The document summarizes key features of Charaka Samhita, an ancient Indian medical text. It discusses:
1. Charaka Samhita is one of the three classic texts of Ayurveda known as the Brihatrayi. It contains 9,295 sutras across 8 sections and 120 chapters.
2. The Sutra Sthana section lays the foundation for the entire text and discusses fundamental Ayurvedic principles. It is known as the "nectar of knowledge" that provides nourishment to the rest of the Samhita.
3. The Nidana Sthana section deals with the diagnosis, etiology and pathogenesis of diseases. Understanding the causes of
The 'Sutra' is that power of words endowed to mankind to express his thoughts in a short and apt form. These Sutras are the conclusions of exhaustive survey of several years corroborating the experiences of ages. As the definition of Sutra states.
The one which comprises of minimum letters but maximum matter which is in the form of confirmed pure knowledge, and also possessing the power of self elaboration is defined as Sutra.
The Sutras possessing such a broad speculum are collected to comprehend the Samhita or Tantra. But the essence of the Samhita is extracted in its Sutrasthana only. The main and important classic, which narrates Ayurveda Shastra, is Caraka Samhita, which is the foundation stone of Ayurvedic literature. This Dwadasha Sahasri Samhita is also divided in eight Sthanas, amongst them the Sutrasthana which is most important being the Adyasthana and is representive of rest Sthanas.
Just like a thread, which keeps all the flowers together in garland. similarly Sutrasthana comprises the essence of all Sthanas in seed form.
The nectar from all the flowers of the rest 7 Sthanas is collected to design the Sutrasthana.
The Sutrasthana lies as the Madhusancaya of the Samhita. This nectar of knowledge has been stored by Acharya Charaka in very beautiful way i.e. in the form of Chatuska Methodology.
Ayurveda a Food Science perfectly deals with the different kinds of food preparation which can be utilized in day to day life according to prakritti(basic constitution), desha(place), dosha(humors), kala(time).
Every science or literature should be perfect without any mistakes.
It should give a perfect clear cut meaning to the reader.
If any defects or the demerit in the meanings, words, construction of sentences, sequence of topics are found in a Shastra then the validity, popularity and importance of that Shastra is lost by its readers.
So every scholar should have the knowledge of these Tantra Doshas while preparing a new compositions, research papers and books etc. or reading a book.
For student of Rasa shastra it is important to be well versed with the knowledge of Paribhasa i.e definitions. As paribhasa itself is vast subject, an attempt is made by these series of presentations to bring the knowledge easily available to learners.
The 'Sutra' is that power of words endowed to mankind to express his thoughts in a short and apt form. These Sutras are the conclusions of exhaustive survey of several years corroborating the experiences of ages. As the definition of Sutra states.
The one which comprises of minimum letters but maximum matter which is in the form of confirmed pure knowledge, and also possessing the power of self elaboration is defined as Sutra.
The Sutras possessing such a broad speculum are collected to comprehend the Samhita or Tantra. But the essence of the Samhita is extracted in its Sutrasthana only. The main and important classic, which narrates Ayurveda Shastra, is Caraka Samhita, which is the foundation stone of Ayurvedic literature. This Dwadasha Sahasri Samhita is also divided in eight Sthanas, amongst them the Sutrasthana which is most important being the Adyasthana and is representive of rest Sthanas.
Just like a thread, which keeps all the flowers together in garland. similarly Sutrasthana comprises the essence of all Sthanas in seed form.
The nectar from all the flowers of the rest 7 Sthanas is collected to design the Sutrasthana.
The Sutrasthana lies as the Madhusancaya of the Samhita. This nectar of knowledge has been stored by Acharya Charaka in very beautiful way i.e. in the form of Chatuska Methodology.
Ayurveda a Food Science perfectly deals with the different kinds of food preparation which can be utilized in day to day life according to prakritti(basic constitution), desha(place), dosha(humors), kala(time).
Every science or literature should be perfect without any mistakes.
It should give a perfect clear cut meaning to the reader.
If any defects or the demerit in the meanings, words, construction of sentences, sequence of topics are found in a Shastra then the validity, popularity and importance of that Shastra is lost by its readers.
So every scholar should have the knowledge of these Tantra Doshas while preparing a new compositions, research papers and books etc. or reading a book.
