The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Shigella boydii.
The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Shigella boydii.
Clostridium is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria. Species of Clostridium inhabit soils and the intestinal tract of animals, including humans. This genus includes several significant human pathogens, including the causative agents of botulism and tetanus.
Here's a little information about a very common pathogen in human diseases Streptococcus pyogenes. This presentation consists of the history of the organism, its introduction, its morphology, the cell antigens and proteins, the diseases caused by this organism its diagnosis and treatment. I hope it is helpful for the people studying medical microbiology.
Introduction
Disease
Important Properties
Transmission & Epidemiology
Risk factor of reactivation
Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Laboratory Diagnosis
Approaches to the diagnosis of latent infections
Treatment
Prevention
Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Diphtheria causes a thick covering in the back of the throat. It can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even death. CDC recommends vaccines for infants, children, teens and adults to prevent diphtheria. The presentation consists of basic concepts regarding the bacteria and its infection. It has explanation in detail about signs and symptoms of Diptheria
Clostridium is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria. Species of Clostridium inhabit soils and the intestinal tract of animals, including humans. This genus includes several significant human pathogens, including the causative agents of botulism and tetanus.
Here's a little information about a very common pathogen in human diseases Streptococcus pyogenes. This presentation consists of the history of the organism, its introduction, its morphology, the cell antigens and proteins, the diseases caused by this organism its diagnosis and treatment. I hope it is helpful for the people studying medical microbiology.
Introduction
Disease
Important Properties
Transmission & Epidemiology
Risk factor of reactivation
Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Laboratory Diagnosis
Approaches to the diagnosis of latent infections
Treatment
Prevention
Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Diphtheria causes a thick covering in the back of the throat. It can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even death. CDC recommends vaccines for infants, children, teens and adults to prevent diphtheria. The presentation consists of basic concepts regarding the bacteria and its infection. It has explanation in detail about signs and symptoms of Diptheria
The slide is about enteric fever, also called typhoid fever. It explains the relevant anatomy, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, presentation, diagnosis and treatment of the disease. It also specifies the prevention by way of lifestyle and vaccines
prof . dr. ihsan edan alsaimary
department of microbiology - college of medicine - university of basrah - basrah -IRAQ
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
00964 7801410838
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
DISSERTATION on NEW DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF DRUG DISCOVERYNEHA GUPTA
The process of drug discovery and development is a complex and multi-step endeavor aimed at bringing new pharmaceutical drugs to market. It begins with identifying and validating a biological target, such as a protein, gene, or RNA, that is associated with a disease. This step involves understanding the target's role in the disease and confirming that modulating it can have therapeutic effects. The next stage, hit identification, employs high-throughput screening (HTS) and other methods to find compounds that interact with the target. Computational techniques may also be used to identify potential hits from large compound libraries.
Following hit identification, the hits are optimized to improve their efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in lead compounds. These leads undergo further refinement to enhance their potency, reduce toxicity, and improve drug-like characteristics, creating drug candidates suitable for preclinical testing. In the preclinical development phase, drug candidates are tested in vitro (in cell cultures) and in vivo (in animal models) to evaluate their safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Toxicology studies are conducted to assess potential risks.
Before clinical trials can begin, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application must be submitted to regulatory authorities. This application includes data from preclinical studies and plans for clinical trials. Clinical development involves human trials in three phases: Phase I tests the drug's safety and dosage in a small group of healthy volunteers, Phase II assesses the drug's efficacy and side effects in a larger group of patients with the target disease, and Phase III confirms the drug's efficacy and monitors adverse reactions in a large population, often compared to existing treatments.
