Presentation at the Workshop on Crop Production Equipment for the System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Presenter: Ram B. Khadka, Nepal Agricultural Research Council
Title: Performance of the USHA Weeder in Rice and Other Crops in Nepal
Date: November 1, 2014
Venue: ACISAI, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Promoting System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in Wayanad, KeralaPublic Affairs Centre
A presentation on Promoting System fo Rice Intensification (SRI) in Wayanad, Kerala, India by Jithya Danesh, RASTA. The presentation was made on August 24, 2012 at a colloquium on Citizen Voices in Environmental Governance conducted by Public Affairs Centre in Bangalore, India.
Presented by: Erika Styger, SRI International Network and Resources Center (SRI-Rice)
Presented at: IRC Pre-Congress SRI Day
Presented on: November 8, 2010
Presenter: T. M. Thiyagarajan, Director, Rice Research Station, TNAU, Tirur
Audience: 2nd National SRI Symposium, Agartala, India
Subject Country: Tamil Nadu, India
Title: Insights into Plant-Microbial Symbiosis and Implications for Sustainable Agriculture –Giving Attention to ‘Inner Space’
Date: 26 January 2013
Presented by Norman Uphoff at the National Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Research (IDIAP), Santo Domingo, Domincan Republic
Promoting System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in Wayanad, KeralaPublic Affairs Centre
A presentation on Promoting System fo Rice Intensification (SRI) in Wayanad, Kerala, India by Jithya Danesh, RASTA. The presentation was made on August 24, 2012 at a colloquium on Citizen Voices in Environmental Governance conducted by Public Affairs Centre in Bangalore, India.
Presented by: Erika Styger, SRI International Network and Resources Center (SRI-Rice)
Presented at: IRC Pre-Congress SRI Day
Presented on: November 8, 2010
Presenter: T. M. Thiyagarajan, Director, Rice Research Station, TNAU, Tirur
Audience: 2nd National SRI Symposium, Agartala, India
Subject Country: Tamil Nadu, India
Title: Insights into Plant-Microbial Symbiosis and Implications for Sustainable Agriculture –Giving Attention to ‘Inner Space’
Date: 26 January 2013
Presented by Norman Uphoff at the National Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Research (IDIAP), Santo Domingo, Domincan Republic
Presentation by Dr. C.S.P. Patil Executive Director, Green Foundation
At the At the National Colloquium on System of Crop Intensification (SCI)
Held in Patna, Bihar on March 1, 2011
Presenter: Zhu Defeng
Slides from a powerpoint presentationmade to a workshop on SRI, held at theWorld Rice Research Conference,Tsukuba, Japan, November 7, 2004
Audience: World Rice Research Conference, Japan
Subject Country: China
Presenter: Ram Bahadur Khadka
Title: New Directions for the System of Rice Intensification in Nepal: Mechanization and Biofertilizers
Date: December 9, 2016
Venue: Mann 102, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Title: Agroecological Crop Management for Increased Productivity- Experience with Rice and Other Crops
Date: 24 January 2013
Presented by Norman Uphoff at the 6th International Seminar on Agricultural Policies, Instituto Interamericano de Cooperation para la Agricultura (IICA), Santo Domingo, Domincan Republic
Promoting the Adoption of SRI throughParticipatory Research and Outreach in Kenya SRI - Growing More Rice with Less Water
April 18, 2012, presentation by Prof. Bancy M. Mati
SRI Projects Coordinator
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology (JKUAT)
Nairobi, Kenya
18th April 2012
Presentation by Ram Bahadur Khadka
at the National SRI Nepal Network Meeting
Title: System of Rice Intensification Research Perspective in Nepal
Date: June 19, 2015
Venue: NARI Hall, Lalitpur, Nepal
Presented by: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Presented at: Panel on Climate Change and Rice Agriculture 3rd International Rice Congress, Hanoi, Vietnam
Presented on: 9 November 2010
Poster Presentation at the 4th International Rice Congress
Presenter: Lucy Fisher
Title: Development of Small-Scale Equipment for the System of Rice Intensification
Venue: BITEC, Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 27-31, 2014