For student of Rasa shastra it is important to be well versed with the knowledge of Paribhasa i.e definitions. As paribhasa itself is vast subject, an attempt is made by these series of presentations to bring the knowledge easily available to learners.
Concept of balya and brimhana (immunity and micronutrients) in ayurvedaKopila Adhikari
according to ayurveda many diseases arises due to lack of immunity powder. proper nutrition and herbal preparation helps to boost up energy and to relief malnutrition.
Vipaka comes under the five concepts under the study of a dravya (Rasapanchakas). In Ayurveda the digestion & metabolism of any substance is explained in two stages:
Avasthapaka
Nishtapaka
Avasthapaka is the first phase considered as digestion.
In charaka the word “prapaka” is used as the synonym for avasthapaka.
Nishtapka or Vipaka is the second phase and considered as metabolism.
Rasa sastra is one of the important branch of Ayurveda which deals with mineral and
herbomineral pharmaceutical preparations like kharliya rasayana, parpati rasayana,
kupipakva rasayana and pottali rasayana. Pottali rasayana is one among rasa aushadhi
which is very effective and also known as emergency medicine. Pottali rasayana prepared
by different method. Here we prepare with gandhak drava swedana method. The process of
pottali kalpana is very unique, and from other dosage forms it has qualities like small dose,
very high potency, easy to handle, and maximum shelf life. In Hemagarbha pottali rasa main
drugs are suddha parad, suddha gandhak, tamra bhasma and swarna bhasma which gives
compact form by bhavna with kumari swarwsa. In this article we attempted to described
different methods of preparation and regarding pharmaceutical process of Hemagarbha pottali rasa in detail & Clinical Aspects .
Update on Ayurveda & Unani - 2009 on 14-15th November 2009 in Bal Gandharv Rangmandir, Pune organised by Maharastra University of Health Sciences, Regional Centre, AUNDH, Pune
Padartha Vijnana means the science which deals with the substances in the universe, its relationship with the living being in terms of their properties, functions; methods of understanding them etc.
Generally the subject Padartha Vigyan is considered as tough in the field of Ayurveda. But, it is the most useful subject than any other in Ayurveda.
The topics dealt in it are the fundamental concepts of Ayurveda on which entire chikitsa stands.
Understanding the elements in the universe is mandatory before studying the body. In this book, the subject matter is discussed with the help of different darśana and other shastras which are correlated with Ayurveda System.
Hence this will be a good guide for the BAMS students; as it includes all the subject matters in according to the revised syllabus prescribed by NCISM, 2021.
FOR MORE CONTACT THROUGH TELEGRAM CHANNEL @ayurvedonline " https://t.me/ayurvedonline ", Dr Saskhi Bhardwaj,BAMS,NDDY,MD(AYU.SAMHITA AND MAULIK SIDDHANTA,NIA,JAIPUR)
Concept of balya and brimhana (immunity and micronutrients) in ayurvedaKopila Adhikari
according to ayurveda many diseases arises due to lack of immunity powder. proper nutrition and herbal preparation helps to boost up energy and to relief malnutrition.
Vipaka comes under the five concepts under the study of a dravya (Rasapanchakas). In Ayurveda the digestion & metabolism of any substance is explained in two stages:
Avasthapaka
Nishtapaka
Avasthapaka is the first phase considered as digestion.
In charaka the word “prapaka” is used as the synonym for avasthapaka.
Nishtapka or Vipaka is the second phase and considered as metabolism.
Rasa sastra is one of the important branch of Ayurveda which deals with mineral and
herbomineral pharmaceutical preparations like kharliya rasayana, parpati rasayana,
kupipakva rasayana and pottali rasayana. Pottali rasayana is one among rasa aushadhi
which is very effective and also known as emergency medicine. Pottali rasayana prepared
by different method. Here we prepare with gandhak drava swedana method. The process of
pottali kalpana is very unique, and from other dosage forms it has qualities like small dose,
very high potency, easy to handle, and maximum shelf life. In Hemagarbha pottali rasa main
drugs are suddha parad, suddha gandhak, tamra bhasma and swarna bhasma which gives
compact form by bhavna with kumari swarwsa. In this article we attempted to described
different methods of preparation and regarding pharmaceutical process of Hemagarbha pottali rasa in detail & Clinical Aspects .
