This document provides an overview of salivary glands and saliva. It discusses the embryology, development, structure and classification of salivary glands. It describes the formation, composition and functions of saliva, as well as the regulation of salivary secretions. The document also covers clinical considerations like xerostomia and ptyalism, saliva collection methods, and the role of saliva in prosthodontics. Finally, it discusses using saliva as an investigative aid for various diseases and conditions.
This Presentation includes systematic compilation of the anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and pathology related to saliva and salivary glands. it also mentions about the role of saliva in dentistry. Any additions or mistakes are welcome!
Please do leave your comments and let me know if the presentations has helped you!
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This Presentation includes systematic compilation of the anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and pathology related to saliva and salivary glands. it also mentions about the role of saliva in dentistry. Any additions or mistakes are welcome!
Please do leave your comments and let me know if the presentations has helped you!
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Central face begins to develop by 4th week, when olfactory placodes appear on both sides of the frontonasal process.
Gradually both placodes develop to form the median and lateral nasal process.
Upper lip is formed by 6th week by fusion of two median nasal processes in midline and the maxilllary process of the 1st branchial arch.
PRE-NATAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PALATEFormation of primary and secondary palate
Elevation of palatal shelves
Fusion of palatal shelves
PRENATAL GROWTH OF MANDIBLE
Occurs between the 4th and 7th week of intrauterine life.
4th week of intrauterine life
Formation of the head fold
Following which the developing brain and the pericardium form 2 prominent bulges on the ventral aspect of the embryo.
The 2 bulges are separated from each other by a shallow depression called stomatoedum (corresponding to the primitive mouth).
Floor of the stomatodeum is formed by the Buccopharyngeal membrane, which separates the stomatodeum from the foregut.Soon, mesoderm covering the developing forebrain proliferates, and forms a downward projection that overlaps the upper part of the stomatodeum – this downward projection is called frontonasal process.
Central face begins to develop by 4th week, when olfactory placodes appear on both sides of the frontonasal process.
Gradually both placodes develop to form the median and lateral nasal process.
Upper lip is formed by 6th week by fusion of two median nasal processes in midline and the maxilllary process of the 1st branchial arch.
PRE-NATAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PALATEFormation of primary and secondary palate
Elevation of palatal shelves
Fusion of palatal shelves
PRENATAL GROWTH OF MANDIBLE
Occurs between the 4th and 7th week of intrauterine life.
4th week of intrauterine life
Formation of the head fold
Following which the developing brain and the pericardium form 2 prominent bulges on the ventral aspect of the embryo.
The 2 bulges are separated from each other by a shallow depression called stomatoedum (corresponding to the primitive mouth).
Floor of the stomatodeum is formed by the Buccopharyngeal membrane, which separates the stomatodeum from the foregut.Soon, mesoderm covering the developing forebrain proliferates, and forms a downward projection that overlaps the upper part of the stomatodeum – this downward projection is called frontonasal process.
Definition
General properties
Composition
Function of saliva
Formation of saliva
Method for collecting saliva
Advantages
Limitations
Analysis of saliva done for the diagnosis of systemic disease
Definition:
by Stedmann’s & Lipincott medical dictionary.
A clear, tasteless, odourless, slightly acidic (pH 6.8) viscous fluid, consisting of the secretion from the parotid, sublingual, submandibular salivary glands and the mucous glands of the oral cavity.
General properties
Volume: 1000 to 1500 mL of saliva is secreted per day and, it is approximately about 1 ml/ minute.
Contribution by each major salivary gland is:
i. Parotid glands: 25%
ii. Submandibular glands: 70%
iii. Sublingual glands: 5%.
Reaction: Mixed saliva from all the glands is slightly acidic with pH of 6.35 to 6.85.
Specific gravity: It ranges between 1.002 and 1.012.
Tonicity: Saliva is hypotonSalivary flow
The average person produces approximately 0.5 L – 1.5 L per day
Unstimulated Flow (resting salivary flow―no external stimulus)
Typically 0.2 mL – 0.3 mL per minute
Stimulated Flow (response to a stimulus, usually taste, chewing, or medication [eg, at mealtime])
Typically 1.5 mL – 2 mL per minute
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
4. Introduction:
• Salivary glands are compound tubuloacinar
exocrine glands found in oral cavity, that secrete
complex watery fluid known as saliva.
