Central face begins to develop by 4th week, when olfactory placodes appear on both sides of the frontonasal process.
Gradually both placodes develop to form the median and lateral nasal process.
Upper lip is formed by 6th week by fusion of two median nasal processes in midline and the maxilllary process of the 1st branchial arch.
PRE-NATAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PALATEFormation of primary and secondary palate
Elevation of palatal shelves
Fusion of palatal shelves
Central face begins to develop by 4th week, when olfactory placodes appear on both sides of the frontonasal process.
Gradually both placodes develop to form the median and lateral nasal process.
Upper lip is formed by 6th week by fusion of two median nasal processes in midline and the maxilllary process of the 1st branchial arch.
PRE-NATAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PALATEFormation of primary and secondary palate
Elevation of palatal shelves
Fusion of palatal shelves
A Complete presentation explaining the complete morphology of Maxillary first molar, for the benefit of people like me who tried and failed to find everything in one package
Coronal and radicular pulp
Apical foramen
Accessory canal
Functions of dental pulp
Components of dental pulp
Functions of pulpal extracellular matrix
Organization of cells in the pulp
The principle cells of the pulp
The pathways of collagen synthesis
Matrix and ground substances
Vasculature and lymphatic supply
Innervation of Dentin- pulp complex
Disorders of the dental pulp
Advances in pulp vitality testing
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Since the formation of various parts of the face involves fusion of diverse components.
Occasionally this fusion can be incomplete give rise to various anomalies
MANDIBULOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS OR FIRST ARCH SYNDROME
- Entire first arch may remain underdeveloped on one or both sides, affecting
Lower eyelid
Maxilla
Mandible
External ear.
- Prominence of the cheek is absent
- Ear is displaced ventrally and caudally
I prepared this presentation during the first year of my MDS. This will give you a basic idea and necessary information about the pulp of the teeth and its histology. Hope you guys find it useful.
A Complete presentation explaining the complete morphology of Maxillary first molar, for the benefit of people like me who tried and failed to find everything in one package
Coronal and radicular pulp
Apical foramen
Accessory canal
Functions of dental pulp
Components of dental pulp
Functions of pulpal extracellular matrix
Organization of cells in the pulp
The principle cells of the pulp
The pathways of collagen synthesis
Matrix and ground substances
Vasculature and lymphatic supply
Innervation of Dentin- pulp complex
Disorders of the dental pulp
Advances in pulp vitality testing
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Since the formation of various parts of the face involves fusion of diverse components.
Occasionally this fusion can be incomplete give rise to various anomalies
MANDIBULOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS OR FIRST ARCH SYNDROME
- Entire first arch may remain underdeveloped on one or both sides, affecting
Lower eyelid
Maxilla
Mandible
External ear.
- Prominence of the cheek is absent
- Ear is displaced ventrally and caudally
I prepared this presentation during the first year of my MDS. This will give you a basic idea and necessary information about the pulp of the teeth and its histology. Hope you guys find it useful.
Paranasal Sinuses (PNS) are air containing bony spaces around the nasal cavity. There are 4 pairs of paranasal sinuses(bilaterally) but maxillary sinus is considered most important to dentists due to proximity of maxillary sinus to orbit, alveolar ridge, diseases involving these structures may produce confusing symptoms. Hence precise information about surgical anatomy is essential to dental practitioners. the close anatomical relationship of the maxillary sinus and the roots of maxillary molars, premolars, and in some instances canines, can also lead to several endodontic complications. Clinicians must be particularly cautious when performing dental procedures involving the maxillary posterior teeth
As Europe's leading economic powerhouse and the fourth-largest hashtag#economy globally, Germany stands at the forefront of innovation and industrial might. Renowned for its precision engineering and high-tech sectors, Germany's economic structure is heavily supported by a robust service industry, accounting for approximately 68% of its GDP. This economic clout and strategic geopolitical stance position Germany as a focal point in the global cyber threat landscape.
In the face of escalating global tensions, particularly those emanating from geopolitical disputes with nations like hashtag#Russia and hashtag#China, hashtag#Germany has witnessed a significant uptick in targeted cyber operations. Our analysis indicates a marked increase in hashtag#cyberattack sophistication aimed at critical infrastructure and key industrial sectors. These attacks range from ransomware campaigns to hashtag#AdvancedPersistentThreats (hashtag#APTs), threatening national security and business integrity.