Update on Ayurveda & Unani - 2009 on 14-15th November 2009 in Bal Gandharv Rangmandir, Pune organised by Maharastra University of Health Sciences, Regional Centre, AUNDH, Pune
Padartha Vijnana means the science which deals with the substances in the universe, its relationship with the living being in terms of their properties, functions; methods of understanding them etc.
Generally the subject Padartha Vigyan is considered as tough in the field of Ayurveda. But, it is the most useful subject than any other in Ayurveda.
The topics dealt in it are the fundamental concepts of Ayurveda on which entire chikitsa stands.
Understanding the elements in the universe is mandatory before studying the body. In this book, the subject matter is discussed with the help of different darśana and other shastras which are correlated with Ayurveda System.
Hence this will be a good guide for the BAMS students; as it includes all the subject matters in according to the revised syllabus prescribed by NCISM, 2021.
FOR MORE CONTACT THROUGH TELEGRAM CHANNEL @ayurvedonline " https://t.me/ayurvedonline ", Dr Saskhi Bhardwaj,BAMS,NDDY,MD(AYU.SAMHITA AND MAULIK SIDDHANTA,NIA,JAIPUR)
The basic physiology of the menstrual cycle is a complex mechanism. This involves sequence of phases in coordination with the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, ovary and endometrium. Normalcy and rhythmic menstruation are prime factors for normal reproduction. The menstrual cycle with all its complexities can be easily perturbed and lead to Oligomenorrhoea and Hypomenorrhea, the most common conditions seen in the present era. Its prevalence from different studies is 13.5 and 12.95 respectively. In classics, based on the pathophysiology of Lakshana by considering Dosha, Dushya, Agni, Srotas etc. this condition can be considered as Artava Kshaya. It is Agnimandhyajanya Vikara having Bahudoshavastha with Kapha Vata Dushti where Kapha produces Avarana to Vata Dosha and obstructs Artava Vaha Srotas. So, Deepana Pachana, Shodhana followed with Shamana Chikitsa corrects the pathophysiology Artava Kshaya. Dr. Padmavati Venkatesh | Dr. Priyanka Bhadargade | Dr. Anita Halgatti "Critical Review on Artava Kshaya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-6 , December 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60080.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/60080/critical-review-on-artava-kshaya/dr-padmavati-venkatesh
Understanding Yama of Yoga Darshana and its application in AyurvedaDrashwini Nimbal
The tattvas of Yama of Yoga Dashana are namely Satya, Ahimsa , Asteya, Aparigraha and Brahmacharya are studied in Yoga Darshan and attempt is made to apply these in Ayurveda.
this chapter deals with the Ayurveda granthas.and explained in details about desciple of Agnivesha.and benifit of reading CHARAKA AND SUSHRUTA SAMHITA.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
5. STRUCTURE
अर् श्वभषगाश्वदत एव श्वभषजा प्रष्टव्योऽष्टश्ववधं भवश्वत - तन्त्रं,
तन्त्रातवः,स्र्ानं, स्र्ानार्वन्, अध्यायं, अध्यायार्ावन्,
प्रश्नं,प्रश्नार्ावन् शेश्वत प्रुष्टेन चतद्वक्तव्यशेषेण वाक्यशो
वाक्यार्वशो ऽ र्ाववयवशेछेश्वत।
GURU SUTRA: Statements made
by the teacher
SISHYA SUTRA: Statements or
enquiries made by the disciple
PRATISAMSKARTR SUTRA:
Statements of the redactor
EKIYA SUTRA:Statements made
by individual scholars
6. STHANAS
SECTIONS CONTENTS
Sootrasthana Origin and propagation of Ayurveda
Nidana sthana Causation and Pathology of predominant diseases
Vimana sthana Fundamental principles of drug administration
Sharira sthana Philosophical aspects (Srishti utpatti, moksha,upadha etc.,),anatomical
aspects
Indriya sthana Fatala signs, prognosis
Chikitsa sthana Treatment aspects
Kalpa sthana Formulations used in Purificatory measures
Siddhi sthana Instructions of purificatory measures and the management of
complications of procedures
SOOTRA STHANA 30
NIDANA 8
VIMANA 8
SHAARIRA 8
INDRIYA 12
CHIKITSA 30
KALPA 12
SIDDHI 12
TOTAL -120
द्वे त्रिंशक
े द्वादशक
िं रयिं च रीण्यष्टकका्ेु समा
प्तिरुक्ता|
श्लोकौुधारि्टकत्िकल्पत्सप्तित्िदािमािाश्रयसञ्ज्ञ
क
े ु||३४||(Cha.su,30)
7. SUTRASTHANA
• औुधस्वस्थत्िदेशकल्पिािोगयोजिााः|
चतष्ााः ुट् क्रमेणोक्तााः सिमश्चान्नपात्िकाः||४४||
द्वौ चान्त्यौ सङ्ग् रहाध्यायात्ित्त त्रिंशकमथथित्|
श्लोकस्थाििं समत्ि्टकिं तन्त्रस्यास्य त्शिाः शभम् [३] ||४५||
चतष्ाणािं महाथाथिािं स्थािेऽप्तिि् सङ्ग् रहाः क
ृ ताः| (Cha.su,30)
• First section dealing with fundamental principles of Ayurveda.
