Basic idea about Cryptogams and Phanerogams with examples.pdf

PLANTAE- MORPHOLOGICAL OVERVIEW
Presented By
Dr. Nandadulal Sannigrahi,
Associate Professor,
Nistarini College, Purulia
D.B. Road, Purulia ( W.B)
723101,INDIA

INTRODUCTION
 Plant kingdom is full of diversity due to its morphological, anatomical,
physiological, biochemical and molecular nature,
 From very microscopic plant to gigantic tree like Sequoia, the diversity id
found in all respects,
 The morphological diversity is the outcome of the internal organization,
 The internal organization is popularly known as anatomical features which
are observed if the plant body is observed under magnifying objects,
 Both the morphological and anatomical diversity is caused by the
distribution of the plants.
 The different plants are distributed under different geological, climate and
other edaphic variables,
 All kinds of plants starting from cryptogams to highly developed
Angiosperms play a very significant role by extending a number of benefits
either tangible or intangible firms in the nature.

ALGAE-MORPHOLOGY
 Algae can be single-cell organisms or multi-cellular species.
 Because algae lack a well-defined body, they lack structures such as roots,
stems and leaves.
 Algae are usually photosynthetic organisms, which are able to synthesize
their food.
 Algae thrive where there is enough moisture.
 Asexual and sexual reproduction is also possible in algae. Spores are
generated, which are used in asexual reproduction.
 Algae are free-living organisms that can create symbiotic relationships with
other organisms.
 Vegetative, asexual and sexual reproduction occurs with predominant
gametophyte stage(n)
 RHODOPHYTA- They are commonly known as red algae, a species found
in both marine and freshwater habitats. The pigments phycocyanin and
phycoerythrin are responsible for the algae’s distinctive red hue.
Chlorophyll-a, and other pigments that give a green hue are also present.
They do not, however, contain chlorophyll b or beta-carotene.

ALGAE-MORPHOLOGY
 GREEN ALGAE: It is a broad category of algae that includes the principal
photosynthetic pigments chlorophylls a and b, as well as auxiliary pigments
such as xanthophylls and beta carotene. Green algae perform photosynthesis
on behalf of higher organisms. Green algae species have symbiotic
relationships with other organisms. Multicellular, unicellular, colonial,
flagellates and others are among them. Green algae such as Spirogyra,
Ulothrix and Volvox are good examples of this.
 BLUE-GREEN ALGAE: Blue green algae was once one of the most well-
known algae types. However, because blue-green algae are prokaryotes,
they are not currently recognized to be part of the algal family, as the bulk
of algae are eukaryotes. These algae, sometimes known as cyanobacteria,
exist in aquatic or wet settings, similar to other algae.
 From an ecological standpoint, some types of blue-green algae are
beneficial to the ecosystem because they aid in nitrogen fixation in the soil.
They are known as nitrogen-fixing bacteria because of this. For example,
Nostoc, Anabaena, and others. On the other hand, other types of blue-green
algae may be toxic to humans..

ALGAE-MORPHOLOGY
 They could be neurotoxin, causing disorders affecting the nerve or
respiratory systems such as paralysis or hepatotoxicity, causing liver failure.
They can also function as environmental health indicators by identifying the
intensity of pollution.
 Algae’s uses: Algal biofuel is a type of biofuel made from algae. Thanks to
recent technological and scientific advances, algae can now be used as a
fuel. The usage of green alternatives, such as algal biofuel, has been pushed
as demand for petroleum-based products has grown and the environment’s
health has deteriorated.
 BGA used as biofertiliser commercially; Agar-agar , solidifying agent in
industry come from algae,
 The diatomaceous earth come Bacillariophyceae is used in blast furnace.
 Ulothrix, Fucus, Porphyra, Haematococcus pluvialis, Ascophyllum
nodosum, and Spirogyra are the most well-known algae.

MORPHOLOGY OF BRYOPHYTES
 Plants occur in damp and shaded areas.
 The plant body is thallus-like, i.e. prostrate or erect.
 It is attached to the substratum by rhizoids, which are unicellular or multi-
cellular.
 They have a root-like, stem-like, and leaf-like structure and lack true
vegetative structure.
 Plants lack the vascular system (xylem, phloem).
 The dominant part of the plant body is the gametophyte which is a haploid.
 The thalloid gametophyte is divided into rhizoids, axis, and leaves.
 The gametophyte bears multi-cellular sex organs and is photosynthetic.
 The antheridia produces antherozoids, which are flagellated.
 The shape of an archegonia is a sort of a flask and produces one egg.
 The antherozoids fuse with an egg to make a zygote.

