This document discusses mining methods, their environmental and social impacts, and efforts to restore mined lands. It describes how minerals are extracted through various mining techniques like strip mining, underground mining, open pit mining and mountaintop removal. These methods can significantly damage the environment by destroying habitats, polluting water sources, and degrading land. The document also notes issues like human rights abuses during mineral extraction in places like the Democratic Republic of Congo and challenges with fully restoring mined lands.
This document provides an overview of alternative energy sources including nuclear energy, bioenergy, and hydroelectric power. It discusses reasons for seeking alternative fuels to fossil fuels, contributions of alternative fuels globally, and debates around nuclear power. Key points covered include Sweden's transition away from nuclear power and increased use of alternatives like hydroelectric, biomass and wind. Details are given on nuclear power generation through fission, risks of accidents, and challenges of waste disposal. Bioenergy sources like ethanol and biodiesel are outlined as are developing technologies like algal biofuels. Hydropower is summarized as using the kinetic energy of moving water to generate electricity through dams or run-of-river systems.
This document provides an overview of various renewable energy sources including solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, and ocean energy. It discusses technologies such as photovoltaic cells, wind turbines, geothermal power plants, tidal power dams, and wave energy devices. The key benefits of these renewable sources are that they have no emissions, are sustainable, and can help create new jobs. However, issues include high upfront costs and intermittent availability for some sources.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on energy sources, fossil fuels, and their environmental impacts. It discusses the debate over drilling in Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and describes the three regions of Alaska's North Slope. It then summarizes the formation and extraction of coal, natural gas, crude oil, and alternative fossil fuels like oil sands. Throughout, it notes the environmental impacts of fossil fuel emissions and pollution as well as challenges of depletion and peak oil.
This document discusses alternatives to fossil fuels for energy production, focusing on nuclear energy. It provides background on nuclear energy, how it works, and examples of nuclear power generation in Sweden and other countries. It also summarizes some of the environmental and safety issues associated with nuclear power, including accidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl, and challenges of long-term nuclear waste storage.
This document discusses air pollution and solutions. It begins with an overview of the Earth's atmosphere and its four layers. It then discusses various types of outdoor air pollution including criteria pollutants like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter. Legislation like the Clean Air Act has addressed pollution by setting emissions standards. Pollution monitoring has shown decreases in emissions since the 1970s due to technologies like catalytic converters and scrubbers. However, toxic substances and some areas still fail air quality standards.
This document discusses the debate around drilling for oil in Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. It outlines the three regions of Alaska's North Slope - the National Petroleum Reserve, Prudhoe Bay, and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is a federally protected area that opponents do not want opened to drilling due to fears it will damage the pristine wilderness, while proponents argue it could provide untapped oil riches.
The document discusses various renewable energy sources including solar, wind, geothermal, and hydrogen fuel cells. It notes that Iceland aims to convert its economy to be based completely on renewable energy sources like geothermal and hydropower. It also discusses how solar energy can be harnessed through passive and active collection methods, while wind energy is harnessed through wind turbines in wind farms.
The document discusses various energy resources including renewable and non-renewable sources. Renewable resources such as sunlight, wind and water can be replenished, while non-renewable resources like fossil fuels and minerals are depleted over time. Growing energy needs are driven by industrialization, urbanization and population growth. The document then examines different energy sources in more detail, including fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil as well as renewable options such as hydroelectric, solar, wind, geothermal and hydrogen power. Both advantages and disadvantages are provided for each energy type.
This document provides an overview of alternative energy sources including nuclear energy, bioenergy, and hydroelectric power. It discusses reasons for seeking alternative fuels to fossil fuels, contributions of alternative fuels globally, and debates around nuclear power. Key points covered include Sweden's transition away from nuclear power and increased use of alternatives like hydroelectric, biomass and wind. Details are given on nuclear power generation through fission, risks of accidents, and challenges of waste disposal. Bioenergy sources like ethanol and biodiesel are outlined as are developing technologies like algal biofuels. Hydropower is summarized as using the kinetic energy of moving water to generate electricity through dams or run-of-river systems.
This document provides an overview of various renewable energy sources including solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, and ocean energy. It discusses technologies such as photovoltaic cells, wind turbines, geothermal power plants, tidal power dams, and wave energy devices. The key benefits of these renewable sources are that they have no emissions, are sustainable, and can help create new jobs. However, issues include high upfront costs and intermittent availability for some sources.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on energy sources, fossil fuels, and their environmental impacts. It discusses the debate over drilling in Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and describes the three regions of Alaska's North Slope. It then summarizes the formation and extraction of coal, natural gas, crude oil, and alternative fossil fuels like oil sands. Throughout, it notes the environmental impacts of fossil fuel emissions and pollution as well as challenges of depletion and peak oil.