After successful clinical trials, a New Drug Application (NDA) is submitted to regulatory authorities for approval, including all data from preclinical and clinical studies, as well as proposed labeling and manufacturing information. Regulatory authorities then review the NDA to ensure the drug is safe, effective, and of high quality, potentially requiring additional studies. Finally, after a drug is approved and marketed, it undergoes post-marketing surveillance, which includes continuous monitoring for long-term safety and effectiveness, pharmacovigilance, and reporting of any adverse effects.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Salmonella Shigella Yersinia.ppt
1. True Pathogens
of the Enterobacteriaceae:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Salmonella, Shigella &
Yersinia
2. Digestive tract is a “tube” (from mouth to anus);
technically “outside” of the body
Lumen = space within tubular or hollow organ such as an
artery, vein, or intestine
Intestinal lumen = the inside of the intestine
Mesentery = membrane attaching organ (e.g.,
intestine) to body wall; often has lymphoid tissue
Food is moved down tract via peristalsis
Entire length of digestive tract epithelium is covered
by mucosal membrane (mucosa) with mucus that is
secreted from specialized glands
Surface area of intestine increased by presence of
villi (finger-like projections) and microvilli that
absorb nutrients and other products of digestion
Anatomy of Digestive Tract
3. Mouth, pharynx, esophagus & esophageal sphincter
Stomach and pyloric valve (sphincter)
Small intestine (about 23 feet in length)
Duodenum (~10” in length) (bile & pancreatic ducts carry
digestive juices secreted by gall bladder, liver & pancreas)
Jejunum (~8 feet in length)
Ileum (final 3/5 of length) and ileocecal valve
Absorbs bile salts & nutrients, including vitamin B12
Large intestine
Cecum(caecum) (blind pouch where appendix also enters)
Colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)
Rectum and anus (with internal and external sphincters)
Anatomy of Digestive Tract(cont.)
4. Coliform bacilli (enteric rods)
Motile gram-negative facultative anaerobes
Non-lactose fermenting
Resistant to bile salts
H2S producing
General Characteristics of Salmonella
5. Classification and Taxonomy of Salmonella
(Confused)
Old: Serotyping & biochemical assays used to
name individual species within genus
(e.g., Salmonella enteritidis, S. choleraesuis, S. typhi)
Over 2400 O-serotypes (referred to as species)
(Kauffman-White antigenic schema)
Bioserotyping (e.g., S. typhimurium)
New: DNA homology shows only two species
Salmonella enterica (six subspecies)
and S. bongori
Most pathogens in S. enterica ssp. enterica
8. Clinical Syndromes of Salmonella
Salmonellosis = Generic term for disease
Clinical Syndromes
Enteritis (acute gastroenteritis)
Enteric fever (prototype is typhoid fever and
less severe paratyphoid fever)
Septicemia (particularly S. choleraesuis, S. typhi,
and S. paratyphi)
Asymptomatic carriage (gall bladder is the
reservoir for Salmonella typhi)
9. Epidemiology and Clinical Syndromes of
Salmonella (cont.)
Enteritis
Most common form of salmonellosis with major
foodborne outbreaks and sporadic disease
High infectious dose (108 CFU)
Poultry, eggs, etc. are sources of infection
6-48h incubation period
Nausea, vomiting, nonbloody diarrhea, fever,
cramps, myalgia and headache common
S. enteritidis bioserotypes (e.g., S. typhimurium)
10. Virulence attributable to:
Invasiveness
Intracellular survival & multiplication
Endotoxin
Exotoxins: Effects in host have not been identified
Several Salmonella serotypes produce enterotoxins similar to
both the heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable enterotoxins (ST), but
their effect has not been identified
A distinct cytotoxin is also produced and may be involved in
invasion and cell destruction
Pathogenesis of Salmonella
Enteritis (cont.)
11. Invasiveness in Enteritis (cont.)
Penetrate mucus, adhere to and invade into
epithelial layer (enterocytes) of terminal small
intestine and further into subepithelial tissue
Bacterial cells are internalized in endocytic vacuoles
(intracellular) and the organisms multiply
PMN’s confine infection to gastrointestinal (GI) tract,
but organisms may spread hematogenously (through
blood, i.e., septicemia) to other body sites
Inflammatory response mediates release of
prostaglandins, stimulating cAMP and active fluid
secretion with loose diarrheal stools; epithelial
destruction occurs during late stage of disease
Pathogenesis of Salmonella (cont.)