• Saliva is important for several physiological
functions, it is critical in preservation and
maintenance of oral health.
4
5. Embryology and development:
• The embryologic development of salivary glands is
the result of a highly complex interaction between
the oral epithelium and underlying mesenchyme.
• All the salivary glands share a common path of
growth.
• Epithelial cells-carry information for type of
salivary secretions.
• Mesenchymal cells- carry information of pattern of
branching that eventually will be the morphologic
signature of the glands.
5
6. • Cranial neural crest cells- stroma, compresses the
capsule as well as the septa, develops form the
cranial neural crest cells.
Gland Location IU life
Parotid Gland Corner of
the
stomodeum
6th week
Submandibular
salivary gland
Floor of the
mouth
7th week
Sublingual
salivary gland
Lateral to
mandibular
primordium
8th week
Minor salivary
glands
Buccal
epithelium
After 12th
week
6
7. Stages of salivary gland development:
Pre bud stage
Initial bud stage
Early pseudo glandular
stage
Late psudo glandular stage
Canalicular stage
Terminal differntiation stage
7
8. Pre bud stage Initial bud stage Early pseudoglandular
stage
Late pseudoglandular
stage
Canalicular stage
Terminal differentiation
8
10. CLASSIFICATION:
1.Based on Anatomic size:
Salivary glands
Major
Parotids
Sub mandibular
Sub lingual
Minor
Buccal
Labial
Palatine
Glossopalatine
Von ebner’s
Gland of blandin and nuhn
10
11. 2. Based on histochemical nature of secretions:
Salivary glands
Serous
Parotid
Von ebner
Mucous
Palatine
Glossopalatine
Posterior part of tongue
Mixed
Sublingual
Submandibular
labial
buccal
anterior lingual
11
12. PAROTID GLAND:
Provides 60-65% of total salivary volume.
Shape – pyramidal.
Parotid duct- Stensen’s duct.
12
13. SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND:
Provides 20-30% of total salivary volume
Shape – walnut.
Submandibular duct-Wharton’s duct
SUBLINGUAL GLAND:
Provides 2-5% of total salivary
volume.
Shape – almond
Sublingual ducts- Bartholin’s ducts.
13
14. MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS:
Located beneath the epithelium in almost all parts of oral
cavity.
Types:
Labial
Buccal
Palatine
Glossopalatine
Lingual
14
15. TUBARIAL GLANDS:
Location- around the torus tubaris , stretching from the base
of skull of the fossa of rosenmuller extending to
nasopharyngeal wall.
Shown to contain acini producing mucous secretions
15
21. (I)Lubrication and Protection:
o As a seromucous coating, it lubricates & protects oral tissues
acting as a barrier against irritants.
o Mucins – best lubricating component of saliva.
o Lysozyme- kills the bacteria.
(II)Buffering and Clearance:
o Bicarbonates ,Phosphates ,Urea
o Diffuse into plaque and act as a buffer by neutralizing acids ,
preventing the enamel demineralization.
21
22. (III)Maintenance of tooth integrity:
oCalcium and phosphate ions.
oThe solubility of these ions is maintained by several
calcium-binding proteins, especially the acidic proline-
rich proteins and statherin.
oFluoride works to inhibit dissolution of apatite crystals.
(IV)Antimicrobial action:
osaliva has a major ecologic influence on the microorganisms
that colonize oral tissues.
o It contains a spectrum of proteins with antimicrobial activity
such as –Lysozyme, lactoferrin, peroxidase
oIgA causes agglutination of specific microorganisms,
preventing their adherence to oral tissues.
22
23. (V)Digestive function:
o Saliva has 3 digestive enzymes namely salivary amylase ,
maltase and lingual lipase.
o Salivary amylase - Converts cooked starch into maltose
o Maltase- Coverts maltose into glucose
o Lingual lipase- Converts triglycerides into fatty acids and
diacylglycerol
(VI)Excretory functions:
oMercury, Potassium, Iodide, Lead, Alkaloids are excreted by
saliva.