This document discusses alternatives to fossil fuels for energy production, focusing on nuclear energy. It provides background on nuclear energy, how it works, and examples of nuclear power generation in Sweden and other countries. It also summarizes some of the environmental and safety issues associated with nuclear power, including accidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl, and challenges of long-term nuclear waste storage.
This document discusses air pollution and solutions. It begins with an overview of the Earth's atmosphere and its four layers. It then discusses various types of outdoor air pollution including criteria pollutants like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter. Legislation like the Clean Air Act has addressed pollution by setting emissions standards. Pollution monitoring has shown decreases in emissions since the 1970s due to technologies like catalytic converters and scrubbers. However, toxic substances and some areas still fail air quality standards.
This document discusses the debate around drilling for oil in Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. It outlines the three regions of Alaska's North Slope - the National Petroleum Reserve, Prudhoe Bay, and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is a federally protected area that opponents do not want opened to drilling due to fears it will damage the pristine wilderness, while proponents argue it could provide untapped oil riches.
The document discusses various renewable energy sources including solar, wind, geothermal, and hydrogen fuel cells. It notes that Iceland aims to convert its economy to be based completely on renewable energy sources like geothermal and hydropower. It also discusses how solar energy can be harnessed through passive and active collection methods, while wind energy is harnessed through wind turbines in wind farms.
The document discusses various energy resources including renewable and non-renewable sources. Renewable resources such as sunlight, wind and water can be replenished, while non-renewable resources like fossil fuels and minerals are depleted over time. Growing energy needs are driven by industrialization, urbanization and population growth. The document then examines different energy sources in more detail, including fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil as well as renewable options such as hydroelectric, solar, wind, geothermal and hydrogen power. Both advantages and disadvantages are provided for each energy type.
This document provides an overview of energy. It defines energy as the capacity to do work and explains that energy can be converted from one form to another. It discusses the history of energy use by humans and describes the eight main forms of energy: mechanical, chemical, nuclear, heat, light, electrical, sound, and renewable and non-renewable energy sources. The document also addresses how energy is used, energy conversions, environmental impacts of energy production, and ways to conserve energy.
Unit 3 VCE Environmental Science: Area of Study 1 - Energy and Greenhouse gases. This presentation has some typical exam a review of some typical exam questions for this unit of work as well as a comparison of the Mortlake Gas fired power plant and the Macarthur wind farm.
The chapter discusses different energy sources including fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas as well as renewable sources. It covers the formation of fossil fuels, issues with their use, and various renewable energy technologies such as hydroelectric, geothermal, wind, solar, and biomass. The chapter also discusses energy conservation and the potential future use of hydrogen fuel cells.
Resource refers to all the materials available in our environment which help us to satisfy our needs and wants. It is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable.
Resources are characterized as renewable or nonrenewable.
A renewable energy source means energy that is sustainable - something that can't run out, or is endless, like the sun.
This was a ppt made by me.I have not made it by my own. I have taken full help of internet in it. But I have make sure that this ppt will be helpful to you
The document discusses different sources of energy. It defines sources of energy as those capable of providing steady useful energy over long periods. Renewable sources like solar, wind and hydro can be replenished, while non-renewable sources like coal and gas cannot. A good source of energy should supply enough amounts economically and cause minimal pollution. Both conventional sources like fossil fuels and non-conventional sources like nuclear and solar are described. Their uses, advantages and limitations are summarized.
The document discusses various renewable energy sources - wind, solar, geothermal, hydroelectric - and their environmental impacts compared to fossil fuels. It finds that while all energy sources have some environmental impact, renewable sources generally cause less harm than fossil fuels in areas like air and water pollution, public health impacts, wildlife effects, and greenhouse gas emissions. Specifically, the life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions are 0.02-0.04 pounds per kWh for wind, 0.07-0.18 pounds per kWh for solar PV, 0.1 pounds per kWh for geothermal, and 0.01-0.5 pounds per kWh for hydro, versus 0.6-3.6 pounds per k
Non-renewable energy resources discussed in the document include coal, petroleum, natural gas, and nuclear power. These resources are finite and cannot be replenished in human time scales. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are extracted through mining and drilling but cause environmental pollution and damage. Nuclear power produces electricity through nuclear fission of uranium fuel but creates radioactive waste that remains dangerous for thousands of years. The Chernobyl disaster demonstrated the potential consequences of a major nuclear accident. Overall, non-renewable resources are effective but have disadvantages including pollution, accidents, depletion of supply, and production of long-term nuclear waste.