MORPHOLOGY OF BRYOPHYTES
 The zygote develops into a multi-cellular sporophyte.
 The sporophyte is semi-parasitic and dependent on the gametophyte for its
nutrition.
 Cells of sporophyte undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes which form a
gametophyte.
 The juvenile gametophyte is known as protonema.
 The sporophyte is differentiated into foot seta and capsule.
 CLASSIFICATION OF BRYOPHYTES
 According to the newest classification, Bryophyte is split into three classes:
 Hepaticopsida (Liverworts)– Riccia, Marchentia
 Anthocerotopsida (Hornworts)- Anthoceros, Notothallus
 Bryopsida (Mosses)-Funaria, Orthotrichum
 USES: Ecological role of soil water, Food sources, fuel , Medicinal values

PTERIDOPHYTES-MORPHOLOGY
 True Land Adaptation: Pteridophytes are among the first plants to adapt fully to
life on land, having well-developed vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) for
water and nutrient transport.
 Seedless Reproduction: Unlike seed-bearing plants, they reproduce through
spores. Hence, they are also known as cryptogams.
 Vascular Tissues Present: Xylem and phloem are present, but xylem vessels and
phloem companion cells are usually absent. Instead, they have tracheids in their
xylem.
 Well-Differentiated Plant Body: Their sporophyte (main plant body) consists of
true roots, a stem, and leaves (or leaf-like structures in some groups).
 Spores and Sporangia: Spores develop within specialised structures called
sporangia. These can be clustered into groups (sori in ferns, strobili in
horsetails, etc.).
 Homosporous or Heterosporous
 Homosporous: Producing only one kind of spore (e.g., Equisetum).
 Heterosporous: Producing two types of spores—microspores (male) and
megaspores (female) (e.g., Selaginella).

 Multi-cellular Sex Organs: Male sex organs are known as antheridia, and
female sex organs are called archegonia.
 Alternation of Generations: The life cycle alternates between the diploid
sporophyte (dominant) and the haploid gametophyte (independent but
smaller).
 Moist Habitats: While they thrive on land, most pteridophytes prefer damp
and shady conditions to facilitate reproduction, as water is needed for sperm
movement.
 Botanical Snakes: Pteridophytes are often called “botanical snakes” because
they are considered the first true land plants, just like reptiles are the first
true land vertebrates.
 Pteridophytes exhibit a sporophyte-gametophyte life cycle. The sporophyte
is the dominant, photosynthetic phase that produces spores through meiosis
in the sporangia. These spores germinate to form the gametophyte, a
smaller, independent stage bearing antheridia (male organs) and archegonia
(female organs). Fertilization occurs when sperm from the antheridia
reaches the egg in the archegonia, forming a zygote, which then grows into
a new sporophyte.

 Whisk Fern (Psilotum): A leafless plant with photosynthetic stems and rhizoids.
 Club Moss (Lycopodium): Possesses small, scale-like leaves and frequently forms
carpets on forest floors.
 Spike Moss (Selaginella): A heterosporous genus displaying both microspores and
megaspores.
 Horsetail (Equisetum): Recognized by its hollow, jointed stems and cone-like
strobilus at the tips.
 Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum): Known for its delicate, fan-shaped leaf segments and
dark, slender petioles,
 Economic Importance
 Ferns and horsetails can help in soil binding and erosion control.
 Some species are ornamental (e.g., maidenhair fern) and are grown for decorative
purposes.
 Ecological Role
 They contribute to nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems.
 They provide microhabitats for various small organisms.
 Study Tip
 Observe local pteridophytes in gardens or parks to understand their morphology and

GYMNOSPERMS MORPHOLOGY
 The word “Gymnosperm” comes from the Greek words “gymnos”(naked)
and “sperma”(seed), hence known as “Naked seeds.”
 Gymnosperms are the seed-producing plants, but unlike angiosperms, they
produce seeds without fruits. These plants develop on the surface of scales
or leaves, or at the end of stalks forming a cone-like structure.
 Gymnosperms belong to kingdom ‘Plantae and sub-kingdom
‘Embryophyta’. The fossil evidence suggested that they originated during
the Paleozoic era, about 390 million years ago.
 Basically, gymnosperms are plants in which the ovules are not enclosed
within the ovary wall, unlike the angiosperms. It remains exposed before
and after fertilization and before developing into a seed. The stem of
gymnosperms can be branched or unbranched. The thick cuticle, needle-like
leaves, and sunken stomata reduce the rate of water loss in these plants.
 Most common examples are
 Cycas, Pinus, Ginkgo, Ephedra, Gnetum ,Araucaria.Thuja, Cedrus, Picea,
Abies, Juniperus, Larix