🔑 Key findings include:
🔍 Increased frequency and complexity of cyber threats.
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Our comprehensive report delves into these challenges, using a blend of open-source and proprietary data collection techniques. By monitoring activity on critical networks and analyzing attack patterns, our team provides a detailed overview of the threats facing German entities.
This report aims to equip stakeholders across public and private sectors with the knowledge to enhance their defensive strategies, reduce exposure to cyber risks, and reinforce Germany's resilience against cyber threats.
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Empowering the Data Analytics Ecosystem: A Laser Focus on Value
The data analytics ecosystem thrives when every component functions at its peak, unlocking the true potential of data. Here's a laser focus on key areas for an empowered ecosystem:
1. Democratize Access, Not Data:
Granular Access Controls: Provide users with self-service tools tailored to their specific needs, preventing data overload and misuse.
Data Catalogs: Implement robust data catalogs for easy discovery and understanding of available data sources.
2. Foster Collaboration with Clear Roles:
Data Mesh Architecture: Break down data silos by creating a distributed data ownership model with clear ownership and responsibilities.
Collaborative Workspaces: Utilize interactive platforms where data scientists, analysts, and domain experts can work seamlessly together.
3. Leverage Advanced Analytics Strategically:
AI-powered Automation: Automate repetitive tasks like data cleaning and feature engineering, freeing up data talent for higher-level analysis.
Right-Tool Selection: Strategically choose the most effective advanced analytics techniques (e.g., AI, ML) based on specific business problems.
4. Prioritize Data Quality with Automation:
Automated Data Validation: Implement automated data quality checks to identify and rectify errors at the source, minimizing downstream issues.
Data Lineage Tracking: Track the flow of data throughout the ecosystem, ensuring transparency and facilitating root cause analysis for errors.
5. Cultivate a Data-Driven Mindset:
Metrics-Driven Performance Management: Align KPIs and performance metrics with data-driven insights to ensure actionable decision making.
Data Storytelling Workshops: Equip stakeholders with the skills to translate complex data findings into compelling narratives that drive action.
Benefits of a Precise Ecosystem:
Sharpened Focus: Precise access and clear roles ensure everyone works with the most relevant data, maximizing efficiency.
Actionable Insights: Strategic analytics and automated quality checks lead to more reliable and actionable data insights.
Continuous Improvement: Data-driven performance management fosters a culture of learning and continuous improvement.
Sustainable Growth: Empowered by data, organizations can make informed decisions to drive sustainable growth and innovation.
By focusing on these precise actions, organizations can create an empowered data analytics ecosystem that delivers real value by driving data-driven decisions and maximizing the return on their data investment.
3. PARANASAL SINUSES
Paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces present
within some bones around the nasal cavities.
There are four pairs of paranasal sinuses:
Maxillary
Frontal
Ethmoidal
Sphenoidal
All of the sinuses open into nasal cavity through
its lateral wall.
4.
5. DEFINATION
Maxillary sinus is the pneumatic space
that is lodged inside the body of maxilla
and that communicates with the
environment by way of the middle meatus
and the nasal vestibule.
Largest paranasal sinus
Also called as “ANTRUM OF HIGHMORE”
Drains into nose through Ostia.
6.
7. ANATOMY
Shape: Pyramidal
Size: Variable
Boundaries
Apex: Zygomatic process of maxilla
Base: Nasal surface of maxilla(formed by lateral wall of nose)
Roof: Orbital surface of maxilla(formed by thin orbital part)
Floor: Lateral hard palate, Alveolar process of maxilla
Anterior wall is related to infra-orbital plexus of nerves
and vessels and origin of muscles of upper lip
Posterior wall is pierced by posterior superior alveolar
nerve and vessels which travel to molar teeth.
8.
9. BLOOD SUPPLY
Arterial supply
Facial artery
Maxillary artery
Infra orbital artery
Greater palatine artery
Venous drainage
Anteriorly: Sphenopalatine vein
Posteriorly: Pterygoid venous plexus drain into facial vein
Pterygoid plexus communicates with cavernous sinus by emissary vein.
