Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. This document provides an introduction and overview of terpenoids, including their general properties, methods of isolation from plants, classification based on the number of isoprene units, and common analytical techniques used for structural elucidation such as determining functional groups, unsaturation, and the number of rings in the structure.
Pinene is a bicyclic monoterpene compound that exists as two structural isomers, alpha-pinene and beta-pinene, which are major components of pine tree essential oils. Testing showed the presence of a double bond and bicyclic ring system. Upon treatment with ethanol and sulfuric acid, alpha-pinene forms the known compound alpha-terpineol, confirming a six-member ring and hydroxyl group. Further reactions established the presence of a cyclobutane ring and allowed the full structure of alpha-pinene to be determined.
This document summarizes the structural elucidation of camphor. Camphor is derived from camphor laurel trees and is a bicyclic terpenoid with the molecular formula C10H16O. Through various chemical reactions and analysis of products, it was determined that camphor contains a six-membered ring, a ketone group, and three methyl groups. Camphor oxidizes to form camphoric acid and camphoronic acid, allowing scientists to propose that its structure is a cyclopentane derivative with the ketone and methyl groups arranged in a specific configuration.
Retrosynthetic analysis, definition, importance, disconnection approach, one group two group disconnection logical and illogical disconnection approach compounds containing two nitrogen atom retrosynthetic analysis of camphor, cartisone, reserpine
Retrosynthes analysis and disconnection approach ProttayDutta1
Retrosynthetic analysis is a technique used to plan organic syntheses by working backwards from the target molecule. It involves mentally deconstructing the target molecule through sequential disconnections and functional group transformations until commercially available starting materials are reached. Each disconnection produces synthons, which are idealized fragments that represent possible reaction precursors. Common types of disconnections include C-X, C-C, and carbonyl bonds. The goal of retrosynthesis is to simplify the target structure and design multiple possible synthesis routes leading from simple starting materials to the target. It helps chemists discover efficient syntheses by considering the reactivity, selectivity, and availability of materials at each step.
Citral is an acyclic compound containing two double bonds and an aldehyde group. It exists as two cis-trans isomers that differ in the orientation of the aldehyde group relative to the double bond and methylene group. This isomerism is evidenced by citral forming two different semicarbazones and reducing to either geraniol or nerol depending on the isomer. NMR data also shows differences between the isomers due to magnetic shielding effects. The carbon skeleton of citral contains two isoprene units joined head to tail, which is revealed through its cyclization to p-cymene when heated.
Triterpenes are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain. Squalene is a 30-carbon triterpene containing six double bonds. Its structure was elucidated through reactions showing the presence of double bonds and the absence of conjugated double bonds. Oxidation and ozonolysis reactions provided further insight into its structure. Carotenoids are tetraterpenoids containing 9-11 double bonds that may terminate in rings. Alpha and beta carotene are prominent carotenoids, with beta carotene being the most well-known and a provitamin A.
Terpenoids, carotenoids, vitamins and quassinoidsSana Raza
1) Terpenoids are a class of organic compounds derived from five carbon isoprene units. Common examples discussed include menthol, camphor, citral, and carotenoids.
2) Menthol is obtained from peppermint oil and has the molecular formula C10H20O. It is a crystalline monocyclic terpenoid alcohol.
3) Camphor is obtained from camphor laurel trees. It is a white crystalline bicyclic monoterpenoid with the molecular formula C10H16O.
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. This document provides an introduction and overview of terpenoids, including their general properties, methods of isolation from plants, classification based on the number of isoprene units, and common analytical techniques used for structural elucidation such as determining functional groups, unsaturation, and the number of rings in the structure.
Pinene is a bicyclic monoterpene compound that exists as two structural isomers, alpha-pinene and beta-pinene, which are major components of pine tree essential oils. Testing showed the presence of a double bond and bicyclic ring system. Upon treatment with ethanol and sulfuric acid, alpha-pinene forms the known compound alpha-terpineol, confirming a six-member ring and hydroxyl group. Further reactions established the presence of a cyclobutane ring and allowed the full structure of alpha-pinene to be determined.
This document summarizes the structural elucidation of camphor. Camphor is derived from camphor laurel trees and is a bicyclic terpenoid with the molecular formula C10H16O. Through various chemical reactions and analysis of products, it was determined that camphor contains a six-membered ring, a ketone group, and three methyl groups. Camphor oxidizes to form camphoric acid and camphoronic acid, allowing scientists to propose that its structure is a cyclopentane derivative with the ketone and methyl groups arranged in a specific configuration.