• Foundation for the whole samhita
• The sutra sthana contains various sutrasshlokas related to other sthanas , hence also
known as shloka sthana.
The sutra sthana lies as the nectar of knowledge, which has been stored in the form of sapta
chathushkas.
These chathushkas are the heart of the text providing nourishment to the rest of the
Samhita and evidence of the practical access of Charaka Samhita as a text of therapeutics.
Chatushka study can be analyzed as:
CELL : whole Samhita
NUCLEUS ; Sutra sthana
GENES : Chathushka
CHROMOSOMES: 4 Adhyayas
In a Chathushka , the four chapters speaks about the same subjects in different angles.
KEY POINTS
1.TITLE OF CHAPTERS : The title of
chapters are based on the first word
occurring in the chapters, which are also
suggestive of its contents.
In some other cases, the name of a
chapter is based upon the subject matter
discussed. For eg., the 9th chapter is
named as KHUDDAKA
CHATHUSHPAADA.
Intrestingly..
10 TH chapter : MAHA
CHATHUSHPAADA
20TH CHAPTER : MAHA
CHATHUSHPAADA
30TH CHAPTER:
ARTHEDASAMAHAMULIYA
8. CHATHUSHKAS
NAME CHAPTERS CONTENTS
BHESHAJA
(Quadrate on drugs)
Deerghanjeeviteeyam, Apamargatanduleeya
Aragvadheeyam, Shadvirechana Shataasriteeya Tridosha (Vata, Pitta and Kapha), Rasa(taste), Shad padartha siddhanta (six
basic principles), etc.
Phalini Dravya (therapeutically useful fruits as drugs),
Moolini Dravya(therapeutically useful roots as drugs), Mahasneha (four
kinds of fats), Lavana(salts), various types of mutra(urine)
and ksheera(milk).
herbs and medicines to be used during and after Panchakarma (five methods
of bio-purification).
use of topical medications, or medicines to be applied externally,
i.e.,lepa etc. details of fifty Mahakashaya
SWASTHYA
(quadrate on regimens)
Maatraaseetiya, Tasyashiteeya
Navegandhaaraneeya, Indriyopakramaneeya
Ahara
Vihara
Achara
Principles of personal & social hygeine
NIRDESHA
( guidelines for health care
management)
Khuddaakachathushpaada, Mahaachathushpaada
Tisraishaneeya, Vaatakalaakaleeya
four aspects of therapeutics (Chathushpada), classification of diseases on the
basis of prognosis, Trividha eshanas
Sutrasthaana- vaatakalaakaleeyam=zero
KALPANA
(quadrate on therapeutic
purification)
Sneha Adhyaya, Sweda Adhyaya
Upakalpaneeya, Chikitsapraabhrteeya
Preparation of Patient
Specialized shodhana chikitsa
IPD Management
Hospital training
Shuddha Chikitsa
ROGA
(quadrate on classification of
disease)
Kiyantah Shiraseeya, Trishotheeya
Ashtodariya, Mahaaroga adhyaya
Kiyantah shiraseeya: Shiroroga,hridroga, eighteen types
of kshaya, vidradhi and madhumeha.
Trishotheeya: various types of edema.
Ashtodareeya: 48 diseases that are caused by a combination of doshas.
Maharoga adhyaya: diseases caused by single dosha(vata, pitta, or kapha).
