Biostatistics Collection of Data and Sampling Techniques SMG.pptxsajigeorge64
Biostatistics : A brief description of collection of data and sampling techniques - Methods of collection of primary and secondary data - census method- sampling methods- merits and demerits of sampling.
Population in statistics means the whole of the information which comes under the preview of statistical investigation.
In other words, an aggregate of objects animate or in animate under study is the population.
It is also known as “Universe”.
Biostatistics Collection of Data and Sampling Techniques SMG.pptxsajigeorge64
Biostatistics : A brief description of collection of data and sampling techniques - Methods of collection of primary and secondary data - census method- sampling methods- merits and demerits of sampling.
Population in statistics means the whole of the information which comes under the preview of statistical investigation.
In other words, an aggregate of objects animate or in animate under study is the population.
It is also known as “Universe”.
Sampling is procedure or process of selecting some units from the population with some common characteristics and is primarily concerned with the collection of data of some selected units of the population.
The paper discusses how to select representative samples and parameters for deciding sampling techniques. It also adopts a more friendly approach to the determination of samples for population parameters by adopting the use of sample size calculator
sample designs and sampling procedures
,
sampling terminology
,
two major categories of sampling
,
simple random sampling
,
systematic sampling
,
cluster sampling
,
stratified sampling
,
why non probability sampling
,
errors
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Sampling is procedure or process of selecting some units from the population with some common characteristics and is primarily concerned with the collection of data of some selected units of the population.
The paper discusses how to select representative samples and parameters for deciding sampling techniques. It also adopts a more friendly approach to the determination of samples for population parameters by adopting the use of sample size calculator
sample designs and sampling procedures
,
sampling terminology
,
two major categories of sampling
,
simple random sampling
,
systematic sampling
,
cluster sampling
,
stratified sampling
,
why non probability sampling
,
errors
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
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Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
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As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The Evolution of Science Education PraxiLabs’ Vision- Presentation (2).pdfmediapraxi
The rise of virtual labs has been a key tool in universities and schools, enhancing active learning and student engagement.
💥 Let’s dive into the future of science and shed light on PraxiLabs’ crucial role in transforming this field!
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
2. SAMPLING…
• Sampling is the method of studying a whole population on the basis of the study of
samples drawn from it. A sample is a representative subset of a whole population.
• It represents the entire population in respect of the specific characteristics under
investigation. Study of the sample gives information about the whole population. This
is called statistical inference.
• Sampling involves three principal steps, namely
(a) selection of samples
(b) collection of information about them and
(c) making inference about the whole population.
3. SAMPLING ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
• It is relatively less expensive.
• As the number of enumerators required is
less, more efficient and better trained
personals can be employed and this will result
in the improvement of the quality of the data.
• Since the number of enumerators are less,
more sophisticated instruments can be used.
• If destructive tests are involved in the
collection of information, sampling alone can
be adopted. For example, in a study of the
toxicity of poisonous chemicals on a particular
breed of animals, census method is
unacceptable.
• It requires the services of experts,
otherwise incorrect or misleading results
will be obtained.
• In this method, selection of appropriate
methods of sampling is necessary.
• In case the units of population are
spread over a large area, this method
cannot be used.
• In case the size of samples is small,
sampling does not provide true
representation of the population.
4.
5. sampling techniques
• Sampling techniques are of mainly two types
• Random/Probability sampling and Non Random/Non Probability sampling
Random sampling
• Here, the selection of sample units is absolutely a matter of chance or probability. For this reason
it is also termed chance selection or probability sampling.
• It is the most commonly used sampling method. In it every member of the population has an
equal chance of being selected.
Advantages of random sampling
(i) It does not require detailed information about the population for its effectiveness
(ii) It provides estimates which are essentially unbiased and have measurable precision
(iii) Evaluation of the relative efficiency of various sample designs is possible only when probability
sampling is applied.
6. Methods of random sampling
• There are two main kinds of random sampling, namely simple or unrestricted random sampling
and restricted random sampling.
• Simple random sampling :This is the random sampling method in which all items of the
population get an equal chance of being included in the sample. The selection is free from
personal bias. To ensure randomness of selection, either the lottery method or table of random
numbers is used.
a) Lottery method: This is the random sampling method in which all the items of a population are
numbered or named on identical paper slips and then such slips are randomly selected in lots.
Selection is blind fold with replacement until the desired number of units are obtained.
b) Tables of random numbers: These are tables that consist of a sequence of randomly chosen
digits from 0 to 9,arranged in the form of all possible combinations. Each digit has a probability of
0.1 to appear in a particular position. So, approximately equal frequencies of all combinations may
be obtained. Tables of random numbers can be used to select units at random from a population.
8. • Restricted random sampling: This is the type of random sampling in which certain
restrictions are imposed while sampling.
• There are mainly three types under this, stratified sampling, systematic sampling and
multistage sampling
Stratified sampling: The population is first divided into homogenous groups called strata,
then a specific number of random samples drawn from each stratum, and finally all the
samples thus selected pooled together. E.g. one sample at random from each plot of a field.
9. • Systematic sampling: systematic random sampling is also called quasi random sampling.
Here the population is arranged in order, the first item is selected at random and further
items are selected at specified intervals.
10. • Multi-stage sampling or cluster sampling: This is the sampling procedure carried out in
several stages. In this case the population is divided into several groups, called
clusters, and a desired sample is selected from them to represent the whole population.
• In multi-stage sampling the population is first divided into several first level sampling
units. From them first stage samples are obtained by a suitable method. Then, each
sampling unit is divided into second level sampling units and from them second stage
samples are obtained. In this manner further samples may be obtained, if necessary.
11. Non-random sampling
• Non-probability sampling is defined as a sampling technique in which the researcher
selects samples based on the subjective judgment of the researcher rather than random
selection
• It is a sampling method in which not all members of the population have an equal chance
of participating in the study
Advantages of non-random sampling
• Non-probability sampling is most useful for exploratory studies like a pilot survey
(deploying a survey to a smaller sample compared to pre -determined sample size).
• Researchers use this method in studies where it is impossible to draw random probability
sampling due to time or cost considerations.
12. Judgement sampling: Here the choice of sample items depends exclusively on the discretion
of the investigator. The investigator uses his judgement in the choice and includes those
items in the sample which he thinks are most typical of the universe with regard to the
characteristic under investigation.
Convenience sampling: In this, each units are selected only for convenience. A unit selected
in this way is called a chunk. The results obtained following convenience sampling can hardly
be representative of the population. They are generally biased and unsatisfactory. It is often
used for making pilot studies.
13. • Quota sampling: Here, quotas are set up according to some specific characteristics, such as
so many in each of several flower colour groups, so many in each duration group, etc.
• There are two types of quota sampling methods
1) Controlled Quota Sampling: If the sampling imposes restrictions on the
researcher’s/Statisticians choice of sample, then it is known as controlled quota sampling. In
this method, the researcher can be able to select the limited samples.
2) Uncontrolled Quota Sampling: If the sampling does not impose any restrictions on the
researcher’s/Statisticians choice of sample, then it is known as uncontrolled quota sampling.
In this process, the researcher can select the samples of their interest.
14. • Snowball sampling: Snowball sampling is where research participants recruit other
participants for a test or study. It is used where potential participants are hard to find.
It’s called snowball sampling because (in theory) once you have the ball rolling, it picks
up more “snow” along the way and becomes larger and larger