehydes or ketones with many
hydroxyl groups that can exist as straight chains or rings. Carbohydrates
such as starch are the most abundant biological molecules, and play
numerous roles, such as the storage and transport of energy, and
structural components such as cellulose in plants. Triglycerides and fatty
free acids both contain long, linear aliphatic hydrocarbon chains, which
are partially unsaturated and have a carbon number range. The fuel value
is equal to the heat of combustion (oxidation) of fuel. Carbohydrates and
fats can be completely oxidized while proteins can only be partially
oxidized and hence has lower fuel values.
Some synthetic biofuels are:
3.1.3.2: BIO ETHANOL:
The principle fuel used as a petrol substitute for road transport vehicles
is bioethanol. Bioethanol fuel is mainly produced by the sugar
fermentation process, although it can also be manufactured by the
chemical process of reacting ethylene with steam.

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The main sources of sugar required to produce ethanol come from fuel or
energy crops. These crops are grown specifically for energy use and
include corn, maize and wheat crops, waste straw, willow and popular
trees, sawdust, reed canary grass, cord grasses, jerusalem artichoke,
myscanthus and sorghum plants. There is also ongoing research and
development into the use of municipal solid wastes to produce ethanol
fuel.
Ethanol or ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) is a clear colourless liquid, it is
biodegradable, low in toxicity and causes little environmental pollution if
spilt. Ethanol burns to produce carbon dioxide and water. Ethanol is a
high octane fuel and has replaced lead as an octane enhancer in petrol.
By blending ethanol with gasoline we can also oxygenate the fuel mixture
so it burns more completely and reduces polluting emissions. Ethanol fuel
blends are widely sold in the United States. The most common blend is
10% ethanol and 90% petrol (E10). Vehicle engines require no
modifications to run on E10 and vehicle warranties are unaffected also.
Only flexible fuel vehicles can run on up to 85% ethanol and 15% petrol
blends (E85).
3.1.3.3 BIOMASS SOURCES IN PAKISTAN:
Being an agrarian country Pakistan has numerous sources of biomass
available from agricultural crops, secondly due to high population density
in the urban centres solid waste is also being generated in quantities
suitable for power generation.
Main sources of Biomass in Pakistan are:
 Agricultural residues.
 Animal waste.
 Municipal solid waste.
AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES: Agricultural residues include those crop
leftovers which have a fuel value and their potential is not being fully
utilized.
The main agricultural residues available locally are:
1. Wheat Straw: At present this is the main source of cattle fodder so
cannot be considered as a source of fuel to generate power.
2. Rice Husk and Rice Straw: Presently being used as a source of fuel
in the brick kilns and also as cattle feed is therefore not considered.

41 | P a g e
3. Cane trash: The waste of Sugarcane crop which is left in the field and
subsequently burned by the farmers. Sugar Cane trash is a biomass
source which is available in substantial quantities and can be classified as
a potent source to produce Power.
4. Cotton Sticks and other plant residues of Cotton crop: These are
also a left over in field, part of this quantity is used for cooking purposes,
some quantity is lifted by the Brick kiln users, 30% is excess and can be
used as a biomass source.
Sugar Cane Trash:
As per data collected Sugar cane tops and trash constitutes around 30%
of the plant. The cane tops constitute 20%. Cane tops are used as Cattle
fodder and are taken away by the cane harvesting labor to feed to their
dairy animals. The other waste Cane trash constitutes 10% of the Sugar
cane crop. Leaving aside wastages 9% cane trash has been considered
as available biomass for power.
The figures of Sugar cane crop in Pakistan and the trash generated are
given in Table 7.
Year Sugar Production
(Tones)
Cane Trash
available (Tones)
2006-07 54,741,600 4,926,744
2007-08 63,920,000 5,752,800
2008-09 50,045,000 4,504,050
2009-10 49,372,900 4,443,561
2010-11 55,308,500 4,977,765
Millions of tons of solid biomass comprised of cotton and wheat stalks,
rice husk, corn cobs and other crop residues are produced in Pakistan
annually. Wheat stalk is used as feed for the livestock. Except for use of
this resource by rural households, mainly for cooking, the biomass is not
being used for power-generation on a wide scale. Some companies use
solid biomass residues to burn in boilers to generate steam for power
generation. Burning biomass is not efficient from an energy conversion
point of view. World is now using new technologies like gasification that
uses controlled conditions of temperature and oxygen level to convert the
original biomass feedstock into producer gas or wood gas (if the feedstock
is wood) and more heat content of the biomass is captured.