YOJANA
(Guidelines for management of
diseases)
Ashtau ninditeeya, Langhana brmhaneeya
Santarpaneeya, Vidhishoniteeya
Association of diseases and therapeutics
ANNAPANA Yajjapurusheeya, Atreyabhadrakapiya
Annapaana vidhi, Vividha ashita pitiya
Dietetics and nutrition in health as well as diseases
10. NIDANA STHANA
सङ्क्ष
े पेण हेतुश्वलङ्गाश्वभधायक
ं सूर्त्रस्र्ानमनु प्र
पञ्चेन हेतुश्वलङ्गाश्वभधायक
ं श्वनदानस्र्ानमु्य
ते; हेतुश्वलङ्गज्ञानपूश्वववका श्वह श्वचश्वकत्सा साध्वी
भवश्वत|
हेतव:पूववरूपाणीरूपाण्युपशयस्तर्ा।
सम्प्राद्धि: पूववमुत्पश्वि: सूर्त्रमार्त्रं
श्वचश्वकद्धत्सतात्॥
Nidana sthana acts as a model for remaining
diseases.
Samprapti vighatanam - chikitsa
deals with principles of diagnosis of diseases.
The term Nidana is applied for knowing the origin of
disease (vyadhijanaka)
and comprehensive information of disease
(vyadhibodhaka). [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.Nidana
Sthana 1/1-2]
Complete cure in curable diseases and management
of palliable diseases can only be achieved after Nidana
Parivarjana (removing the cause). If the cause is
removed, then half the treatment is done.
11. PANCHA LAKSHANA NIDANA
VIKALPA SAMPRAPTI – AMSHA AMSHA KALPANA
NIDAANARTHAKARA ROGAS
CHIKITSA SUTRAS IN BRIEF
VIKARA VIGHATA KARA BHAVA ABHAVA
HIGHLIGHTS
NIDANAARTHAKARA ROGAS
त्िदािाथथकिो िोगो िोगस्याप्यपलभ्यते||१६||
तद्यथा- ज्विसन्तापाद्रक्तत्पत्तमदीयथते|
िक्तत्पत्ताज्ज्विस्ताभ्यािं शोुश्चाप्यपजायते [१] ||१७||
प्लीहात्भिृद्ध्या जठििं जठिाच्छोथ एि च|
अशोभ्यो जठििं दाःखिं गल्मश्चाप्यपजायते||१८||
प्रत्तश्यायाद्भिेत् कासाः कासात् सञ्जायते क्षयाः|
क्षयो िोगस्य हेतत्वे शोुस्याप्यपलभ्यते||१९||
VIKARA VIGHATA KARA
BHAVA-ABHAVA
Specific interaction of the
etiological factors with
doshas and dushyas, as
well as the presence or
absence of the disease
resisting factors
influences the outcome
regarding the
manifestation of the
disease.
VIKARA VIGHATA BHAVA-Factors hindering
the disease is present-no disease
VIKARA VIGHATA ABHAVA-Factors
supporting the disease is present-disease
manifested
12.
13. अतो वक्ष्यमाणदोषभेषजाश्वदश्ववशेषज्ञापक
ं श्ववमानस्र्ानं ब्रूते|
श्ववशेषेण मीयते ज्ञायते दोषभेषजाद्यनेनेश्वत श्ववमानं, दोषभेषजादीनां प्रभावाश्वदश्ववशेष इत्यर्वः
;
दोषभेषजदेशकालबलशरीरसाराहारसात्म्यसत्त्वप्रक
ृ श्वतवयसां [२] मानमवश्वहतमनसा यर्ाव
ज्ज्ञेयं भवश्वत श्वभषजा, दोषाश्वदमानज्ञानायित्वात् [३] श्वियायाः|
न ह्यमानज्ञो दोषादीनां [४] श्वभषग् व्याश्वधश्वनग्रहसमर्ो भवश्वत|
तस्माद्दोषाश्वदमानज्ञानार्ं [५] श्ववमानस्र्ानमुपदेक्ष्यामोऽश्विवेश!||३||
Vimana sthana is a connecting link between Sootra,Nidana and
Chikitsa.
A unique contribution by Acharya charaka.
Deals with the quantification of dosha vitiation.
Aaturaparijnana Hetawah mentioned in Vimana Sthana that all the factors are pre-
arranged in a chronological order to understand an individual according to
one’s Desha as from birth till grown up stage, and also to understand about the illness
and most common disorders.