12. Clinical
Progression of
Salmonella
Enteritis
Lamina propria = thin membrane
between epithelium & basement
layer
Hyperplasia = abnormal increase
in # of normal cells
Hypertrophy = abnormal
increase in normal tissue/organ
size
Prostaglandins = potent
mediators of diverse set of
physiologic processes
13. Epidemiology & Clinical Syndromes (cont.)
Enteric Fevers
S. typhi causes typhoid fever
S. paratyphi A, B (S. schottmuelleri) and C
(S. hirschfeldii) cause milder form of enteric fever
Infectious dose = 106 CFU
Fecal-oral route of transmission
Person-to-person spread by chronic carrier
Fecally-contaminated food or water
10-14 day incubation period
Initially signs of sepsis/bacteremia with sustained
fever (delirium) for > one week before abdominal
pain and gastrointestinal symptoms
14. Pathogenesis of Salmonella (cont.) Enteric Fevers (cont.)
Virulence attributable to:
Invasiveness
Pass through intestinal epithelial cells in ileocecal region, infect the
regional lymphatic system, invade the bloodstream, and infect other
parts of the reticuloendothelial system
Organisms are phagocytosed by macrophages and monocytes, but
survive, multiply and are transported to the liver, spleen, and bone
marrow where they continue to replicate
Second week: organisms reenter bloodstream and cause prolonged
bacteremia; biliary tree and other organs are infected; gradually
increasing sustained fever likely from endotoxemia
Second to third week: bacteria colonize gallbladder, reinfect intestinal
tract with diarrheal symptoms and possible necrosis of the Peyer’s
patches
15. Liver, spleen, bone marrow
(10-14 days)
(RES)
Gastrointestinal
Symptoms
Clinical
Progression of
Enteric Fever
(Typhoid fever)
Lumen (intraluminal);
ileocecal area = see
above - Anatomy of
Digestive Tract
RES = sum total of
strongly phagocytic cells;
primarily found in lymph
nodes, blood, liver,
spleen and bone marrow
Hyperplastic changes =
see hyperplasia above -
Clinical Progression of
Enteritis
16. Microbial Defenses Against Host
Immunological Clearance
ENCAPSULATION and
ANTIGENIC MIMICRY, MASKING or SHIFT
CAPSULE, GLYCOCALYX or SLIME LAYER
Polysachharide capsules Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, etc.
Polypeptide capsule of Bacillus anthracis
EVASION or INCAPACITATION of PHAGOCYTOSIS and/or
IMMUNE CLEARANCE
PHAGOCYTOSIS INHIBITORS: mechanisms enabling an invading
microorganism to resist being engulfed, ingested, and or lysed
by phagocytes/ phagolysosomes
RESISTANCE to HUMORAL FACTORS
RESISTANCE to CELLULAR FACTORS See Chpt. 19
18. Septicemia
Can be caused by all species, but more
commonly associated with S. choleraesuis, S.
paratyphi, S. typhi, and S. dublin
Old, young and immunocompromised (e.g.,
AIDS patients) at increased risk
Epidemiology & Clinical Syndromes (cont.)
19. Asymptomatic Carriage
Chronic carriage in 1-5% of cases following S.
typhi or S. paratyphi infection
Gall bladder usually the reservoir
Chronic carriage with other Salmonella spp.
occurs in <<1% of cases and does not play a
role in human disease transmission
Epidemiology & Clinical Syndromes (cont.)
20. Treatment, Prevention and Control of
Salmonella Infections
Enteritis:
Antibiotics not recommended for enteritis because
prolong duration
Control by proper preparation of poultry & eggs
Enteric fever:
Antibiotics to avoid carrier state
Identify & treat carriers of S. typhi & S. paratyphi
Vaccination can reduce risk of disease for
travellers in endemic areas
21.
22. Coliform bacilli (enteric rods)
Nonmotile gram-negative facultative anaerobes
Four species
Shigella sonnei (most common in industrial world)
Shigella flexneri (most common in developing countries)
Shigella boydii
Shigella dysenteriae
Non-lactose fermenting
Resistant to bile salts
General Characteristics of Shigella
23. Shigellosis = Generic term for disease
Low infectious dose (102-104 CFU)
Humans are only reservoir
Transmission by fecal-oral route
Incubation period = 1-3 days
Watery diarrhea with fever; changing to dysentery
Major cause of bacillary dysentery (severe 2nd stage) in
pediatric age group (1-10 yrs) via fecal-oral route
Outbreaks in daycare centers, nurseries, institutions
Estimated 15% of pediatric diarrhea in U.S.