42 | P a g e
There is a huge potential of generating electricity from biomass in
Pakistan. Only the sugar industry has a potential of producing more than
1,000 MWs of electricity from bagasse. Private Power Infrastructure
Board (PPIB) of Government of Pakistan has already announced a
cogeneration policy for the fast track development of electricity from
bagasse. Experts suggest that biomass can also play a vital role in
reviving SMEs for fulfilling their requirements of electricity and heat if
they start installing their own biomass projects in the 500 kW to 5 MW
range. Moreover, being clean and renewable, it will also contribute
towards environmental protection, sustenance of ecosystem and
conservation of the biodiversity.
3.1.4 WIND ENERGY:
The Earth is unevenly heated by the sun and the differential heating
drives a global atmospheric convection system reaching from the earth’s
surface to the stratosphere. Most of the energy stored in these wind
movements can be found at high altitudes where continuous wind speeds
of over 160 km/h (99 mph) occur. To assess the frequency of wind speeds
at a particular location, a probability distribution function is often fitted to
the observed data. Wind power is a totally renewable energy source with
no greenhouse gas emissions, but due to its unpredictability, has
problems integrating with national grids. The potential for wind to supply
a significant quantity of energy is considerable. Availability of
transmission capacity helps large-scale deployment by reducing the cost
of delivered wind energy.

43 | P a g e
3.1.4.1 WIND ENERGY IN PAKISTAN:
The total amount of wind energy is considerably more than the
present consumption of electricity from all sources, the potential wind
energy of 72TW can be commercially viable as compared to total power
consumption of 15TW from all sources. The strength of wind varies and
an average value for a given location does not indicate the average output
of wind turbine, making wind power more consistent Wind energy is
rapidly growing energy resource in the world [8]; today a global installed
wind power capacity has surpassed the mark of 100,000MWincluding
onshore and offshore installations. In 2007 alone wind-power capacity
had increased by a record 20,000MW bringing the world total to
94,100MW.
In the year 2002, Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) launched a
campaign for the assessment of wind resources in the south of Pakistan.
Meteorological masts were installed with anemometers at 10 m and 30 m
heights. Analysis of the data gathered through these masts confirmed the
presence of a logical wind corridor in coastal belt of Sindh province with
wind speeds averaging more than 7 m/s at a height of 80 m. Further
analysis of this wind regime showed a promising exploitable wind
potential of more than 50,000 MW only at Gharo Keti Bandar corridor of
Sindh Province.
National Renewable Energy Laboratories (NREL) of USA under the USAID
assistance program in 2007 has carried out the wind resource study of
Pakistan and developed a meso-scale map of Pakistan, showing the wind
speed potential available at 50 m height. NREL study has also confirmed
the availability of wind resource in Sindh. As per the wind resource map
of Pakistan developed by NREL of USA, in collaboration with Alternative
Energy Development.

44 | P a g e
As mentioned above, more than 40,000 villages in Pakistan are not
connected with the national grid and most of the remote villages in the
south can be electrified through micro wind turbines. It is estimated that
more than 5,000 villages can be electrified through wind energy in Sindh,
Balochistan and
Northern Areas. So far, 5 villages have been electrified using micro wind
turbines by AEDB, Pakistan Council for Renewable Energy Technologies
(PCRET) and other governmental and non-governmental organizations in
Pakistan.
3.1.5: GEOTHERMAL ENERGY:
Geothermal energy is the heat originating from the original formation of
the planet, from radioactive decay of minerals, from volcanic activity, and
from solar energy absorbed at the surface. The geothermal gradient,
which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and
its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form
of heat from the core to the surface. Geothermal power is cost-effective,
reliable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly. The world’s largest
geothermal power installation is The Geysers in California, with a rated
capacity of 750 MW. Worldwide, about 10,715 megawatts (MW) of
geothermal power is produced. An additional 28 gigawatts of direct