VIMANA STHANA
14. CHAPTERS CONTENTS
RASA VIMANAM Ashta ahara vishesha ayatana,
pippali, kshaara, lavana – not to be used in excess
TRIVIDHA KUKSHEEYAM Maatraavat aahaara, Aama pradoshaja vyadhis (alasaka and vishuchika)
JANAPADODWAMSAM prevention of various epidemic disorders caused due to polluted air, water, soil and season. Pranjaaparadaa as a
kaarana for janapadodwamsa.
The lifespan and its gradual decrease according to change in era is predicted here.
TRIVIDHA ROGA VISHESHA
VINJANEEYAM
PRAMANAS as a means for roga pareeksha: aptopadesha (authentic scriptural knowledge or knowledge given by
authority), pratyaksha (direct perception by senses) and anumana (perception based on logical reasoning).
SROTO VIMANAM detailed description of 13 srotas (transportation and perfusion channels) in the body.
Moolasthana, Viddha lakshana, Chikitsa.
ROGANEEKAM VIMANAM five categories of diseases based upon prognosis (curable, incurable), severity (mild, severe), origin (psyche or soma),
etiology (endogenous, exogenous) and site of origin (amashaya, pakvashaya). It further describes
the anubandhya (independent disease) and anubandha (dependent upon other disease). The differentiation of disease
based upon predominant dosha and its management principles are described.
VYADHITA ROOPIYAM Guru vyadhita and Laghu Vyadhita. The second part of the chapter is about krimi (micro-organisms and parasites)
and their management. Since the field of microbiology has mostly developed in the last one hundred years, the
treatment of krimi is not adequate but prevention methods are comprehensive.
ROGA BHISHAGJITEEYAM Adhyayana , Adhyapana and Tadvidya Sambhasha
Dasa vidha pareeksha bhaavas and Dasa vidha Pareekshya bhaavas
Fundamentals of Research Protocol
Vaadamargas
15. JANAPADODHWAMSA : (Current Pandemic –COVID19)
Agnivesha’s query: How do all individuals having dissimilar physical
constituition etc.,(prakriti,ahara,desha,kala …) suffer from the same
disease ?
Atreya’s reply : Factors which are common for all the inhabitants of the
country- Vayu, Udakam, desham, kaalam.
Cause : pranjaaparada---adharma
ROGABHISHAGJITEEYAM
Trividha njaanopaayas: Adhyayana, Adhyapana and Tadvidya
sambhasha (Paedagogical aspects)
Vaadamaargas- Academmic debates
Dasavidha pareeksha bhaavas & Dasavidha pareekshya bhaavas
Research protocol
HIGHLIGHTS OF VIMANA STHANA
16. शरीरं श्वचन्त्यते सवं दवमानुषसम्पदा सववभावयवतस्तस्माच्छारीरं
स्र्ानमु्यते॥
Shareera is narrated from all the perspectives i.,e, Daivi(
supreme divinity) and manusha(human level) .
The components of life as a whole has been explained not the
physical body alone.
This section offers a birds – eye view of very highly evolved
philosophical concepts to practical aspects of human body
system.
Review of description of this section clearly explains that the
human being includes physical body, mind and consciousness.
SHARIRA STHANA
17. CHAPTERS CONTENTS
KADITHA
PURUSHIYAM
Knowledge of :
Srushti utpatti,Purusha, atma, manas, pranjaaparada, yoga, moksha.
ATULYA GOTRIYAM Micro composition of basic units of reproduction Shukra and Shonita and their
role in formation of healthy (physically as well as mentally) child . Factors
constituting sex abnormalities .
KHUDDIKA
GARBHAVAKRANTI
Matruja, pitrujaadi bhaavas.- Shad bhaavas
Heriditary abnormalities—beeja,beeja bhaga,beeja bhaga avayava
MAHATI
GARBHAVAKRANTI
Maasanumasika garbha vrudhi (month wise fetal development)
PURUSHA VICHAYAM LOKAPURUSHA SAAMYA SIDDHANTA
SAREERA VICHAYAM Analytical study of the body, deals with knowledge of the human body.
SHARIRA SANKHYA Anthropometry is the core subject of seventh chapter.