Module-1 Non Conventional Energy sourcesDr Ramesh B T
Energy source, India’s production and reserves of commercial energy sources, need for nonconventional energy sources, energy alternatives, solar, thermal, photovoltaic. Water power, wind biomass, ocean temperature difference, tidal and waves, geothermal, tar sands and oil shale, nuclear (Brief descriptions); advantages and disadvantages, comparison (Qualitative and Quantitative). Solar Radiation: Extra-Terrestrial radiation, spectral distribution of extra terrestrial radiation, solar constant, solar radiation at the earth’s surface, beam, diffuse and global radiation, solar radiation data. Measurement of Solar Radiation: Pyrometer, shading ring pyrheliometer, sunshine recorder, schematic diagrams and principle of working.
This document discusses various alternative energy sources including nuclear energy, biomass energy, and hydroelectric power. It provides background on each source, how they work, their benefits and drawbacks. Key points include that nuclear energy produces no greenhouse gases but has issues with waste disposal and safety concerns from accidents. Biomass can be renewable but has competition with food production and land use impacts. Hydroelectric power is renewable but can damage habitats from dam construction.
The document discusses and compares different sources of energy, including nuclear energy, natural gas, solar power, wind power, and biomass. It outlines key advantages and disadvantages of each source. Nuclear energy and natural gas are discussed as non-renewable sources that contribute to global warming and have risks of accidents or volatile gases. Solar and wind power are presented as renewable sources but with limitations such as reliance on sunlight or wind. Biomass is described as renewable but potentially expensive and requiring land. Overall wind power is characterized as the "cleanest" source without contributions to global warming.
Non Conventional Energy Source, Introduction, Solar Radiation, and measurementsDr Ramesh B T
The document discusses various topics related to energy, including:
1. Definitions of energy and different forms of energy like heat, chemical, electromagnetic, nuclear, and mechanical.
2. Conversion of energy from one form to another through various processes.
3. Kinetic and potential energy and examples of each.
4. Classification of energy resources as conventional, non-conventional, renewable, and non-renewable.
5. Sources of energy like fossil fuels, biomass, hydro, wind, solar, geothermal, tidal, and nuclear.
This document provides an overview of various energy resources, including both renewable and non-renewable sources. It discusses solar, wind, biomass, nuclear, geothermal, and hydroelectric energy. For each resource, it describes the basic process or technology, advantages, and limitations. The document is a prepared by an engineering student as part of a course on electrical energy resources.
Renewable and Non - Renewable ReosourcesNeeraj Yadav
This document discusses renewable and non-renewable energy resources. It provides details on various renewable resources like solar, hydro, wind, biogas, hydrogen, geothermal, and tidal energy. It also discusses non-renewable resources like coal, natural gas, crude oil/petroleum, nuclear energy. For each resource, it explains the concept, working mechanism, examples and applications. Key renewable resources include solar cells, solar cookers, solar water heaters, hydroelectric dams, wind turbines, biogas plants. Important non-renewable resources discussed are natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, coal and its formation process over millions of years.
Technology is undoubtedly destroying the planet through its negative environmental impacts. Transportation like automobiles is a major contributor to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Raw material extraction such as coal mining, oil drilling, and fracking pollutes land, water, and air. Other technologies such as pesticides, nuclear energy, and farming practices harm ecosystems. However, renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and ocean power could help reduce environmental damage if societies shift away from fossil fuels and toward more sustainable options. Overall, overuse of resources and lack of alternatives are forcing the planet to bear the consequences of unchecked technological development.
The document discusses various forms of renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources include solar, wind, hydroelectric, tidal, geothermal, and wave energy, which can replenish themselves naturally. Non-renewable sources are fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, and natural gas, as well as nuclear energy, which are being depleted at a rate faster than they can be replenished. The advantages of renewable sources are that they are sustainable, but their energy production can fluctuate. Non-renewable sources provide abundant energy but produce pollution and greenhouse gases and will run out.
The document discusses nuclear energy and nuclear waste. It provides information on what nuclear energy and radioactive waste are, how nuclear power plants produce electricity, and the process of nuclear fission. It then discusses the pros and cons of nuclear energy, including the benefits of low emissions but the challenges of disposing of nuclear waste safely due to associated hazards like long half-lives of radioactive materials. Risks of nuclear accidents and the finite nature of uranium fuel are also addressed.