23
24. REGULATION OF SALIVARY
SECRETION:
• Salivary secretion is regulated by nervous mechanism
and it is a reflex phenomenon.
• Salivary reflexes are of two types:
1.Uncoditional reflex: Secretions of saliva when any
substances is placed in the mouth
- It is due to the stimulation of nerve endings in the
mucous membrane of the oral cavity.
- Also called as Inborn reflex.
2.Conditional reflex: Secretion of saliva by the sight ,
smell or thought of food .
- Due to impulses arising from the eyes , ears etc
-Also called as Acquired reflex.
24
28. XEROSTOMIA:
- Dryness of the mouth from the lack of normal
secretion.(GPT9)
Etiology:
• Aging
• Drugs with anticholinergic actions
• Psychiatric comorbidities
• Medical comorbidities
• Alcoholism
• Radiation to head and neck
28
29. Signs and symptoms:
• Dysphagia
• Dysguesia
• Halitosis
• Burning sensation of tongue associated with fissuring
• Tongue tends to stick to the palate
• Reduced denture retention
Diagnosis:
History taking
Symptoms and clinical examination
Saxon test
29
31. 1. Symptomatic treatment:
- More fluid intake should be advised.
- Alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking should be
avoided.
2. Addressing the underlying cause:
- Drug dosage to be altered(if taking any) after consulting
Physician
- Controling the systemic disorder.
-Substituting the medications causing xerostomia
31
32. 3. Saliva stimulation:
- The use of sugar free gum, lemon drops or mints are
conservative methods for temporarily stimulation.
- Using drugs for saliva stimulation:
(i) Bromohexidine—4-8mg tds
(ii) Pilocarpine hcl-----5-7mg tds
(iii) Cevimeline hcl (evoxac)
- Salivary Pacemakers
(i)First generation
(ii)Second generation
(iii)Third generation
32
37. Prosthodontic Management:
(I) In fixed partial denture:
- FPD’S should have full coverage retainers and easily
cleansing pontic and connectors
- Margins of retainer should be supragingival
(II) In removable partial denture:
- Use of gingivally approaching clasp should be avoided
- Tooth supported denture with minimal tissue coverage.
37
38. (III) In complete denture
- Use dentures with metal bases
- Use of soft liners to improve comfort
- Fabrication of intraoral artificial saliva reservoirs
38
39. PTYALISM:
• Is a condition that causes overproduction of saliva
• Causes:
- Anxiety
- Oral infections
- Neuromuscular diseases
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease
• MANAGEMENT:
- Irrigating with astringents
- Anti sialagogues to be administered 1 to 2 days before
the treatment
39
40. Prosthodontic management:
(I) In removable partial denture
- Mouth washed prior to investing impression material
- Fast setting impression material is to be used
- Careful cleaning of alginate impression
(II) In fixed partial denture
- the dryness of the oral cavity is achieved by Rubber dam,
high volume saliva ejector , anti sialagogues.
40
41. ROLE OF SALIVA IN
PROSTHODONTICS:
o From a Prosthodontist point of view, salivary glands and
saliva are of great importance anatomically and
physiologically
o Consistency of saliva:
- Best to work with a serous type of saliva.
- Presence of thick saliva creates problem for maxillary
denture retention
- Thick saliva also complicates impression making
41
42. o Amount of saliva:
- Excess saliva: complicates impression making and denture
construction
- Less saliva: retention of denture is affected and increased
potential for soreness
oSaliva is considered as a major factor in evaluating the
physical agent in the retention of complete denture. The
physical forces in which saliva is involved are:
(I) Adhesion
(II)Cohesion
(III)Interfacial surface tension
(IV)Capillarity
(V)Atmospheric pressure
42
43. I. ADHESION:
The physical attraction of unlike molecules to one another
II. COHESION:
The physical attraction of like molecules to each other
43
47. USE OF SALIVAAS A INVESTIGATING
AID IN DISEASES:
• Several diseases and disorders are reflected by the variations
in the saliva composition.