JATISUTRIYA PUMSAVANA, Ante natal, Post-natal , Garbha paata, Garbha srava,Neo
natal care, Dhaatri, Stanya.
18. न च ररष्टप्रश्वतपश्विमन्तराऽसाध्यत्वप्रश्वतपश्विररश्वत ररष्टप्रश्वतपादकश्वमद्धियस्र्ानमेव
श्वचश्वकत्सास्र्ानात् प्रागु्यते [१] | इिशब्देन प्राण उ्यते, तस्यान्तगतस्य श्वलङ्ग
ं ररष्टाख्यश्वमद्धियं;
यदुक्तं व्याकरणे- “इद्धियश्वमिश्वलङ्ग
ं ” (पा.अ.५.२.१३) इत्याश्वद; तस्येद्धियस्य स्र्ानश्वमद्धियस्र्ानम्|
तर्त्राश्वप चेद्धियस्र्ाने वक्तव्ये व्यक्ततमररष्टाश्वभधायकतया (Chakr.comm.)
Indriya Sthana deals with the observation of signs predicting lifespan and signs indicative of reduced
duration of remaining life (also called arishta lakshana).
The word Indriya literally means organ, sense, force, vigor. In the present context, it means prana or
vital life force. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.Indriya Sthana 1/1-2] .
Indriya (sense organs) are said to be the linga (organs) of prana. An important concept discussed in this
section is termed Indriyadushti (damage to the sensory system).
HIGHLIGHTS
•Signs and symptoms (arishta) of imminent death can be perceived by specific changes in
sensory system
(e.g., varna (color), swara (voice), gandha (smell), rasa (taste), sparsha(touch),along
with chhaya (complexion) and prabha (radiance)) are addressed .
•Clinically useful early warning signs have been mentioned.
• examples of arishta that could be perceived on the physical level (or, are Bahyakarana)
as well as on the mental, intellectual, and emotional levels (or, afflicting the Antahkarana ),
with references to shakun( good / bad consequential happening)), doota(
messenger), swapna ( dreams) and miscellaneous occult sciences.
•Astrological predictions has been given importance.
these signs and symptoms could serve as important indicators of prognosis of disease
and therefore, would be helpful in prompt management to save life of patients.
INDRIYA STHANA
19. इश्वत सवव श्ववकाराणामुक्तमेतद्धिश्वकद्धत्सतम्। स्र्ानमेतद्धि तन्त्रस्य रहस्यं परमुिमम्।
त्चत्कप्तितिं व्यात्धहििं पथ्यिं साधिमौुधम्|
प्रायत्श्चत्तिं प्रशमििं प्रक
ृ त्तस्थापििं त्हतम्||३||
त्िद्याद्भेुजिामात्ि, ...|४|
यात्भाः [१] त्क्रयात्भजाथयन्ते शिीिे धातिाः समााः|
सा त्चत्किा त्िकािाणािं कमथ तप्तद्भुजािं िृतम्||३४||
It is important to note that the status of health and etio-pathogenesis of disease depends
upon status of Agni (digestion and metabolism). [Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/4] Therefore,
the treatment is based upon correcting the digestion and metabolism.
RASAYANA AND VAJEEKARANA has been mentioned in the beginning focusing on the
concept of “swasthasya swaasthya rakshanam and aaturasya vikaara prasamanam”
STRUCTURAL DIMENSION
The first principle of treatment (chikitsa sutra) of that particular disease is given in terms
of langhana or brimhana, snehana or rukshana, swedana or stambhana and related
measures of shodhana .
It is followed by description of single or compound preparations along with their
constituents, method of preparation and indications.
The drugs are mentioned in the form of fresh juice and paste, powder, tablet,
decoctions, avaleha (jam), asava (fermented preparations mainly from
juices), arishta (fermented preparations mainly from decoctions), medicated ghee and oil
etc.
CHIKITSA STHANA
20. Being primarily a treatise of kayachikitsa (medicine), twenty three chapters in
the Chikitsa Sthana deal with medical therapeutics.
Due importance has been given to Grahani chikitsa. Focusing on the concepts of
Agni
Other aspects of therapeutics like preservation and promotion of physical, mental,
spiritual and sexual health is dealt in the first two chapters of Rasayana
Chikitsa and Vajikarana Chikitsa.
The chapter Dwivraniya Chikitsa pertains to wound management and briefs about
surgical procedures (shalya).