Title: Development of integrated rice-azolla-duck-fish farming systems with SRI methods for rice production in the Mekong River region, Vietnam
Presenter: Nghia Nguyen Soil Biology Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture & Applied Biology, Cantho University, Cantho City, Vietnam
Venue: Cornell University
Date: July 1, 2015
Author/Presenter: Karla Cordero Lara
Title: Towards a More Sustainable Rice Crop: System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Experience in Chilean Temperate Japonica Rice
Date: November 29-30, 2018
Presented at: The Third International Symposium on Rice Science in Global Health
Venue: Kyoto, Japan
Title: System of Rice Intensification (SRI): Opportunities for Liberia
By: Erika Styger, Director of Programs, SRI-Rice
Presented at: Agriculture Coordination Committee (ACC), Ministry of Agriculture, Monrovia, Liberia
Date: February 17, 2014
Presenter: Erika Styger
Date: June 8, 2017,
Title : Alternate Wetting and Drying and the System of Rice Intensification for Sustainable Irrigated Rice Production
Presented in the Water in Agriculture Innovation Series
Venue: The World Bank, Washington DC
Presentation by Dr. C.S.P. Patil Executive Director, Green Foundation
At the At the National Colloquium on System of Crop Intensification (SCI)
Held in Patna, Bihar on March 1, 2011
Presenter: Zhu Defeng
Slides from a powerpoint presentationmade to a workshop on SRI, held at theWorld Rice Research Conference,Tsukuba, Japan, November 7, 2004
Audience: World Rice Research Conference, Japan
Subject Country: China
Presenter: Ram Bahadur Khadka
Title: New Directions for the System of Rice Intensification in Nepal: Mechanization and Biofertilizers
Date: December 9, 2016
Venue: Mann 102, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Title: Agroecological Crop Management for Increased Productivity- Experience with Rice and Other Crops
Date: 24 January 2013
Presented by Norman Uphoff at the 6th International Seminar on Agricultural Policies, Instituto Interamericano de Cooperation para la Agricultura (IICA), Santo Domingo, Domincan Republic
Promoting the Adoption of SRI throughParticipatory Research and Outreach in Kenya SRI - Growing More Rice with Less Water
April 18, 2012, presentation by Prof. Bancy M. Mati
SRI Projects Coordinator
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology (JKUAT)
Nairobi, Kenya
18th April 2012
Presentation by Ram Bahadur Khadka
at the National SRI Nepal Network Meeting
Title: System of Rice Intensification Research Perspective in Nepal
Date: June 19, 2015
Venue: NARI Hall, Lalitpur, Nepal
Presented by: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Presented at: Panel on Climate Change and Rice Agriculture 3rd International Rice Congress, Hanoi, Vietnam
Presented on: 9 November 2010
Poster Presentation at the 4th International Rice Congress
Presenter: Lucy Fisher
Title: Development of Small-Scale Equipment for the System of Rice Intensification
Venue: BITEC, Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 27-31, 2014
Title: Development of integrated rice-azolla-duck-fish farming systems with SRI methods for rice production in the Mekong River region, Vietnam
Presenter: Nghia Nguyen Soil Biology Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture & Applied Biology, Cantho University, Cantho City, Vietnam
Venue: Cornell University
Date: July 1, 2015
Author/Presenter: Karla Cordero Lara
Title: Towards a More Sustainable Rice Crop: System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Experience in Chilean Temperate Japonica Rice
Date: November 29-30, 2018
Presented at: The Third International Symposium on Rice Science in Global Health
Venue: Kyoto, Japan
Title: System of Rice Intensification (SRI): Opportunities for Liberia
By: Erika Styger, Director of Programs, SRI-Rice
Presented at: Agriculture Coordination Committee (ACC), Ministry of Agriculture, Monrovia, Liberia
Date: February 17, 2014
Presenter: Erika Styger
Date: June 8, 2017,
Title : Alternate Wetting and Drying and the System of Rice Intensification for Sustainable Irrigated Rice Production
Presented in the Water in Agriculture Innovation Series
Venue: The World Bank, Washington DC
Poster at the 4th International Rice Congress
Authors: M. Bagayoko, G. Traoré, E. Styger, and D. Jenkins