Leading cause of infant diarrhea and mortality (death)
in developing countries
Epidemiology and Clinical Syndromes of
Shigella
24. DEFINITIONS
Enterotoxin = an exotoxin with enteric activity, i.e.,
affects the intestinal tract
Dysentery = inflammation of intestines (especially
the colon (colitis) of the large intestine) with
accompanying severe abdominal cramps, tenesmus
(straining to defecate), and frequent, low-volume
stools containing blood, mucus, and fecal
leukocytes (PMN’s)
Bacillary dysentery = dysentery caused by
bacterial infection with invasion of host cells/tissues
and/or production of exotoxins
26. Shigellosis
Two-stage disease:
Early stage:
Watery diarrhea attributed to the enterotoxic
activity of Shiga toxin following ingestion and
noninvasive colonization, multiplication, and
production of enterotoxin in the small intestine
Fever attributed to neurotoxic activity of toxin
Second stage:
Adherence to and tissue invasion of large
intestine with typical symptoms of dysentery
Cytotoxic activity of Shiga toxin increases
severity
Pathogenesis of Shigella
27. Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors (cont.)
Virulence attributable to:
Invasiveness
Attachment (adherence) and internalization with
complex genetic control
Large multi-gene virulence plasmid regulated by
multiple chromosomal genes
Exotoxin (Shiga toxin)
Intracellular survival & multiplication
28. Penetrate through mucosal surface of colon
(colonic mucosa) and invade and multiply in the
colonic epithelium but do not typically invade
beyond the epithelium into the lamina propria (thin
layer of fibrous connective tissue immediately beneath the
surface epithelium of mucous membranes)
Preferentially attach to and invade into M cells in
Peyer’s patches (lymphoid tissue, i.e., lymphatic system)
of small intestine
Invasiveness in Shigella-Associated Dysentery
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors (cont.)
29. M cells typically transport foreign antigens from
the intestine to underlying macrophages, but
Shigella can lyse the phagocytic vacuole
(phagosome) and replicate in the cytoplasm
Note: This contrasts with Salmonella which multiplies
in the phagocytic vacuole
Actin filaments propel the bacteria through the
cytoplasm and into adjacent epithelial cells with
cell-to-cell passage, thereby effectively avoiding
antibody-mediated humoral immunity (similar to
Listeria monocytogenes)
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors (cont.)
Invasiveness in Shigella-Associated Dysentery(cont.)
32. Enterotoxic, neurotoxic and cytotoxic
Encoded by chromosomal genes
Two domain (A-5B) structure
Similar to the Shiga-like toxin of
enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
NOTE: except that Shiga-like toxin is encoded by
lysogenic bacteriophage
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors (cont.)
Characteristics of Shiga Toxin
33. Shiga Toxin Effects in Shigellosis
Enterotoxic Effect:
Adheres to small intestine receptors
Blocks absorption (uptake) of electrolytes,
glucose, and amino acids from the intestinal
lumen
Note: This contrasts with the effects of cholera toxin
(Vibrio cholerae) and labile toxin (LT) of
enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) which act by blocking
absorption of Na+, but also cause hypersecretion of
water and ions of Cl-, K+ (low potassium =
hypokalemia), and HCO3
- (loss of bicarbonate
buffering capacity leads to metabolic acidosis) out of
the intestine and into the lumen
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors (cont.)
34. Cytotoxic Effect:
B subunit of Shiga toxin binds host cell glycolipid
A domain is internalized via receptor-mediated
endocytosis (coated pits)
Causes irreversible inactivation of the 60S
ribosomal subunit, thereby causing:
Inhibition of protein synthesis
Cell death
Microvasculature damage to the intestine
Hemorrhage (blood & fecal leukocytes in stool)
Neurotoxic Effect: Fever, abdominal cramping are
considered signs of neurotoxicity
Shiga Toxin Effects in Shigellosis (cont.)
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors (cont.)