45 | P a g e
geothermal heating capacity is installed for district heating, space
heating, spas, industrial processes, desalination and agricultural
applications.
Hot water or steam reservoirs deep in the earth are accessed by drilling.
Geothermal reservoirs located near the earth’s surface maintain a
relatively constant temperature of 50°–60 °F. The hot water and steam
from reservoirs can be used to drive generators and produce electricity.
In other applications, the heat produced from geothermal is used directly
in heating buildings and industrial plants. As in the case of biomass
electricity, a geothermal plant runs 24 h per day, 7 days per week and
can provide base load power, thus competing against coal plants.
Most of the high enthalpy geothermal resources of the world are within
seismic belts associated with zones of crustal weakness such as plate
margins and centers or volcanic activity. A global seismic belt passes
through Pakistan and the country has a long geological history of
geotectonic events:
Permo-carboniferous volcanism (Panjal traps in Kashmir) as a result of
rifting of Iran-Afghanistan microplates, Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous
rifting of the Indo-Pakistan Plate, widespread volcanism during Late
Cretaceous (Deccan
traps) attributed to
the appearance of a
"hot spot" in the
region, emergence
of a chain of volcanic
islands along the
margins of the Indo-
Pakistan Plate,
collision of India and
Asia (Cretaceous-
Paleocene) and the
consequent
Himalayan upheaval, and Neogene-Quaternary volcanism in the Chagai
District.
In Tibet, which occupies more or less the same geological position in
Himalayan mountain ranges as Pakistan, more than 600 surface
indications of geothermal energy resources have been discovered with an

46 | P a g e
estimated potential of 800,000 kilowatts (Fig.3). The Yangbajain
Geothermal Power Station started operation in 1988 sending annually
about 50 million kwhs of electricity to Lhasa fully meeting the need of the
local people.
3.1.6: TIDAL ENERGY:
Systems to harvest electrical power from ocean waves have recently
been gaining momentum as a viable technology. The potential for this
technology is considered promising. The world’s first commercial tidal
power station was installed in 2007 in the narrows of Strangford Lough in
Ireland. Although the generator is powerful enough to power a thousand
homes, the turbine has minimal environmental impact, as it is almost
entirely submerged, and the rotors pose no danger to wildlife as they turn
quite slowly. Ocean thermal energy conversion uses the temperature
difference that exists between deep and shallow waters to run a heat
engine.
3.1.6.1: TIDAL ENERGY AND PAKISTAN:
Currently, Pakistan is confronted with energy crisis due to decline in
conventional sources of energy. There is a large gap between demand
and supply of electricity. The need for exploring alternative
environmental-friendly and renewable energy resources has, therefore,
become more important. Tidal energy is another form of hydro-power.
These power stations have installed bulb type turbines along with
generators, similar to those at a hydroelectric power station. Tidal power,
sometimes also called tidal energy, is the form of hydro-power that
converts the energy of tides into electricity. Tidal power stations are
based on the idea of a windmill — a tidal energy unit functions like an
underwater windmill. Electric power is transmitted through a sub-sea
cable connected to the grid. A new installation method developed recently
will reduce installation time significantly. Power generation based on tidal
waves is an important area. This tidal resource is capable of producing
clean, environmentally friendly, and significantly affordable electricity on
a large scale. It also has the advantage of being totally predictable, as
tidal currents result from perfectly known astronomical phenomena. Tidal
energy resources present in the oceans are of much higher density and