Title: System of Intensification (SRI) - An Opportunity to Improve the Productivity and Resilience African Rice Production
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 28-31, 2014
Presentation at the Workshop on Crop Production Equipment for the System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Presenter: Gaoussou Traore
Title:The West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program / Direct Seeders for Pregerminated Seeds
Date: November 1, 2014
Venue: ACISAI, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, weeders
Speaker: MV Ashok
Title: NABARD - System of Rice Intensification in India
Venue: B75, Mann Library, IP/CALS Cornell University
Date: July 30, 2015
Sponsor: SRI-Rice and IP/CALS, Cornell University
Authors: Norman Uphoff, Vasilia Fasoula, Iswandi Anas, Amir Kassam and A.K. Thakur
Title: Improving the Phenotypic Expression of Rice Genotypes: Reasons to Rethink Selection Practices and ‘Intensification’ for Rice Production Systems
Oral presentation at: The 4th International Rice Congress
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Center, Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 31, 2014
Presentation at the Workshop on Crop Production Equipment for the System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Presenter: Ashish Das, KGVKAgro
Title: KGVK Product Portfolio
Date: November 3, 2014
Venue: ACISAI, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Presentation by Khem Raj Dahal
at the National SRI Nepal Network Meeting
Title: SRI History, Present Perspectives and Future Strategies in Nepal
Date: June 19, 2015
Venue: NARI Hall, Lalitpur, Nepal
Presenter: Lin Xianqing, CNRRI
Workshop on the System of Rice Intensification, Exchanging Experience in
China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and Internationally, organized and
hosted by the China National Rice Research Institute (CNRRI), with support from The
Asia Foundation.
Hangzhou, China, February 28-March 2, 2010
Presentation at the Workshop on Crop Production Equipment for the System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Presenters: Chaminda Fernando and G. A. S. Ginigidarra, Sri Lanka
Title: Experience in building inter-row weeders for small-scale farmers
Date: November 1, 2014
Venue: ACISAI, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Presentation at the Workshop on Crop Production Equipment for the System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Authors: P.D. Kahandage and G.A.S. Ginigaddara: Rajarata, University of Sri Lanka
Title: Design, Development and Performance Evaluation of a Manually Operated Multi-row Weeder for SRI Rice in Sri Lanka
Date: November 1, 2014
Venue: ACISAI, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, weeders
Presentation by Chun-E Kan
Title: System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Introduction in Taiwan: Results of Trials, Adapting to Existing Farming Systems and Local Conditions, and Making Links with the Private Sector
Venue: Cornell University
Date: April 16, 2015
Organized by: SRI-Rice, Cornell Univesity
Presentation at the 4th International Rice Congress
Presenter: Zhoucen Feng
Title: System of Rice Intensification in China
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 31, 2014
Presenter: K. N. Bhatt
Title: Finger Millet for Nutrition, Health and Ecological Security: SFMI
Date: June 5, 2015
Venue: Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Sponsor: SRI-Rice
Presenter: Debashish Sen, S.P. Chaturvedi, Hiralal Bharti, and Rajendra Bansal
Audience: 2nd National SRI Symposium, Agartala, India
Subject Country: Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, India
A presentation about the System of Rice Intensification by Biksham Gujja, policy adviser, Global Freshwater Programme, WWF-International. Find out more at: http://www.steps-centre.org/ourresearch/sri.html
Institute: People's Science Institute, Dehradun
Audience: 3rd National SRI Symposium,
TNAU, Coimbatore, India
Subject Country: Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, India
Competing uses, dynamics, and production and utilization constraints of crop ...ILRI
Presented by Kindu Mekonnen, Gedion Rachier, Dagnachew Lule, Mesfin Bahta, Diego Valbuena, Alan Duncan and Gerard Bruno at the International Congress on Water 2011, Mekelle, Ethiopia, 19-26 September 2011.