37. Yersinia pestis
Clinical Forms of Plague (a.k.a., Black Death):
Bubonic plague with swollen and painful axillary
(arm pit) & inguinal (groin) lymph nodes (buboes)
Transmitted from mammalian reservoirs by flea
(arthropod) bites or contact with contaminated
animal tissues
Pneumonic plaque
Person-to-person spread
Yersinia enterocolitica
Enterocolitis
Transfusion-related septicemia
Summary of Yersinia Infections
38. Epidemiology and History of Plague
Zoonotic infection; Humans are accidental hosts
Outbreaks are cyclical corresponding to rodent
reservoir and arthropod vector populations
Plague recorded more than 2000 years ago
Three pandemics
1st 542AD; 100million dead in 60 years; from N.Africa
2nd 14th century; Black Death; 25million dead in Europe
alone (>1/4 of entire population); from central Asia;
disease became endemic in urban rat population and
smaller epidemics occurred through 17th century
3rd ended in 1990s; Burma to China (1894) & Hong Kong
to other continents including N. America via rat-infected
ships; 20million dead in India alone; foci of infection firmly
established in wild rodents in rural areas
Folk stories & nursery rhymes: Pied Piper of
Hamelin (Ring Around the Rosie is “urban myth”??)
40. Epidemiological Cycles of Plague
Sylvatic (wild) Cycle of Plague
Reservoir (foci) = wild rodents (prairie dogs,
rabbits, mice, dogs)
Vector = wild rodent flea
Urban (domestic) Cycle of Plague
Reservoir = domestic (urban) black rat
Over 8 million in NYC = human population
Vector = oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis)
Human Cycle of Plague
Bubonic plague acquired from contact with either
sylvatic or urban reservoirs or arthropod vector
bite and further transmitted in human population
by spread of pneumonic plague
44. Arthropod-Borne Transmission of Plague
Fleas required for perpetuation of plague vary
greatly in vector efficiency and host range
Organisms ingested during blood meal from
bacteremic host
Coagulase of flea may cause fibrin clot of
organism in stomach which fixes to spines of
proventriculus (throat parts of flea)
Organisms multiply causing blockage
Flea regurgitates infectious material into new host
during subsequent attempts at blood meal
Flea remains hungry & feeds more aggressively
Sudden eradication of rats could lead to outbreak
52. Clinical Syndromes of Salmonella
Salmonellosis = Generic term for disease
Clinical Syndromes
Enteritis (acute gastroenteritis)
Enteric fever (prototype is typhoid fever and
less severe paratyphoid fever)
Septicemia (particularly S. choleraesuis, S. typhi,
and S. paratyphi)
Asymptomatic carriage (gall bladder is the
reservoir for Salmonella typhi)
REVIEW
53. Epidemiology and Clinical Syndromes of
Salmonella (cont.)
Enteritis
Most common form of salmonellosis with major
foodborne outbreaks and sporadic disease
High infectious dose (108 CFU)
Poultry, eggs, etc. are sources of infection
6-48h incubation period
Nausea, vomiting, nonbloody diarrhea, fever,
cramps, myalgia and headache common
S. enteritidis bioserotypes (e.g., S. typhimurium)
REVIEW
54. Virulence attributable to:
Invasiveness
Intracellular survival & multiplication
Endotoxin
Exotoxins: Effects in host have not been identified
Several Salmonella serotypes produce enterotoxins similar to
both the heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable enterotoxins (ST), but
their effect has not been identified
A distinct cytotoxin is also produced and may be involved in
invasion and cell destruction
Pathogenesis of Salmonella
Enteritis (cont.)
REVIEW
55. Clinical
Progression of
Salmonella
Enteritis
Lamina propria = thin membrane
between epithelium & basement
layer
Hyperplasia = abnormal increase
in # of normal cells
Hypertrophy = abnormal
increase in normal tissue/organ
size
Prostaglandins = potent
mediators of diverse set of
physiologic processes
REVIEW
56. Liver, spleen, bone marrow
(10-14 days)
(RES)
Gastrointestinal
Symptoms
Clinical
Progression of
Enteric Fever
(Typhoid fever)
Lumen (intraluminal);
ileocecal area = see
above - Anatomy of
Digestive Tract
RES = sum total of
strongly phagocytic cells;
primarily found in lymph
nodes, blood, liver,
spleen and bone marrow
Hyperplastic changes =
see hyperplasia above -
Clinical Progression of
Enteritis
REVIEW
60. Shigellosis = Generic term for disease
Low infectious dose (102-104 CFU)
Humans are only reservoir
Transmission by fecal-oral route
Incubation period = 1-3 days
Watery diarrhea with fever; changing to dysentery
Major cause of bacillary dysentery (severe 2nd stage) in
pediatric age group (1-10 yrs) via fecal-oral route
Outbreaks in daycare centers, nurseries, institutions
Estimated 15% of pediatric diarrhea in U.S.
