The document covers the classification of living organisms, specifically focusing on the Kingdom Plantae as defined by the five kingdom system proposed by R.H. Whittaker in 1969. It details the characteristics and classifications of various plant groups, including Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms, along with their modes of nutrition, reproductive processes, and ecological significance. Additionally, it discusses the ecological roles and potential harmful effects of algae, along with examples of different plant types.

1. VIVEKANANDHA
ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
Veerachipalayam - 637 303, Sankagiri, Salem Dt., Tamil Nadu India. Affiliated to
Periyar University, Salem ; Recognised Under Section 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act,
1956 )
SUBJECT INCHARGE:
Dr.R.Mythili,
Assitant professer
Head of the Department,
Department of Microbiology .
DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
TITLE: KINGDOM PLANTAE
SUBMITTED BY:
V.G.Monika lakshmi,
III B.Sc..Microbiology,
Department of Microbiology.

2. FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM OF
CLASSIFICATION
INTRODUCTION:
 Its classified from the five kingdom system of classification,
that was proposed by R.H.WHITTAKER (1969), advocated the
a five kingdom system of classification in which the whole
living world has been classified into following five kingdoms.
Kingdom monera , (prokaryotic bacteria and blue green algae)
kingdom protista, (unicellular eukaryotic organisms)
kingdom fungi, (multicellular fungi)
kingdom plantae, (all multicellular green plants and alagae)
kingdom animalia. (all multicellular animals)

4. KINGDOM PLANTAE
DEFINITION:
Plantae is the plant kingdom that contains all plant on
the earth. They are multicellular eukaryotes .
Charcterisitically, they contain a rigid structure that surrounds
the cell membrane known as cell wall. Plants also have a green
colored pigment known as chlorophyll that is quite vital for
photosysnthesis

6. SALIENT FEATURES OF KINGDOM
PLANTAE
 These organisms are autotrophs, that is they manufacture their
own food in the presence of sunlight, water,carbon di oxide, with
the help of chlorophyll by photosynthesis
 cells have a large central vacule and a rigid cell wall composed of
cellulose.
 Mode of nutrition is autotropic. The reserve food material is
starch and fat.
 The plants are mostly non-motile, being anchored to the
substratum. A few froms are free floating in fresh or sea water.
 Growth of plants is indefinite and new organs are continuously
added throughout life.
 Plants are producers of food in the biosphere

7. CLASSIFICATION OF KINGDOM
PLANTAE:
kingdom plantae is further classified as
THALLOPHTA
GYMNOSPERMS
ANGIOSPERMS
BRYOPHYTA
PTERIDOPHYTA

8. THALLOPHYTA
DEFINITON:
They are aquatic,may be marine.
Examples
 GREENALGAE: ulva,spirogyra,chara,ulothrix,acetobularia,
volvox,chlamydomonas,cladophora
 BROWN ALGAE : fucus,sargassum,lamminaria
 RED ALGAE :polysiphophonia,gelidium,gracilaria

9. MICROSCOPIC VIEW OF
GREEN,RED,BROWN ALGAE

10. SALIENT FEATURES OF THALLAPHTA
 The plants in this group are commonly called algae.most
primitive and simple plants they do not posses vascular system.
 Plant body is not differentiated into stem, roots and leaves. The
whole plant body remains in the form of an unidivided mass of
cells called thallus so called thallophyta.
 Most algae are aquatic both fresh water and marine.some are
terrestial inhibiting moist places.
 They exhibit autotropuc mode of nutrion hence they synthesis
their own food known as photoautotrophs
 The cell wall is made up of cellulose. Reserve food in the form
of starch.

11. . some algae algae they grouped in red,green,brown and then
clasified as green algae,red algae,brown algae,..
 Some of algae like chalmydomonas are unicellular,while some
are colonial (volvox),filamentous unbranched
(spirigyra,ulothrix,oedogonium),filamentous branched chara,
cladophora) or with large thallus.
 The mode of reproduction is usually asexual but sexual
reprodution also occur in some forms. The content of
reproductive sytem are completley converted into spore or
gametes.these are simple single celled. Fertilization are not
followed by embryo formation
 Algae the source of about 50% of the total organic matter on
earth

12. USEFUL ACTIVITES OF ALGAE
 ALGAE AS FOOD: algae is important source of food for aquatic
animal and other mammals including man. Eg chlorella is protein rich
content. Spirulina is richest source of protien.
 ALGAER AS FODDER: many sea weed is used as fodder
sheep,cattle,poutry.
 ALGAE IN INDUSTRY : agar-agar its used in culture media prepared
from red algae like gelidium and gracilaria and other minerals and
elements are also included.
 ALGAE IN AGRICULTURE: its used for nitrogen fixation,soil
relcaimation,fertilization,manures.
 ALGAE IN SEWAGE DISPOSAL: the photosynthetic activity of algae
produce oxygen which is used by bateria for sewage decompostion.