IFPRI- CSISA organized a one day high level policy roundtable on Sustainable Intensification in India’s Risk-Prone Ecologies: Investment strategies for productivity growth, resource conservation, and climate risk management” on May 19, 2014 in New Delhi.
This roundtable, brings together a high-level small group of individuals from the corporate, government, and research sectors to address one of India’s most urgent challenges to food security and economic growth—how to encourage private sector investment in accelerating productivity growth in India’s risk-prone ecologies while simultaneously conserving the environment.
There are solutions already in farmers’ fields and rural markets that respond to these challenges, and this Roundtable will highlight recent advances, for example: innovative financial products and information services for small-scale farmers; diagnostic tools for managing water and soil nutrient scarcity; custom-hired resource-conserving machinery for small farms; crop diversification and high-value marketing strategies; and stress-resistant wheat and rice varieties. But the search for solutions is far from complete. This Roundtable is meant to engage participants in a rapid-fire discussion of recent technical solutions in Indian agriculture, the prospects for policy change, and corporate outlooks for the next five years. The purpose is to help public and private sector players to identify common investment strategies, forge partnerships, and chalk out collaborative efforts to effect technological, market, and policy improvements in India’s risk prone ecologies.
Ecosystem Services Provided By Pollinators And Their Crisis.pptxMogili Ramaiah
As pollinators, bees play a part in every aspect of the ecosystem. They support the growth of trees, flowers, and other plants, which serve as food and shelter for creatures large and small. Bees contribute to complex, interconnected ecosystems that allow a diverse number of different species to co-exist
Authors: Febri Doni and Rizky Riscahya Pratama Syamsuri
Title: System of Rice Intensification in Indonesia: Research adoption and Opportunities
Presented at: The International Conference on System of Crop Intensification (SCI) for Climate-Smart Livelihood and Nutritional Security
Date: December 12-14, 2022
Venue: ICAR, Hyderabad, India
Author: Bancy Mati
Title: Improving Rice Production and Saving Water in Africa
Presented at: The International Conference on System of Crop Intensification for Climate-Smart Livelihood and Nutritional Security (ICSCI22)
Date: December 12-14 2022
Venue: ICAR, Hyderabad, India
Author: Lucy Fisher
Title: Overview of the System of Rice Intensification SRI Around the World
Presented at: The International Conference on The System of Crop Intensification (ICSCI22)
Date: December 12, 2022
Author: Khidhir Abbas Hameed
Title: Estimated Water Savings, Yield and Income Benefits from Using SRI Methods in Iraq
Event: International Conference on System of Crop Intensification (ICSCI2022)
Date: December 12-14, 2022
(Partial slideset related to the System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Presentation at COP26, Glasgow, Scotland
Date: November 2021
Presentation by: Ministereo Desarrollo Agropecuario, Panama
This is a presentation about the SRI activities of the LINKS program, Catalysing Economic Growth for Northern Nigeria, which is implemented by Tetra Tech International Development
Author: Tetra Tech International Development
Title: Reduced Methane Emissions Rice Production Project in Northern Nigerian with System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Date: October 25, 2021
Author: Reinaldo Cardona
Instituto de Investigaciones Agrícolas del estado Portuguesa: UNEFA-Núcleo Portuguesa Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica de la Fuerza Armada
Date: 2017
Title: Sistema Intensivo del Cultivo del Arroz para la Producción y Sustentabilidad del Rubro
Speaker: Norman Uphoff
Title: Agroecological Opportunities with the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and the System of Crop Intensification (SCI)
Date: June 25, 2021
Venue: online, presented in the International Webinar Series on Agroecology and Community Series
Speaker: Khidhir Abbas Hameed,
Al Mishkhab Rice Research Station
Title: System of Rice Intensification SRI
Date: December 9, 2020
Organizer: Central and West Asian Rice Center (CWA Rice)
Venue: online
Title: Proyecto IICA - MIDA/ Sistema Intensivo de Arroz (SRI) Evaluación del primer ensayo de validación realizado en coclé para enfrentar al Cambio Climático (alternativa) Localizada en el Sistema de Riego El Caño. Diciembre /2018 - Abril/ 2019 - Octubre/ 2019
Author: Norman Uphoff
Title: Agroecological Management of Soil Systems for Food, Water, Climate Resilience, and Biodiversity
Date: December 6, 2019
Presented at: The Knowledge Dialogue on the Occasion of World Soil Day
Venue: United Nations, New York
Title: Smallholder Rice Production Practice and Equipment: What about the Women?