Retrosynthetic analysis, definition, importance, disconnection approach, one group two group disconnection logical and illogical disconnection approach compounds containing two nitrogen atom retrosynthetic analysis of camphor, cartisone, reserpine
Retrosynthes analysis and disconnection approach ProttayDutta1
Retrosynthetic analysis is a technique used to plan organic syntheses by working backwards from the target molecule. It involves mentally deconstructing the target molecule through sequential disconnections and functional group transformations until commercially available starting materials are reached. Each disconnection produces synthons, which are idealized fragments that represent possible reaction precursors. Common types of disconnections include C-X, C-C, and carbonyl bonds. The goal of retrosynthesis is to simplify the target structure and design multiple possible synthesis routes leading from simple starting materials to the target. It helps chemists discover efficient syntheses by considering the reactivity, selectivity, and availability of materials at each step.
Citral is an acyclic compound containing two double bonds and an aldehyde group. It exists as two cis-trans isomers that differ in the orientation of the aldehyde group relative to the double bond and methylene group. This isomerism is evidenced by citral forming two different semicarbazones and reducing to either geraniol or nerol depending on the isomer. NMR data also shows differences between the isomers due to magnetic shielding effects. The carbon skeleton of citral contains two isoprene units joined head to tail, which is revealed through its cyclization to p-cymene when heated.
Triterpenes are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain. Squalene is a 30-carbon triterpene containing six double bonds. Its structure was elucidated through reactions showing the presence of double bonds and the absence of conjugated double bonds. Oxidation and ozonolysis reactions provided further insight into its structure. Carotenoids are tetraterpenoids containing 9-11 double bonds that may terminate in rings. Alpha and beta carotene are prominent carotenoids, with beta carotene being the most well-known and a provitamin A.
Terpenoids, carotenoids, vitamins and quassinoidsSana Raza
1) Terpenoids are a class of organic compounds derived from five carbon isoprene units. Common examples discussed include menthol, camphor, citral, and carotenoids.
2) Menthol is obtained from peppermint oil and has the molecular formula C10H20O. It is a crystalline monocyclic terpenoid alcohol.
3) Camphor is obtained from camphor laurel trees. It is a white crystalline bicyclic monoterpenoid with the molecular formula C10H16O.
structure elucidation of Steroids and flavoniodsRajput1998
The document discusses the structural elucidation of steroids and flavonoids. It provides an introduction and classification of both compounds. For steroids, it describes the core perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus structure and gives examples of different steroid classes. The structural elucidation of cholesterol is explained through several reaction steps. For flavonoids, it defines their structure as consisting of two benzene rings linked by a heterocyclic pyrane ring. Various flavonoid classes are classified based on their structure. General structural elucidation of flavonols is outlined through analysis of molecular formula, functional groups, and position of hydroxyl groups.
The Diels-Alder reaction is a [4+2] cycloaddition between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene (dienophile) to form a cyclohexene ring. It was discovered in 1928 by Otto Diels and Kurt Alder. The reaction proceeds in a single, concerted step through a transition state and can be accelerated by heating or using catalysts. It is useful for synthesizing 6-membered rings in a stereoselective and stereospecific manner. Lewis acids are commonly used to catalyze the reaction by activating the dienophile. Chiral dienes and dienophiles, as well as chiral Lewis acids, allow for asymmetric Diels-A
Cholesterol is present in all mammalian tissues, either in a free state or esterified with fatty acids. It is synthesized in the microsomal and cytosolic fractions of cells and is present in large quantities in brain and nerve tissue. Cholesterol has an optically active levo-rotatory structure and is an animal sterol that occurs as a free alcohol and in fatty acid esters. It was first isolated from human gallstones and deposits in the bile duct. The structure of cholesterol was determined through a series of chemical reactions and degradations.
PTC IS THE PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS HERE TYPES OF PTC ARE DISCUSSED , THEORIES OF CATALYSIS AND MECHANISM OF PTC, ADVANTAGES OF PTC, APPLICATION OF PTC
Terpenoids are a large and diverse class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain, such as monoterpenoids which have two isoprene units and 10 carbon atoms. Important terpenoids include camphor, found in the camphor tree, and geraniol and citral, fragrant components of rose and other essential oils. Squalene is an acyclic triterpenoid found in olive oil and shark liver oil. Terpenoids have a variety of industrial and medical uses and their structures can be determined through chemical reactions, synthesis, and spectral analysis.
1. The document discusses the structural elucidation of camphor through analysis of its reactions and derivatives.
2. It identifies camphor as a bicyclic saturated ketone based on evidence such as its reactions with bromine and permanganate.
3. Oxidation and reduction reactions are used to determine that camphor contains a six-membered ring with methyl and gem-dimethyl groups and the ketone is directly attached to a methylene group.