11. Nerve supply
Anterior superior alveolar nerve
Middle superior alveolar nerve
Posterior superior alveolar nerve
Infra orbital nerve
Greater palatine
Lymphatic drainage
Submandibular lymph node
Deep cervical lymph node
Retropharyngeal lymph node
12.
13. DEVELOPMENT
It is the first paranasal sinus to develop.
Initial development of sinus follows a number of
morphogenic events in the differentiation of the
nasal cavity in early gestation(about 32 mm
crown-rump length [CRL] in an embryo.)
Horizontal shift of the Palatal Shelves &
subsequent fusion with one another
14. Nasal Septum separates the secondary oral cavity from
the two nasal chambers
Influences further expansion of the lateral nasal wall & 3
walls begin to fold
3 conchae and meatuses arise
Superior and inferior meatuses remain as shallow
depressions along the lateral nasal wall for the first half
of IUL
Middle meatus expands immediately into lateral nasal
wall & expands in an inferior direction occupying more
of the future maxillary body
15. Development of sinus starts at 12th week as an
evagination of the mucous membrane in the lateral wall
of the middle meatus
In its development :
Tubular at birth
Ovoid at childhood
Pyramidal in adulthood
16. MICROSCOPIC FEATURES
Three layers surround the space of the Maxillary sinus:
1. Epithelial Layer
2. Basal Lamina
3. Sub – epithelial layer including periosteum
Lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Columnar ciliated cells are numerous
Additional cells: Basal cells, Columnar non ciliated
cells, Goblet cells
17. Cilia contains 9+1 pairs of microtubules
Cilia spreads the mucus
Goblet cells are flask shaped cells, present in the basal
layer, secrete mucus
Sub epithelial glands provide serous and mucous
secretion to the sinus
18.
19. FUNCTION
1. Imparts resonance to the voice
2. Increases the surface area and lightens the
skull
3. Moistens and warms inspired air
4. Filters the debris from the inspired air
5. Mucus production and storage
6. Limit extent of facial injury from trauma
7. Provides thermal insulation to important
tissues
8. Serves as accessory olfactory organs
20. CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Dental infection: Infection from the maxillary premolar and
molars can easily communicate and infect the maxillary
antrum
Oroantral Communication: Traumatic extraction of
maxillary teeth can cause oroantral communication
Root Pieces: Root pieces of maxillary teeth may sometimes
be accidentally forced into the maxillary antrum
Maxillary sinusitis: Because of the thickened and inflamed
sinus lining compresses the nerve supply of the maxillary
posterior teeth causing tenderness of the maxillary teeth
the infraorbital and superior alveolar vessels are frequently
ruptures in maxillary fracture causing the hematoma
formation in the antrum.
21. CLINICAL CONSIDERATION
1. Maxillary sinusitis:
It is the inflammation of the maxillary sinus mucosa.
Types : Depending upon duration
a. Acute (< 4 weeks)
b. Sub acute (4 – 12 weeks)
c. Chronic (going on for 12 weeks or more)
Can sinusitis cause dental pain?
One of the common symptoms of sinusitis is pain and
the location depends on which sinus is affected.
If pain is in patients upper jaw and teeth ,with tender
cheeks, may mean the patients maxillary sinus is
involved.
22. 1. Oroantral fistula
It is an abnormal condition where the maxillary sinus
is exposed to oral cavity through an epithelialised
fistula.
Oroantral communication(abnormal
communication between maxillary sinus and oral
cavity) if left untreated can either heal or progress
into OAF.
Causes of OAF
Extraction of posterior maxillary molars mainly 1st
and 2nd
Displacement of posterior maxillary molar roots
into antrum(palatal root mainly involved)
23. DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
Crouzon syndrome: Early synostosis(fusion)of
sutures produces hypoplasia of the maxilla and
therefore the maxillary sinus together with the
high arched palate. It is a genetic disorder
charactarized by premature fusion of certain skull
bones.
Treacher Collins syndrome: Associated with
grossly and symmetrically underdeveloped
maxillary sinuses and malar bones.
Binder syndrome: Hypoplasia of middle third of
the face with smaller maxillary length and
maxillary sinus hypoplasia.
24. REFERENCES
B D CHAURASIA’S HUMAN ANATOMY
ORBANS ORAL HISTOLOGY AND
EMBRYOLOGY
JAMES K AVERY
ESSENTIALS OF ORAL HISTOLOGY AND
EMBRYOLOGY