Presenter: Lucy Fisher
Venue: 2nd Global Sustainable Rice Conference and Exhibition
United Nations Conference Centre, Bangkok Thailand
Date: October 2, 2019
Author: Pascal Gbenou
Title: Rice cultivation in Africa: How traditional practices relate to modern opportunities
Date: June 26-29, 2019
Presented at: The International Rice Development Conference and Seminar on China-Africa Development
Location: Changsha, China
Authors: Christopher B. Barrett, Asad Islam, Abdul Malek, Deb Pakrashi, Ummul Ruthbah
Title: The Effects of Exposure Intensity on Technology Adoption and Gains: Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh on the System of Rice Intensification
Date: July 21, 2019
Presented at: USDA Multi-state Research Project NC-1034 annual research conference on
The Economics of Agricultural Technology & Innovation
Location: Atlanta, GA
Author: Bancy Mati
Title: Improving Productivity of Rice under Water Scarcity in Africa: The Case for the System of Rice Intensification
Date: June 26-29, 2019
Presented at: The International Rice Development Conference and Seminar on China-Africa Development
Location: Changsha, China
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1412 - Performance of the USHA Weeder in Rice and Other in Crops in Nepal
1. Performance of the USHA weeder
in rice and other in crops in Nepal.
Ram Bahadur Khadka
Scientist
Nepal Agricultural Research Council
(NARC)
2. Nepal
Area: 14.7 million hectares
(147,181 sq.km) 93rd in
the world
Water: 2.8%
Population: 26.6
million 2011 Population
growth rate; 1.4 (2011)
Density: 199.3/km2,
62nd
Population below
poverty line: 25.16%
(2011)
Mountain: 3000-8,848 masl,
Cover 35 %land area,
2% of this land cultivable.
Hill: 800-2,400 masl,
Covers 43 % land area,
One-tenth of it is cultivable.
Terai: 60-300 masl,
23 % land area,
Nearly half of it is cultivable.
3. Agricultural Scenario
Dominated by subsistence
and small holder agriculture
Agriculture contributed 36%
GDP
Rice based and maize based
cropping system are
dominated in terai and hills
respectively
Cattle, buffalo and goat and
poultry are major livestock
Diversity in agriculture due to
variation of agri-ecological
diversity
4. Land holding
4.03
Av. Holding size, ha
Av. No of parcel / holding
Average size of parcel, hac
3.18 3.2 3.27
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Mountain Hill Terai Total
6. Agricultural work in gender perspective (Crop
intensive pocket area in percentage)
0
64 64
61
32
58
44
32
17
94
32 33
36
64
38
53
65
80
6 4 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Female
Male
Children
7. Farm Power Availability
Farm Pwer Availability Animate power
Mecha
nical
Power
23%
Animal
Power
41%
Huma
n
Power
36%
major source
Stationary engine,
two wheel power
tiller and 4 wheel
power tiller are
considered
The mechanical
power is
concentrated in
terai
8. Agricultural Mechanization in SRI Nepal
Tillage
Majority by animal power
Only 25% of farmers use
iron plough
In Nepal 8% use tractor
and in terai 18%
Most of the tractor use
cultivator
Custom hiring of tractor is
common
Power tiller and mini
power is getting popular
Planting and seeding
Rice is manually
transplanted
Wheat is board casted
and seed cum fertilizers
are also using
Maize & vegetable
seeds is dibbled
More than 64% is
performed by women
9. Inter-culture Operation
Rice, potato maize and
vegetables needs major inter
culture operations
Khurpi and sickle, kuto are used
Bullock drawn local plough is
also used for maize inter culture
In SRI use of cono, rotatory and
twin wheel hoe weeder is
getting popularity
More than 60% of inter- culture
operation by women
10. Challenges of AM in Nepal
Small and fragmented land holding
Subsistence nature of agriculture
Poor infrastructure is major constrains of
mechanization and commercialization of
agriculture in Nepal
Need of easy access to credit and awareness of
financial intermediaries
Need of easy access to appropriate AM
technology
Weak research and development system on AM
Lack of clear cut policy and strategy on AM
11. Why weeding in SRI
(In perspective of Nepal)
Alternate drying and wetting promote the weed
population.