47 | P a g e
better reliability than any other renewable for the likely future. Tidal
power is available at no fuel cost and minimal running cost. The net
potential of both wave and tidal power in the universe is greater than that
of wind and solar. If all suitable tidal sites in the world were exploited for
tidal power, it’s estimated that 100 TWH of electricity could be produced
each year.
India is installing Asia’s first commercial-scale tidal power station off the
coast of Gujarat. The Indian project would require outrunning
developments at Sihwa Lake, a South Korean tidal barrage under
construction on the country’s west coast, to claim the title of “Asia’s first”
commercial-scale tidal power station. This project will be India’s and
indeed Asia’s first at commercial scale, and will deliver important
economic and environmental benefits for the region, as well as paving the
way for similar developments within Gujarat.
The first large-scale powerhouse, the Rance Tidal Power Plant of 240MW,
was established in France in 1966. Since then, a number of tidal power
stations have been constructed, a technology which is being replicated
across the globe. In the same way Russia, which currently operates a
1.7MW tidal power station, plans to construct three mega tidal power
stations of 3,640MW, 8,000MW and 8,710MW capacities. China recently
established a 3.2MW tidal power station, and has signed an agreement
with the Netherlands to develop the world’s largest tidal power project
based on a new tidal technology.
Nevertheless, Pakistan has not yet come in this context, despite having
different significant locations with high tidal current velocities or strong
ocean currents along its 990km coastline. According to a study
conducted by the National Institute of Oceanography, creek network in
the Indus deltaic region, extending over 70km along the Arabian Sea,
can alone generate 900MW tidal power.
Grid-based or off-grid tidal power stations could be constructed,
depending on site conditions. In our case, off-grid power stations would
be more advantageous for meeting rural needs of electricity. The
coastline of Pakistan, which is about 1,045km-long with dominant
features, is the best resource for exploiting the tidal energy.

48 | P a g e
In Sindh, two sites, creek system of Indus delta of 170km and two to five
metres tidal heights at the Korangi Creek, are available to exploit the tidal
energy. Sonmiani and Kalamat are also commendable prospects.
Despite tidal power is foreseeable and available in the form of blocks of
energy; it may not solve the energy crisis, but can decrease dependence
on fossil fuels. It can spread our energy resources and meet strict
greenhouse gas emission targets. A major obstacle of the tidal power
stations is that they can only generate when the tide is flowing in or out.
Notwithstanding tides are totally calculable, so we can plan to have other
power stations generating at that times when the tidal station is out of
action.
Some see that tidal power plants in coastal creeks of Pakistan can remove
the energy crisis to some level. The complex creeks network in the Indus
Deltaic region, extending over an area of 170 kilometers along the 990-
km coastline that Pakistan shares with the Arabian Sea can generate 900
megawatts (MW) of cheap energy, and sufficiently meet the power
requirements of Karachi, according to a research conducted by the
National Institute of Oceanography (NIO).
A team of scientists, led by Dr G.S. Quraishee, a former director general
of NIO, conducted the two-year study some 20 years ago, is not
considered because Pakistani bureaucracy has a vested interest in
producing energy through oil imports and enjoying huge kickbacks.
According to the NIO study entitled “Feasibility Studies for The extraction
Of Energy from Current and Halio Hydro Gravity along Pakistan Coast,”
water flows with high velocity during floods and ebb tides, which is a “very
favorable requirement” for the extraction of energy from currents. The
power resources of the creeks system are great assets for future energy
supply in the region. The serious power shortage which the industry is
facing at Karachi can be adequately met from these resources,” the study
stated. Research carried out in “all the main creeks of Indus Delta,”
namely Korangi Creek, Phitti Creek, Chan Waddo Creek, Khuddi Creek,
Khai Creek, Paitiani Creek, Dabbo Creek, Bhuri Creek, Hajamaro Creek,
Khobar Creek, Qalandri Creek, Kahr Creek, Bachiar Creek, Wari Creek
and Kajhar Creek exhibit that,” about 900MW can be generated.
In the emerging scenario when developed countries are vying to tap into
environment-friendly options of tidal energy, one wonders why tidal
energy is not being exploited in Pakistan.

49 | P a g e
3.2 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES:
It is generally accepted that nonrenewable energy sources or fossil
fuels are formed from the remains of dead plants and animals by
exposure to heat and pressure in the earth’s crust over the millions of
years. Major nonrenewable energy sources are:
 Coal
 Petroleum
 Natural gas
 Nuclear
Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include mainly coal,
petroleum, and natural gas. Natural gas, for example, contains only very
low boiling point and gaseous components, while gasoline contains much
higher boiling point components. The specific mixture of hydrocarbons
gives a fuel its characteristic properties, such as boiling point, melting
point, density, and viscosity. These types of fuels are known as
nonrenewable energy sources. The following sections discuss some
important nonrenewable energy sources.
Coal, petroleum and Natural gas already has been described in fuel
sector.
3.2.1 NUCLEAR ENERGY:
Nuclear energy plants produce electricity through the fission
of nuclear fuel, such as uranium, so they do not pollute the air with
harmful gases. Nuclear fission is a nuclear reaction in which the
nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts, often producing free
neutrons and photons in the form of gamma rays and releasing large
amounts of energy.
Nuclear fuels undergo fission when struck by free neutrons and
generate neutrons leading to a self-sustaining chain reaction that
releases energy at a controlled rate in a nuclear reactor. This heat
is used to produce steam to be used in a turbine to produce
electricity. This is similar to most coal, oil, and gas-fired power
plants. Typical fission release about two hundred million eV (200