Non-renewable energy resources such as fossil fuels are finite and will be depleted within 50-60 years. They include coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which were formed from the remains of dead plants and animals over millions of years. While reliable sources of electricity, their use also produces greenhouse gases and other pollutants that harm the environment and health. Nuclear energy generates power through nuclear fission or fusion, but poses challenges of nuclear waste storage and safety. Both non-renewable and nuclear energy have benefits as well as drawbacks to consider regarding sustainability and environmental protection.
Nuclear energy was first developed during World War II and was later pursued for civilian electricity generation. While nuclear power currently provides about 13% of the world's electricity, it also poses various risks such as nuclear weapons proliferation, severe accidents like at Chernobyl and Fukushima, long-lasting radioactive waste, and environmental degradation. There are also sustainable alternatives like solar, wind, and hydro that do not carry the same risks as nuclear energy.
Open pit mining involves digging a large hole or pit at the earth's surface to extract ore deposits near the surface. Overburden or waste rock is removed to expose the ore body, which is then extracted using large excavating equipment like shovels and haul trucks. Ore is transported from the pit either by truck or conveyor belt to a processing facility. Open pit mining provides high productivity and low costs but requires significant capital investment and can have large environmental impacts due to the large scale of surface disturbance. It is best suited to deposits that are relatively shallow and large in area.
The document discusses various mining techniques and their environmental impacts. It describes how minerals are identified and land is acquired for mining under the 1872 Mining Law. Surface mining techniques like open-pit, strip, contour, and mountaintop removal mining are outlined. Subsurface mining techniques like room-and-pillar and longwall mining are also summarized. The document discusses the impacts of mining such as scarring of land, erosion, subsidence, water and air pollution from acid mine drainage and slurry pond spills. It provides an example of reclamation at an abandoned coal mine in Pennsylvania.
This document provides an overview of energy. It defines energy as the capacity to do work and explains that energy can be converted from one form to another. It discusses the history of energy use by humans and describes the eight main forms of energy: mechanical, chemical, nuclear, heat, light, electrical, sound, and renewable and non-renewable energy sources. The document also addresses how energy is used, energy conversions, environmental impacts of energy production, and ways to conserve energy.
Unit 3 VCE Environmental Science: Area of Study 1 - Energy and Greenhouse gases. This presentation has some typical exam a review of some typical exam questions for this unit of work as well as a comparison of the Mortlake Gas fired power plant and the Macarthur wind farm.
The chapter discusses different energy sources including fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas as well as renewable sources. It covers the formation of fossil fuels, issues with their use, and various renewable energy technologies such as hydroelectric, geothermal, wind, solar, and biomass. The chapter also discusses energy conservation and the potential future use of hydrogen fuel cells.
Resource refers to all the materials available in our environment which help us to satisfy our needs and wants. It is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable.
Resources are characterized as renewable or nonrenewable.
A renewable energy source means energy that is sustainable - something that can't run out, or is endless, like the sun.
This was a ppt made by me.I have not made it by my own. I have taken full help of internet in it. But I have make sure that this ppt will be helpful to you
The document discusses different sources of energy. It defines sources of energy as those capable of providing steady useful energy over long periods. Renewable sources like solar, wind and hydro can be replenished, while non-renewable sources like coal and gas cannot. A good source of energy should supply enough amounts economically and cause minimal pollution. Both conventional sources like fossil fuels and non-conventional sources like nuclear and solar are described. Their uses, advantages and limitations are summarized.
The document discusses various renewable energy sources - wind, solar, geothermal, hydroelectric - and their environmental impacts compared to fossil fuels. It finds that while all energy sources have some environmental impact, renewable sources generally cause less harm than fossil fuels in areas like air and water pollution, public health impacts, wildlife effects, and greenhouse gas emissions. Specifically, the life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions are 0.02-0.04 pounds per kWh for wind, 0.07-0.18 pounds per kWh for solar PV, 0.1 pounds per kWh for geothermal, and 0.01-0.5 pounds per kWh for hydro, versus 0.6-3.6 pounds per k
Non-renewable energy resources discussed in the document include coal, petroleum, natural gas, and nuclear power. These resources are finite and cannot be replenished in human time scales. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are extracted through mining and drilling but cause environmental pollution and damage. Nuclear power produces electricity through nuclear fission of uranium fuel but creates radioactive waste that remains dangerous for thousands of years. The Chernobyl disaster demonstrated the potential consequences of a major nuclear accident. Overall, non-renewable resources are effective but have disadvantages including pollution, accidents, depletion of supply, and production of long-term nuclear waste.