• Cystic fibrosis
• Sjogren’s syndrome
• Cancer’s
• Endocrine function’s
• Viral diseases
• SARS-CoV-2
47
48. CONCLUSION:
The components of saliva acts as a mirror of the
body’s health. The knowledge of normal salivary
composition , flow and functions is extremely
important on daily basis when treating the patients
and recognition should be given to saliva for the
many contributions it makes to the preservation and
maintenance of oral and systemic health.
48
49. REFERENCES:
Richard L Drake. Grays anatomy. 4th edition 2020, Elsevier
Inc;p. 1091-1094.
Chaurasia’s. Human Anatomy head and neck.2nd edition
1992,New Delhi ,CBS ; p. 252-255.
Mincy C, Eapen A. Salivary Glands and Its Myriad Forms
of Cancers–Diagnosis And Therapy. World Journal of
Research and Review.;2(6):262947.
Rajesh E, Masthan KM. Embryology and development of
salivary gland. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical
Medicine. 2020 Dec 16;7(10):764-70.
Sainudeen S, Sabujan A. Minor salivary glands and
‘Tubarial Glands’-Anatomy, physiology, and pathology
relevant to radiology. Journal of Radiology and Clinical
Imaging. 2021;4(1):1-4.
49
50. Tango RN, Arata A, Borges AL, Costa AK, Pereira LJ,
Kaminagakura E. The role of new removable complete
dentures in stimulated salivary flow and taste perception.
Journal of Prosthodontics. 2018 Apr;27(4):335-9.
Bellagambi FG, Lomonaco T, Salvo P, Vivaldi F, Hangouët
M, Ghimenti S, Biagini D, Di Francesco F, Fuoco R,
Errachid A. Saliva sampling: Methods and devices. An
overview. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2020 Mar
1;124:115781.
Jacob SA, Gopalakrishnan A. Saliva in prosthodontic
therapy-all you need to know. J Dent Sci. 2013;1(1):13-25.
50
Medicaly by mylohyoid muscle , laterally by mandibular body
Discovered by Valstar et al at nertherlands cancer inst. In sept 2020.
Acc to stedmans med dic saliva clean oudorless slig. Acidic vicicous fluid consist of sec of par,subm,subl n mucous glands of oc.
Subject is asked 2 chew sterile swab 4 2mins n the swab is weighed. Nrml 2mins-2.75gms
First-generation salivary pacemakers device consisted of a hand-held probe, tipped with stainless steel electrodes, and a console that housed a battery and the electronic signal-generating power source, the size and shape of which were similar to a video or CD player. (b)The probe was applied to the intra-oral mucosal surfaces by the user (between the dorsum of the tongue and palate) for a few minutes each day and delivered a stimulating signal to sensitive neurons of the mouth to induce salivation
Second-generation removable device consists of three components: A miniaturized electronic stimulator that has a signal generator, power source and conducting circuitry; an intraoral removable appliance; and an infrared remote control. The miniaturized electronic stimulator is mounted in a removable intraoral appliance (a); which is under remote control that activates the stimulator (b); This device is applied into the mouth in a non-invasive manner
Third-generation implant-supported neuroelectrostimulating device can be permanently applied into the oral cavity as it can be screwed onto an osteo-integrated dental implant inserted in the third molar area. Figure shows the implantation procedure and application of the device. Transmucosal exposure of mandibular bone (a) is followed by preparation of the implant bed in mandibular bone (b) and insertion of the dental root implant (c) The neuroelectrostimulating device is shown in its applicator (d) and mounted onto the root implant (e) Radiograph of the implant-supported device (f)
Steps in fabrication of maxillary salivary reservoir complete denture. (A) Palatal contours recorded using tissue conditioning material at
the try-in appointment. (B) Template of 1-mm thick thermoplastic material fabricated on working cast. (C) Wax-up of reservoir walls and lid rim
with sprue wax. (D) Trial denture after dewaxing (view from the cope of flask). (E) Finished and polished complete denture with reservoir walls
and lid rim on the palatal aspect of the denture. (F) Reservoir lid fabricated with 2-mm flexible thermoplastic sheet on duplicated cast of the
denture. (G) Polished surface of maxillary salivary reservoir complete denture with salivary substitute. (H) Intraoral view of maxillary salivary
reservoir complete denture with salivary substitute. (I) Intraoral view of complete dentures in occlusion.