50 | P a g e
MeV) of energy, which is much higher than most chemical oxidation
reactions.
For example, complete fission energy of uranium-235 isotope
is 6.73 × 1010 kJ/kg. The energy of nuclear fission is released as
kinetic energy of the fission products and fragments, and as
electromagnetic radiation in the form of gamma rays in a nuclear
reactor. The energy is converted to heat as the particles and gamma
rays collide with the atoms that make up the reactor and its working
fluid, usually water or occasionally heavy water. The products of
nuclear fission, however, are far more radioactive than the heavy
elements which are normally fissioned as fuel, and remain so for a
significant amount of time, giving rise to a nuclear waste problem.
More than 400 nuclear power plants operating in 25 countries supply
almost 17 % of the world’s electricity. Nuclear power is essentially
carbon-free. However, the electricity from new nuclear power plants
would be relatively expensive, and nuclear energy faces a number
of significant obstacles. The biggest challenges are the disposal of
radioactive waste and the threat of nuclear proliferation. New plants
would also require long licensing times, and it would likely be at
least a decade before nuclear could be brought to bear on the
climate change problem.
3.2.1.1 NUCLEAR ENERGY IN PAKISTAN:
As of 2017, nuclear power in Pakistan is provided by 5
commercial nuclear power plants. Pakistan is the first Muslim
country in the world to construct and operate civil nuclear power
plants. The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), the
scientific and nuclear governmental agency, is solely responsible for
operating these power plants. As of 2012, the electricity generated
by commercial nuclear power plants constitutes roughly ~3.6% of
electricity generated in Pakistan, compared to ~62% from fossil
fuel, ~33% from hydroelectric power and ~0.3% from coal
electricity. Pakistan is not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty but is a member of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Pakistan plans on constructing 32 nuclear power plants by 2050.

51 | P a g e
PakistanNuclearPowerPlants

52 | P a g e
CHAPTER NO.4
Conclusion & Recommendation
4.1: CONCLUSION:
Pakistan is a country which is endowed with a multitude of natural
resources. Pakistan’s Economy is growing at a rate of 2.7% which
consequently entails higher energy consumption. Presently, three major
energy sources have been identified (i) Oil (ii) Gas (iii) Hydel which are
being used to fulfill the energy needs of the growing economy. The
current figure of Pakistan’s energy resources stands at: oil (0.31 billion
barrels), gas (30 TCF), coal (185 billion tons) and shale gas reserves (51
TCF). Pakistan is an agri economy which holds a large potential to produce
energy through biomass & agri waste. Moreover the country can produce
energy from biofuels using its own land and resources for cultivation.
Additionally, Pakistan also has the potential to produce solar energy of up
to 2.3 million megawatts per annum. Despite, all the resources &
potential Pakistan is still facing problems of severe energy shortages & is
unable to fulfill its energy requirements. With total reserves of 0.31 billion
barrels of oil we are unable to fulfill the demand of oil through home
resources. The production of oil in the country is only 59.08 thousand
bbl/day and the consumption is 426.72 thousands bbl/day where the
shortfall in demand is fulfilled by importing oil.
We opt for importing oil due to less production & exploration at
home country. While the Country’s gas reserves stand at 30 TCF reserves
in the face of growing consumption of natural gas we are experiencing
serious shortages in this sector where the current supply natural gas is
not meeting the energy demand in gas sector.
Pakistan holds a strong potential to produce energy by several
alternate means. Besides the conventional energy resources Pakistan has
the capability to produce energy through different alternate energy
resources. Pakistan produces two million tons molasses per year that is a
reasonable amount to produce ethanol fuels for transport sector.