To facilitate the proper aeration in the soil which
promotes healthy growth of roots and consequently
the plant.
Enhances the utilization of biomass, soil
incorporation and decomposition
Increased yields as a result or more productive
tillers, large panicle size more number of grains per
panicle and increased grain weight.
12. Early development of
mechanical Weeder in SRI in
Nepal
1990s Initially wooden flakes with
iron pin were used as a weeder in
SRI
2000s: Locally fabricated
Rotatory weeder was
developed by NARC
2010s: USA weeder was
introduced for SRI and SWI
promotion in Nepal
13. Introduction of USHA weeder in Nepal
2009: First visit was done
at 2009 by expert team to
KGVK, Jharkhand and
introduced 10 weeder.
2010: about 500 weeder
introduced to Nepal and
distributed to more than 10
districts.
2011: 500 more weeder
brought
2012NARC, RARS,
Khajura, introduced 15
weeders for testing on-station
including twin wheel
hoe and cono weeder
2013 Caritas introduced 30
weeders and distributed to
3 districts
15. Advantages
Reducing woman drudgery since
hand weeding is considered as a
job of women only
Attracting young generation
towards agriculture.
Can be used in multi crop
Increasing productivity and
helping in the management of
weed biomass.
Eco-friendly and suitable for
small farmers
Cost-effective
Durable
Easy to handling
16. Challenges
No local suppliers
Government subsidy is
essential
Wide range of awareness
required
Not suitable for big holders
motorized weeders required
Ensure source of water is
essential for rotatory weeder
Still we required suitable
weeders for gravely soil in hilly
area
17. Effect of different methods of weeding in SRI in
Fresh and Dry weight of weed biomass
1200.00
1000.00
800.00
600.00
400.00
200.00
0.00
Fresh wt (gm per plot)
Dry wt (gm per plot)
Weed biomass
2012
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
Dry wt (gm)
Dry…
2013
18. Effect of different methods of weeding in SRI
2.52
3.63 3.69
4.41
9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
Straw Yield (Mt. per
ha)
6.40
6.20
6.00
5.80
5.60
5.40
5.20
5.00
4.80
No
weeding
Chemical Hand
weeding
Rotatroy
weeder
Yield(Mt)
Yield Mt/ha)
2012
2013
19. Time saving compared to hand weeding and yield
advantage compared to herbicides
Methods of weed Control
Time saving compared to hand
weeding
Rotatory weeder (ha) 72.50%
Hand weeding (ha) 0
Herbicides 92%
Methods of weed Control Yield advantages
Rotatory weeder (ha) 21.48%
Hand weeding (ha) 1.65%
Herbicides 0%
In long run weeders are more cost effective, environmentally friendly and very suitable
for small holder farmers
20. Direct seeded SRI
Twin wheel hoe
SWI Cono -weeder
Relevancy of D-SRI
No suitable
technology for
upland DSRSRI
principle in rain-fed
upland rice.
Save labour, water
and time.
21. SWI
Treatment Tiller
numbe
r
Number
of spike
per hill
Number of
grains per
spike
Number
of spike
per sq
m
Spike
length
(cm)
TGW
(gm)
Productivity
(Mt/ha)
Conv. 4.333 4.000 44.200 311.333 10.200 45.000 4.867
SWI 31.333 30.167 58.500 367.333 15.433 56.667 7.633
GM 17.833 17.083 51.350 339.333 12.817 50.833 6.250
CV 24.12% 31.68% 17.30% 6.31% 11.26% 16.06% 12.08%
LSD 15.110 19.014 31.202 75.184 5.069 28.684 2.653
Sign. ** ** ns ns * ns **