The chapter Visha Chikitsa on the management of poisoning (visha) deals
with agada-tantra (toxicology).
In Ayurveda, psychiatry is dealt with under the heading of bhuta-vidya and two
chapters viz. Unmada Chikitsa and Apasmara Chikitsa focus on this aspect of
medicine.
The last chapter Yonivyapat Chikitsa describes disorders of male and female
infertility, gynecological disorders with paediatrics diseases. The chapter also
mentions important principles of time of administration of medicine i.e. chrono-
pharmacology and factors for deciding dose i.e. posology.
HIGHLIGHTS…
21. अर् खलु वमनश्ववरेचनार्ं [१] वमनश्ववरेचनद्रव्याणां सुखोपभोगतमः सहान्यद्रवव्यश्वववश्ववधः
कल्पनार्ं भेदार्ं श्ववभागार्ं चेत्यर्वः [२] , तद्योगानां च श्वियाश्ववधेः सुखोपायस्य सम्यगुपकल्प
नार्ं कल्पस्र्ानमुपदेक्ष्यामोऽश्विवेश!||३||
Kalpa Sthana deals with the study of formulations used in therapeutic purification procedures.
vamana and virechana drugs are first described in Kalpa Sthana before the description
of basti therapy, which is described in detail under Siddhi Sthana.
VAMANA KALPA -6 VIRECHANA KALPA - 9
600 recipes prepared from these drugs (Total 15 Drugs)
different dosage forms
like kashaya (decoction), svarasa (juice), kalka (paste), churna (powder), peya (drinks), lehya (lickable
), and bhojya (foods).
Salient features of Kalpa Sthana
Factors responsible for therapeutic efficacy
Pharmacokinetics of Drugs
Similarities/ Dissimilarities of virya
Modification of drug activity
Weight and measures
Snehapaka (preparation of medicated oil or ghee)
Purification of drugs
KALPA STHANAM
22. Siddhi Sthana deals with the standardization and successful administration of
various therapeutic purification procedures.
imparts knowledge regarding successful modes of therapeutic administration.
Siddhi Sthana deals with the scientific explanations of Panchakarma procedures
and details the optimal response of each procedure, major pitfalls in diagnostic
outcomes along with possible complications and their management strategies.
Major share has been devoted in explaining various aspects of basti, its importance,
types, clinical relevance and practical aspects.
Basti has been equated to half of the whole treatment or as the whole treatment
itself.
HIGHLIGHT
The list of tantrayukti described in the last portion explains the richness of literary
perfection possessed by the contributor of the text.
Tantrayukti is the methodology or technique or systemic approach of studying a Tantra
(science) to interpret its correct, unambiguous meaning for the precise practical
application.
SIDDHI STHANAM
23. Charak categorically states that
the concept of siddhi is
established on the basis
of yukti principle. Yukti itself is
dependent on matra (posology)
and kala (time of administration).
Ascertaining the optimal dose at
optimal time is the key to
successful outcome in
therapeutics. Hence Siddhi
Sthana can be considered as the
portion where the philosophical
principle of yukti associates with
siddhi, the pragmatic success.
मार्त्राकालाश्रया युद्धक्तः, श्वसद्धियुवक्तौ प्रश्वतश्विता|
श्वतित्युपरर युद्धक्तज्ञो द्रव्यज्ञानवतां सदा||१६||
(Cha.su.2/13)
24. यश्वदहाद्धस्त तदन्यर्त्र यन्नेहाद्धस्त न तत्क्वश्वचत्|
CONCLUSION
इदमद्धखलमधीत्य सम्यगर्ावन् श्ववम्रुशश्वत योऽश्ववमना: प्रयोगश्वनत्या:।
सा मनुजसुखजीश्ववतप्रदाता भवश्वत ध्रुश्वत स्म्रुश्वत बुश्वध धमव व्रुि:॥
( Cha.Si 12)
AGADATANTARA: 23rd chapter of
chikitsa sthana
BHUTAVIDYA:9th& 10th chapters of
chikitsa sthana, 7 th & 8th
Chapters of Nidana
KAUMARA BHRUTYA:8th chapter
of Shareera
RASAYANA: 1st chapter of Chikitsa
VAJEEKARANA: Last chapter of
chikitsa
STREEROGA: Last chapter of
chikitsa sthana