 They do not produce flowers.
 Seeds are not formed inside a fruit. They are naked.
 They are found in colder regions where snowfall occurs.
 They develop needle-like leaves.
 They are perennial or woody, forming trees or bushes.
 They are not differentiated into ovary, style and stigma.
 Since stigma is absent, they are pollinated directly by the wind.
 The male gametophytes produce two gametes, but only one of them is
functional.
 They form cones with reproductive structures.
 The seeds contain endosperm that stores food for the growth and development
of the plant.
 These plants have vascular tissues which help in the transportation of nutrients
and water.
 Xylem does not have vessels and the phloem has no companion cells and sieve
tubes.
 Gymnosperms are classified into four categories- Cycadophyta, Coniferophyta,
Ginkgophyta and Gnetophyta .

 The life cycle of gymnosperms is both haploid and diploid, i.e., they
reproduce through the alternation of generations. They have a sporophyte-
dominant cycle.
 The gametophyte phase is relatively short. The reproductive organs are
usually cones.
 MALE CONES–These have microsporophyll that contain
microsporangium. Microsporangium produces haploid microspores. A few
microspores develop into male gametes called pollen grains, and the rest
degenerate.
 FEMALE CONES– The megasporophylls cluster together to form female
cones. They possess ovules containing megasporangium. It produces
haploid megaspores and a megaspore mother cell.
 The pollen reaches the egg through wind or any other pollinating agent, and
the pollen grain releases a sperm. The nuclei of male and female
gametophytes fuse together to form a zygote. This is known as fertilization.
 The seed appears as scales which can be seen on the cones of the
gymnosperm

ANGIOSPERMS MORPHOLOGY
 All plants have flowers at some stage in their life. The flowers are the
reproductive organs for the plant, providing them with a means of
exchanging genetic information.
 The sporophyte is differentiated into stems, roots, and leaves.
 The vascular system has true vessels in the xylem and companion cells
in the phloem.
 The stamens (microsporophyll) and the carpels (megasporophyll) are
organized into a structure called the flower.
 Each microsporophyll has four microsporangia.
 The ovules are enclosed in the ovary at the base of the megasporophyll.
 Angiosperms are heterosporous, i.e., produce two kinds of spores,
microspore (pollen grains) and megaspores.
 A single functional megaspore is permanently retained within the
nucellus.
 The pollen grains transfer from the anther to stigma and reproduction
takes place by pollination. They are responsible for the transfer of
genetic information from one flower to the other. The pollen grains are
much smaller than the gametophytes or reproductive cells present in the
non-flowering plants.

 The sporophytes are diploid(2N),
 The root system is very complex and consists of cortex, xylem,
phloem, and epidermis.
 The flowers undergo double and triple fusion which leads to the
formation of a diploid zygote and triploid endosperm.
 Angiosperms can survive in a variety of habitats, including marine
habitats.
 The process of fertilization is quicker in angiosperms. The seeds are
also produced quickly due to the smaller female reproductive parts.
 All angiosperms are comprised of stamens which are the
reproductive structures of the flowers. They produce the pollen
grains that carry the hereditary information.
 The carpels enclose developing seeds that may turn into a fruit.
 The production of the endosperm is one of the greatest advantages of
angiosperms. The endosperm is formed after fertilization and is a
source of food for the developing seed and seedling.

 MONOCOTYLEDONS
 The seeds have a single cotyledon.
 The leaves are simples and the veins are parallel.
 This group contains adventitious roots.
 Each floral whorl has three members.
 It has closed vascular bundles and large in number.
 For e.g.. Banana, sugarcane, lilies, etc.
 DICOTYLEDONS
 The seeds of these plants have two cotyledons.
 They contain tap roots, instead of adventitious roots.
 The leaves depict a reticulate venation.
 The flowers are tetramerous or pentamerous and the vascular
bundles are organized in rings.
 For e.g.. grapes, sunflower, tomatoes, etc
 The angiosperms originated about 250 million years ago and
comprise 80% of earth’s plant life. They are also a major source of
food for humans and animals.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR JOURNEY
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 Google for images used in the presentation,
 Different WebPages to develop the content,
 Brook Biology for Microorganisms-Madigan, Martinko, Bender, Buckley,
Stahl,
 A Textbook of Microbiology- Pelzer, Chan and Krieg.
 AA Textbook of Botany Vol,I- Hait, Bhattacharyya and Ghosh.
 DISCLAIMER
 This presentation has been made to reach the academic fraternity and to
reach the unreached. This is completely free to use. The author does not
claim any kind if financial interest for the same.

Basic idea about Cryptogams and Phanerogams with examples.pdf

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Basic idea about Cryptogams and Phanerogams with examples.pdf