Leading cause of infant diarrhea and mortality (death)
in developing countries
Epidemiology and Clinical Syndromes of
Shigella
REVIEW
61. DEFINITIONS
Enterotoxin = an exotoxin with enteric activity, i.e.,
affects the intestinal tract
Dysentery = inflammation of intestines (especially
the colon (colitis) of the large intestine) with
accompanying severe abdominal cramps, tenesmus
(straining to defecate), and frequent, low-volume
stools containing blood, mucus, and fecal
leukocytes (PMN’s)
Bacillary dysentery = dysentery caused by
bacterial infection with invasion of host cells/tissues
and/or production of exotoxins
REVIEW
62. Shigellosis
Two-stage disease:
Early stage:
Watery diarrhea attributed to the enterotoxic
activity of Shiga toxin following ingestion and
noninvasive colonization, multiplication, and
production of enterotoxin in the small intestine
Fever attributed to neurotoxic activity of toxin
Second stage:
Adherence to and tissue invasion of large
intestine with typical symptoms of dysentery
Cytotoxic activity of Shiga toxin increases
severity
Pathogenesis of Shigella
REVIEW
63. Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors (cont.)
Virulence attributable to:
Invasiveness
Attachment (adherence) and internalization with
complex genetic control
Large multi-gene virulence plasmid regulated by
multiple chromosomal genes
Exotoxin (Shiga toxin)
Intracellular survival & multiplication
REVIEW
64. Enterotoxic, neurotoxic and cytotoxic
Encoded by chromosomal genes
Two domain (A-5B) structure
Similar to the Shiga-like toxin of
enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
NOTE: except that Shiga-like toxin is encoded by
lysogenic bacteriophage
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors (cont.)
Characteristics of Shiga Toxin
REVIEW
68. Yersinia pestis
Clinical Forms of Plague (a.k.a., Black Death):
Bubonic plague with swollen and painful axillary
(arm pit) & inguinal (groin) lymph nodes (buboes)
Transmitted from mammalian reservoirs by flea
(arthropod) bites or contact with contaminated
animal tissues
Pneumonic plaque
Person-to-person spread
Yersinia enterocolitica
Enterocolitis
Transfusion-related septicemia
Summary of Yersinia Infections
REVIEW
69. Epidemiology and History of Plague
Zoonotic infection; Humans are accidental hosts
Outbreaks are cyclical corresponding to rodent
reservoir and arthropod vector populations
Plague recorded more than 2000 years ago
Three pandemics
1st 542AD; 100million dead in 60 years; from N.Africa
2nd 14th century; Black Death; 25million dead in Europe
alone (>1/4 of entire population); from central Asia;
disease became endemic in urban rat population and
smaller epidemics occurred through 17th century
3rd ended in 1990s; Burma to China (1894) & Hong Kong
to other continents including N. America via rat-infected
ships; 20million dead in India alone; foci of infection firmly
established in wild rodents in rural areas
Folk stories & nursery rhymes: Pied Piper of
Hamelin (Ring Around the Rosie is “urban myth”??)
REVIEW
70. Epidemiological Cycles of Plague
Sylvatic (wild) Cycle of Plague
Reservoir (foci) = wild rodents (prairie dogs,
rabbits, mice, dogs)
Vector = wild rodent flea
Urban (domestic) Cycle of Plague
Reservoir = domestic (urban) black rat
Over 8 million in NYC = human population
Vector = oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis)
Human Cycle of Plague
Bubonic plague acquired from contact with either
sylvatic or urban reservoirs or arthropod vector
bite and further transmitted in human population
by spread of pneumonic plague
REVIEW