13. SOME EXAMPLES OF ALGAE
GREEN ALGAE
RED ALGAE BROWN ALGAE

14. HARMFUL ACTIVITES OF ALGAE
 TOXICITY: some algae produce toxins which cause death to
aquatic animals
 DAMAGE: some algae grow on walls of historical builidings
and monuments and spoil them.
 OTHER EFFECTS: algal growth on ponds,pools and lakes
cause the loss of asthetic and fishing values .many algae
change the taste and colour of water and produce foul odour.

15. BRYOPHYTA
DEFINITION:
A division of small flowerless green plants which comprises the
mosses and liverworts. They lack true roots and reproduce by spores
released from stalked capsule.
SALIENT FEATURES OF BRYOPHYTA:
 Bryophytes are perhaps the first terrestrial plants having autotropic
mode of nutrition
 They are small,multicellular green plants which inhabit shady damp
places.
 Some bryophytes have a flat green thalloid body (liverworts and
hornworts) while other likemossess have a body which is differentiated
into stem, leaves and rhizoids. Rhizoids are root like structures

16. SOME EXAMPLES OF BRYOPHYTA

17.  Proper roots and flowers are absent. Nthey are non-vascular
plants ie.,xylem and phloem are absent.
 Sex organs are multiceluar. Male sexx organs are antheridia
and female sex organs are archegonia
 Water is requires for fertilization,so bryophytes are called
amphibians of plant kingdom.
EXAMPLE:
Mosses – Funaria,sphagum
Liverworts – Riccia,marchantia
Hornworts – Anthoceros,Notothylas

18. MICROSCOPIC VIEW OF SOME
BRYOPHTES
Marchant
ia
Funaria
Riccia Anthoceras

19. PTERIDOPHYTA
DEFINITION:
A division of flowerless green plants that comprises the ferns and their
relatives.
SALIENT FEATURES OF PTERIDOPHYTA:
 Pteridophytes are the first territial,vascular plants.
 The plants are sporophytes (diploid) and made up of true roots,true stem, and
true leaves. All the plant possess vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)
organized in definite steles.
 Reproduction occurs by spores produced inside the sporangia.sporangia may
be produced in groups to form sori.sori are born on leaves called sporophyllus.
 Sporangia may be homosporous (one type of spores) or may be heterosporous
(produce two types) smaller microspores and larger megaspores in
sepertaesporangia.

20. SOME EXAMPLES OF PTERIDOPHYTA

21. .
 Sex organs are multicellular and jacketed. The male sex organs
are antheridia and female sex organs are archegonia. Flowers
and seeds are not produced. A thin film of water is required for
swimming of male gamates to reach to archegonia. The
fertilized egg develops into embryo.
EXAMPLES:
Horstails – Equisteum
Ferns - Marsilea, Azolla,Pteris
Club mosses – Lycopodium, Selaginella

22. MICROSCOPIC VIEW OF SOME
PTRIDOPHYTA
AZOLLA
LYCOPODIUM
PTERIS

23. GYMNOSPERMS
DEFINITION :
Gymnosperm, any vascular plant that reproduces by means of an
exposed seed or ovule- unlike angiosperms or flowering plants,
whose seeds are enclosed by mature ovaries or fruits. The seed
of many gynosperms are naked seeds are borne in cones and
are not visible until maturity.
SALIENT FEATURES OF GYMNOSPERMS:
 Gymnosperms consist of evergreen, woody shrubs and trees.
Its mostly large sized sporophytic plants differentiatedinto
roots and stem and leaves.

24. .
 The roots are generally tap roots, but coralloid roots (roots with
algae) and mycorrhizic roots
(roots with fungi)are known some genera (cycas ,pinus)
 The stem are erect,aerial,branched (pinus) or unbranched
(cycas).
 The leaves are two types (dimorphic).They are microphyllous
and megaphyllus.
 the male spores are called microspores. They produce inside
the microsporangia
 Pollination is anemophilus i.e., wind pollination
 Female gamotophyte is called as endosperm. The dnosperm is
haploid and is pre fertilization tissue

26. .
EXAMPLE:
Conifers – pines, firs,deodar,ginkgo
cycades – cycas
UNDER MICROSCOPE
CYCAS PINES

27. ANGIOSPERM
DEFINITION:
Angiosperms ( in greek, angioon-vessel; sperma-seed) include
flowering plants in which the sees are enclosed in fruits.
SALIENT FEATURES OF ANGIOSPERMS:
 These are usually terrestrial and sporophytic. It includes those
vascular plants which produce flower. The flowers bear
stamens and carpels.
 on the basis conists of monocotyledons (with single
cotyledon) eg; wheat,rice.,
 Dicotyledons (with double cotyledon) eg;pea,gram.,

28. MICROSCOPIC VIEW
RICE :
PEA:
WHEAT :

29. THANK YOU !