53 | P a g e
It also has the potential to produce a large amount of biodiesel for
automotives by the cultivation of Jatropha crucas plants. Also having the
edge of sunlight country, it has potential to produce solar energy. By
utilizing local resources; using biomass for energy production, allocating
biogas units in rural areas and at grid levels and adopting fuel cell
technology we can overcome the energy crisis to a great extent.
Pakistan is undergoing the worst shortage of oil, gas and electricity. The
reason behind this is improper channelizing of energy, fewer exploration
activities in oil and gas sector, inappropriate distribution of resources,
poor management, unstable law and order situation and bad governance.
Since the oil & gas sector has a massive share in the country’s economic
growth this sector holds great significance. Development of oil and gas
sector is the key to boost up a country’s economic growth.
In order to fulfill the energy needs of the economy it is essential to
improve law and order situation in the country for the sake of attracting
foreign investments, promote & encourage proper optimization of the
resources, inculcate improvement in the government policy focus, focus
on adequate rationalizing of oil and gas prices & opt for effective
management for utilization of resources.
There are large reserves of coal in the Thar region Blaouchistan
which are not been exploited yet due to lack of professionals, political
issues and lack of investments. Also the shale gas reserves are in large
amount but still not exploited yet due to no investments. Khalifa Coastal
Refinery project is also surrounded by the management problems.
4.2: RECOMMENDATION:
The basic need for the sustainable development in the oil and gas
sector is better government policy with competitive incentives for the
investors to grab the foreign investments for the development in the
upstream sector. In the gas sector the first priority in the consumers
sector should be given to the fertilizer, textile and general industries
sector, as they have significant share in the country’s economy. While
for the transport sector the government should adopt new technologies
such as biodiesel, ethanol fuels, fuel cell technology, solar energy etc.

54 | P a g e
Being an Agricultural country government should encourage the planting
of biogas units and the use of biogas for the cooking and heating
purposes also the waste to energy technology in the urban area for the
energy production
Use of solar energy should be maximized at the grid stations level to
meet the energy demands, as the country has the sound climate for the
solar energy production.
Thar coal reserves should be exploited either by the coal
gasification technology or by the coal liquefaction technology. The
indigenous resources should be utilized properly for the sake of power
generation. And the resources should be forced to reduce the
dependence on imported crude oil by adopting renewable energy
technologies. Local waste management companies should adopt waste
to energy techniques to reduce the burden on the oil and gas sector.

55 | P a g e
REFERENCES:
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Coal_Mines_and_Resources
2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278751135_Oil_Gas_Sector_
of_Pakistan_and_Sustainable_Development?enrichID
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal
4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259620731_Scope_of_Nuclea
r_Power_in_Pakistan_Mushtaq_Ahmad
5. http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey_1718.html
6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290937766_Energy_Outlook_
in_Pakistan
7. https://www.worldenergy.org/data/resources/country/pakistan/coal/
8. https://www.nepra.org.pk/Policies/Coal%20Potential%20in%20Pakistan
.pdf
9. https://bizfluent.com/list-6364650-uses-crude-oil-products.html
10. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-
economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2018-full-report.pdf
11. https://www.open.edu/openlearn/nature-
environment/introduction-energy-resources/content-section-0?active-
tab=description-tab
12. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265975338_Geotherma
l_Energy_Resources_of_Pakistan
13. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281716905_Wind_Powe
r_Energy_Pakistan_Economical_Renewable_Power_Resource
14. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264851747_Harnessing
_Ocean_Energy_by_Tidal_Current_Technologies
15. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265602602_Fuels_and_
Combustion_CHAPTER_-
_4_FUELS_AND_COMBUSTION_41_Introduction_42_Requirements_of_a
_Good_Fuel
16. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fassahat_Qureshi/publicatio
n/268224059_Hydropower_Potential_in_Pakistan/links/546659570cf2f5
eb18016d8f/Hydropower-Potential-in-
Pakistan.pdf?origin=publication_detail
17. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258071342_Solar_ener
gy_potential_in_Pakistan
18. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan
19. https://www-
pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/te_1030_prn.pdf
20. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266500895_AN_OVERV
IEW_OF_BIOFUELS_SECTOR_OF_PAKISTAN_STATUS_AND_POLICIES

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