Module-1 Non Conventional Energy sourcesDr Ramesh B T
Energy source, India’s production and reserves of commercial energy sources, need for nonconventional energy sources, energy alternatives, solar, thermal, photovoltaic. Water power, wind biomass, ocean temperature difference, tidal and waves, geothermal, tar sands and oil shale, nuclear (Brief descriptions); advantages and disadvantages, comparison (Qualitative and Quantitative). Solar Radiation: Extra-Terrestrial radiation, spectral distribution of extra terrestrial radiation, solar constant, solar radiation at the earth’s surface, beam, diffuse and global radiation, solar radiation data. Measurement of Solar Radiation: Pyrometer, shading ring pyrheliometer, sunshine recorder, schematic diagrams and principle of working.
This document discusses various alternative energy sources including nuclear energy, biomass energy, and hydroelectric power. It provides background on each source, how they work, their benefits and drawbacks. Key points include that nuclear energy produces no greenhouse gases but has issues with waste disposal and safety concerns from accidents. Biomass can be renewable but has competition with food production and land use impacts. Hydroelectric power is renewable but can damage habitats from dam construction.
The document discusses and compares different sources of energy, including nuclear energy, natural gas, solar power, wind power, and biomass. It outlines key advantages and disadvantages of each source. Nuclear energy and natural gas are discussed as non-renewable sources that contribute to global warming and have risks of accidents or volatile gases. Solar and wind power are presented as renewable sources but with limitations such as reliance on sunlight or wind. Biomass is described as renewable but potentially expensive and requiring land. Overall wind power is characterized as the "cleanest" source without contributions to global warming.
Non Conventional Energy Source, Introduction, Solar Radiation, and measurementsDr Ramesh B T
The document discusses various topics related to energy, including:
1. Definitions of energy and different forms of energy like heat, chemical, electromagnetic, nuclear, and mechanical.
2. Conversion of energy from one form to another through various processes.
3. Kinetic and potential energy and examples of each.
4. Classification of energy resources as conventional, non-conventional, renewable, and non-renewable.
5. Sources of energy like fossil fuels, biomass, hydro, wind, solar, geothermal, tidal, and nuclear.
This document provides an overview of various energy resources, including both renewable and non-renewable sources. It discusses solar, wind, biomass, nuclear, geothermal, and hydroelectric energy. For each resource, it describes the basic process or technology, advantages, and limitations. The document is a prepared by an engineering student as part of a course on electrical energy resources.
Renewable and Non - Renewable ReosourcesNeeraj Yadav
This document discusses renewable and non-renewable energy resources. It provides details on various renewable resources like solar, hydro, wind, biogas, hydrogen, geothermal, and tidal energy. It also discusses non-renewable resources like coal, natural gas, crude oil/petroleum, nuclear energy. For each resource, it explains the concept, working mechanism, examples and applications. Key renewable resources include solar cells, solar cookers, solar water heaters, hydroelectric dams, wind turbines, biogas plants. Important non-renewable resources discussed are natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, coal and its formation process over millions of years.
Technology is undoubtedly destroying the planet through its negative environmental impacts. Transportation like automobiles is a major contributor to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Raw material extraction such as coal mining, oil drilling, and fracking pollutes land, water, and air. Other technologies such as pesticides, nuclear energy, and farming practices harm ecosystems. However, renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and ocean power could help reduce environmental damage if societies shift away from fossil fuels and toward more sustainable options. Overall, overuse of resources and lack of alternatives are forcing the planet to bear the consequences of unchecked technological development.
The document discusses various forms of renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources include solar, wind, hydroelectric, tidal, geothermal, and wave energy, which can replenish themselves naturally. Non-renewable sources are fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, and natural gas, as well as nuclear energy, which are being depleted at a rate faster than they can be replenished. The advantages of renewable sources are that they are sustainable, but their energy production can fluctuate. Non-renewable sources provide abundant energy but produce pollution and greenhouse gases and will run out.
The document discusses nuclear energy and nuclear waste. It provides information on what nuclear energy and radioactive waste are, how nuclear power plants produce electricity, and the process of nuclear fission. It then discusses the pros and cons of nuclear energy, including the benefits of low emissions but the challenges of disposing of nuclear waste safely due to associated hazards like long half-lives of radioactive materials. Risks of nuclear accidents and the finite nature of uranium fuel are also addressed.
Non-renewable energy resources such as fossil fuels are finite and will be depleted within 50-60 years. They include coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which were formed from the remains of dead plants and animals over millions of years. While reliable sources of electricity, their use also produces greenhouse gases and other pollutants that harm the environment and health. Nuclear energy generates power through nuclear fission or fusion, but poses challenges of nuclear waste storage and safety. Both non-renewable and nuclear energy have benefits as well as drawbacks to consider regarding sustainability and environmental protection.
Nuclear energy was first developed during World War II and was later pursued for civilian electricity generation. While nuclear power currently provides about 13% of the world's electricity, it also poses various risks such as nuclear weapons proliferation, severe accidents like at Chernobyl and Fukushima, long-lasting radioactive waste, and environmental degradation. There are also sustainable alternatives like solar, wind, and hydro that do not carry the same risks as nuclear energy.
Open pit mining involves digging a large hole or pit at the earth's surface to extract ore deposits near the surface. Overburden or waste rock is removed to expose the ore body, which is then extracted using large excavating equipment like shovels and haul trucks. Ore is transported from the pit either by truck or conveyor belt to a processing facility. Open pit mining provides high productivity and low costs but requires significant capital investment and can have large environmental impacts due to the large scale of surface disturbance. It is best suited to deposits that are relatively shallow and large in area.
The document discusses various mining techniques and their environmental impacts. It describes how minerals are identified and land is acquired for mining under the 1872 Mining Law. Surface mining techniques like open-pit, strip, contour, and mountaintop removal mining are outlined. Subsurface mining techniques like room-and-pillar and longwall mining are also summarized. The document discusses the impacts of mining such as scarring of land, erosion, subsidence, water and air pollution from acid mine drainage and slurry pond spills. It provides an example of reclamation at an abandoned coal mine in Pennsylvania.
The document discusses various mining methods for steeply dipping and massive ore deposits. It describes caving methods like sublevel caving and induced block caving that are suitable for massive deposits with low ore value. It also outlines self-supported methods including sublevel stoping and large open stope mining. Supported methods such as cut-and-fill stoping and undercut-and-fill stoping are described as well. Each method is examined in terms of its applications, advantages, and disadvantages.
Longwall; Longwall in coal; Longwall in Hard Rock; Sublevel Caving; Characteristics of the ore body and mining method; Development; Production; Equipments Used; Block Caving, Introduction, Historical evolution of the method, Condition deposit; Principles of the method; Methodology of block caving; Basic issues of geomechanical to the black caving method; Caveability;Mine design Block caving; Fragmentation and extraction control; Subsidence associated; Advantages and Disadvantages of Block Caving
This document summarizes various underground mining methods. It describes supported methods like cut and fill stoping which uses backfill, and unsupported methods like room and pillar mining where pillars provide natural support. It also discusses caving methods, including longwall mining where powered supports are used and sublevel caving where the ore and rock above cave in controlled columns. Conditions for each method are provided regarding ore and rock strength, deposit size and shape, depth, grade, and uniformity. The production cycle for each typically involves drilling, blasting, loading, and hauling, with auxiliary operations like ventilation and ground control.
This document provides an outline for a lecture presentation on open pit mining methods and planning. It discusses key parameters such as bench height and geometry, cutoff grade calculation, and factors affecting open pit stability. The presentation covers the basic concept of open pit mining, how overburden is removed, and machinery used such as trucks, shovels, and drills. Diagrams illustrate typical bench terminology and pit slope angles. The importance of optimizing the pit design is addressed through considering elements like production scheduling, waste disposal, and ultimate pit limits.
This document discusses various mining methods including surface mining techniques like alluvial mining and open-cast mining as well as underground mining techniques. It describes alluvial mining methods like using pans, rockers, and sluicing. For open-cast mining it discusses loading by hand or machine and different open-cast mining methods. Underground mining techniques discussed include room and pillar mining, open stoping methods using timber supports or waste filling, shrinkage stoping, and caving methods like top slicing and block caving.
This document discusses various coal mining methods, including opencast and underground mining. For opencast mining, the main methods described are shovel and dumper, dragline, surface miner, and bucket wheel excavator. Underground mining methods discussed include continuous miners, longwall mining, and road headers. New concepts being implemented in India such as highwall mining, punch longwall mining, and longwall top coal caving are also summarized. The document provides diagrams and descriptions of the equipment used for different mining methods.
Earth Resources
Reserves and resources
Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
What are industrial minerals?
Why are industrial minerals so important?
Geology of Industrial Minerals Deposits
Classification of industrial minerals
General characteristics of Non-metallic Deposits
Factors important in evaluating an industrial minerals deposit
Selected industrial rocks and minerals
ABRASIVES MINERALS
OLIVINE
GYPSUM
CLAY MINERALS
FLUORITE
PERLITE
BUILDING STONES and Rip-rap
CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPOSITS
SULFUR ORE DEPOSITS
CHERT DEPOSITS
PHOSPHATE ORE DEPOSITS
EVAPORITE DEPOSITS
SELECTED SOME NON-METALLIC METAMORPHIC DEPOSITS
Asbestos Deposits
Graphite Deposits
Talc, Soapstone, and Pyrophyllite
Selected Some Ornamental Metamorphic Stones
Marble
Quartzite
Serpentinite
The document discusses underground mining methods. It begins by explaining that the choice of mining method depends on characteristics of the orebody like thickness and dip, as well as the competency of surrounding rock. It then provides details on various hard rock and soft rock underground mining methods. These include longwall mining, room-and-pillar, blast mining, shortwall mining, and coal skimming for soft rocks. For hard rocks, methods include various stoping techniques, longwall mining, and caving methods. Stoping is defined as the process of extracting ore by leaving behind an open space called a stope.
This document provides an overview of mineral resources and mining. It begins by outlining the course outcomes and learning objectives, which include understanding mineral groups, properties, natural resources, and sustainable use. The document then discusses how minerals form in different environments, how geologists identify ore deposits, and the two main mining methods - surface and subsurface. Specific surface mining techniques like open pit and quarry mining are explained. The document concludes by covering responsible mining practices like reclamation, common mineral uses, and classifications of metallic and nonmetallic minerals.
Chapter 3 - mineral and power resources - Class 8ssuser862a42
The document discusses various types of minerals and power resources. It begins by defining minerals and describing their formation and types. The main types of minerals discussed are metallic and non-metallic minerals. It then describes the extraction of minerals through mining, drilling, and quarrying. The document also discusses the distribution of minerals globally and their various uses. It stresses the importance of conserving minerals as a non-renewable resource. The second part of the document focuses on power resources, distinguishing between conventional sources like coal, petroleum, natural gas, and hydropower, as well as non-conventional sources such as solar, wind, and nuclear energy.
Ore minerals are found through geological studies and testing of soil and rocks. They are mined through surface or underground mining methods then processed. Processing involves sampling, analysis, crushing, separating minerals from waste through techniques like gravity or magnetic separation, and dewatering the concentrates. Fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas were formed from the remains of ancient organisms buried underground. Coal formed from decayed plants, while oil and gas formed from marine organisms. They are non-renewable and contribute to environmental issues when burned.
The document discusses India's mineral resources and their distribution. It provides details on various types of minerals found in India including iron ore, coal, limestone, dolomite, bauxite, and manganese. It describes the major locations in India where these minerals are found, including iron ore belts in Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra. Modes of occurrence for minerals are also outlined such as in igneous and sedimentary rocks, veins, lodes, and alluvial deposits.
The document discusses mineral resources in the Philippines. It begins by defining mineral resources and describing how they are extracted from the earth's crust through surface and subsurface mining methods. It then discusses the various impacts of mineral extraction, including environmental impacts like pollution, habitat destruction, and social impacts like human displacement. The document emphasizes that while mining is important for the economy, it also causes significant environmental degradation that requires preventive measures and remediation.
This document discusses minerals, their economic importance, depletion, and the need for conservation. It notes that minerals are essential resources but non-renewable, as their formation occurs over millions of years. While minerals provide the base for industry and jobs, the large-scale exploitation since the Industrial Revolution has resulted in decreasing supplies and increasing demand. Conservation efforts are needed to use minerals sustainably and reduce waste so they can last for future generations.
This document discusses minerals, their types and uses. It defines minerals as naturally occurring solid inorganic substances and distinguishes them from ores which contain metallic minerals. It differentiates between metallic and non-metallic minerals and describes various types of minerals including precious, non-metallic and mineral fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas. The document also discusses methods of mining, importance and conservation of minerals.
Mining is the extraction of valuable materials from the earth. It is required to obtain materials that cannot be grown or made artificially. There are several types of mining including surface mining methods like open pit and strip mining, and subsurface mining methods like shaft, slope, and drift mining. Mining is important economically but can also cause environmental damage and health issues for miners. Key issues include mine safety, pollution from mine tailings and acid mine drainage, and damage to landscapes and water bodies. Regulations aim to reduce risks but mining continues to impact communities and environments.
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals and materials from the earth. There are two main types of mining: surface mining, which takes place above ground, and subsurface mining, which occurs underground. Surface mining techniques include open-pit and strip mining and can cause significant environmental damage through habitat destruction and pollution. Subsurface mining techniques include shaft, slope, and drift mining and can be dangerous for miners due to risks of collapse, fire, and exposure to harmful substances. All mining operations generate waste materials that must be properly managed to prevent pollution of air and water if reclamation efforts are to be successful.
Mining is the extraction of valuable materials from the earth. It is required to obtain materials that cannot be grown or made artificially. There are several types of mining including surface mining methods like open pit and strip mining, and subsurface mining methods like shaft, slope, and drift mining. Mining is important economically but can also cause environmental damage and health issues for miners. Key issues include mine safety, pollution from mine tailings and acid mine drainage, and damage to landscapes and water bodies. Regulations aim to reduce risks but mining continues to impact the environment.
The process of obtaining mineral resources from the Earth involves extracting resources through various mining methods. Surface mining techniques include open pit mining, strip mining, quarrying, and solar evaporation. Subsurface techniques include room-and-pillar mining, longwall mining, and solution mining. Mining provides resources for energy, technology, infrastructure, and more, but can negatively impact the environment through air and water pollution, wildlife displacement, erosion, and other issues. Regulations aim to reduce environmental impacts and require reclamation of mined lands.
1) The Earth's geological processes continually recycle rocks through volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and the movement of tectonic plates, forming mineral deposits and affecting landforms.
2) Extracting and processing mineral resources can damage the environment, and supplies of nonrenewable resources are finite as we use them up and mining becomes more difficult. However, raising prices can increase supply up to environmental limits.
3) More sustainable use includes finding substitutes, reducing waste, and increasing recycling and reuse to extend supplies of scarce resources.
4 mining and its impacts to environmentanonymous143
- Mining involves extracting valuable minerals from the earth through various surface and underground methods. Surface methods include strip mining, open-pit mining, mountaintop removal, and dredging. Underground methods involve excavating tunnels and shafts.
- The extraction process produces both ore and waste rock. Ore undergoes crushing, grinding, and separation processes like flotation and cyanidation to extract minerals.
- Mining has environmental impacts like flooding, erosion, water and air pollution, and wildlife habitat damage. Preventive measures include replanting vegetation and stabilizing slopes. The government regulates mining through agencies like MGB and EMB and laws like the Mining Act.
A presentation on geology and non renewable resources by manoj kumar pachauriManoj Kumar Pachauri
The earth’s crust is made up of a mosaic of huge rigid plates, called tectonic plates, which move very slowly across the asthenosphere in response to forces in the mantle. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW.
This document summarizes information about mineral resources, including their classification, uses, exploitation, and conservation. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring inorganic substance with a defined chemical composition and crystal structure. Minerals are classified as metallic or non-metallic, and energy minerals are those used to generate energy like coal. Extraction methods are surface mining and subsurface mining. While mineral resources are important for development, their exploitation can cause environmental problems and depletion of high-grade minerals if not managed sustainably. Conservation efforts include protecting deposits, improving recovery efficiency, reuse, and using alternatives.
Managnese mining in West Timor: Impacts and response opportunitiesI Wayan Mudita
The document summarizes research on artisanal manganese mining in West Timor and its impacts. It finds that while mining provides income opportunities, it can also cause environmental degradation through erosion and sedimentation. Mining activities have led to social issues like conflicts between miners and land owners as well as safety concerns. A case study of the Tilong Dam area shows mining pits cause erosion of over 126 tonnes/ha on average and have improved livelihoods but also caused land conflicts. Stakeholders expressed concerns about food insecurity, child labor, health and safety issues, and environmental degradation from mining. Workshops discussed formalizing mining, improving practices, and requiring rehabilitation.
CBSE geography 3_minerals and power resourceschandkec
The document discusses minerals and power resources. It defines minerals as naturally occurring substances with definite chemical compositions. It describes the formation and properties of minerals and different types of minerals such as metallic, non-metallic, and mineral fuels. It also discusses the distribution of major mineral deposits around the world and the processes of mining and quarrying. The document then covers various conventional and non-conventional power resources such as coal, petroleum, natural gas, and hydel power. It highlights India's key reserves and producers of different resources.
Mineral Resources
Types of Mineral Resources
Uses of Mineral Resources
Associated problems with Mineral Resources
Environmental problems due to extracting & using Mineral Resources
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.