Reserpine is a compound isolated from the plant Rauwolfia serpentina that was used in traditional medicine. In the 1950s, researchers at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore worked to determine reserpine's chemical structure. They discovered that reserpine has an indole alkaloid structure consisting of a pentacyclic ring system with an indole moiety and several side chains.
An approach for designing organic synthesis which involves breaking down of target molecule into available starting material by imaginary breaking of bonds (disconnection) and/or by functional group interconversion is known as disconnection approach or retrosynthesis or synthesis backward.
The C-X disconnection approach is mainly applicable to a carbon chain attached to any of the heteroatoms like O, N, or S. Here, a bond joins the heteroatom (X) to the rest of the molecule like a C-O, C-N, or C-S group. This point is good point to initiate a disconnection. This is called a ‘One-group’ C-X disconnection as one would need to identify only one functional group like ester, ether, amide etc. to make the disconnection.
How to choose a disconnection?
These are the few general strategy which are important points introduced which apply to the whole of synthetic design rather than one particular area. The main choice is between the various disconnection, even such a simple disconnection as the following alcohol can be disconnected.
We want to get back to simple starting materials and we shall do if we disconnect the bond which are:
Towards the middle of the molecule thereby breaking into two reasonably equal halves rather than chopping off one or two carbon atoms from the end and,
At a branch as this is more likely to give straight chain fragments and these are more likely to be available.
Disconnections very often take place immediately adjacent to, or very close to functional groups in the target molecule. This is pretty much inevitable, given that functionality almost invariably arises from the forward reaction.
A simple example is the weedkiller propanil used on rice fields. Amide disconnection gives amine obviously made from o-dichlorobenzene by nitration and reduction. All positions around the ring in o-dichlorobenzene are about the same electronically but steric hindrance will lead to dichloronitrobenzene being the major product
This compound was needed for some research into the mechanisms of rearrangements. We can disconnect on either side of the ether oxygen atom, but (b) is much better because (a) does not correspond to a reliable reaction: it might be hard to control selective alkylation of the primary hydroxyl group in the presence of the secondary one.
The disconnections we have made so far have all been of C–O, C–N, or C–S bonds, but, of course, the most important reactions in organic synthesis are those that form C–C bonds. We can analyze C–C disconnections in much the same way as we’ve analyzed C–X disconnections.
The Zeneca drug propranolol is a beta-blocker that reduces blood pressure and is one of the top drugs worldwide. It has two 1,2-relationships in its structure but it is best to disconnect the more reactive amine group first.
Arildone is a drug that prevents polio and herpes simplex viruses from ‘unwrapping’ their DNA, and renders them harmless.
This document provides an overview of various carbon-based reaction intermediates including carbocations, carbanions, carbenes, free radicals, nitrenes, and nitrenium ions. It discusses their generation, structure, stability, reactions, and detection methods. Key points include that carbocations are positively charged carbon species that react as electrophiles, while carbanions are negatively charged carbon species that react as nucleophiles. Carbenes contain a carbon with six valence electrons in a triplet or singlet state. Free radicals contain one or more unpaired electrons. Nitrenes and nitrenium ions involve a reactive nitrogen species. Detection methods include NMR, EPR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and trapping reactions.
Citral is a mixture of terpenoid isomers found in plants like lemon grass, lemon myrtle, and lemon balm. It has a lemon odor and consists of two isomers, geranial and neral. Citral can be isolated from lemon grass oil via steam distillation. It undergoes reactions like reduction, aldol condensation, and rearrangements. Its structure was elucidated using techniques like NMR, mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy. Citral has applications as a flavoring and fragrance in perfumes due to its citrus smell.
This document discusses the structural elucidation of flavonoids, flavones, and flavonols. Flavonoids contain 15 carbon atoms and consist of two benzene rings joined by a three carbon chain. Flavones do not contain hydroxyl groups, and when fused with alkali degrade into a phenol and aromatic acids. Flavonols contain one hydroxyl group, and when boiled with potassium hydroxide yield o-hydroxybenzoyl methanol and benzoic acid, indicating the structure is 3-hydroxy flavone. The proposed structures are then proven through synthesis methods like Robinson's method.
This document summarizes the structural elucidation of camphor. Camphor is derived from camphor laurel trees and has the molecular formula C10H16O. It contains a bicyclic ring system and a ketone group. Through various chemical reactions and oxidations, it was determined that camphor contains a six-membered ring with methyl substituents and a ketone carbonyl group. Oxidation of camphor produces camphoric acid and camphoronic acid, allowing elucidation of camphor's carbon frame structure.
Synthetic Reagents & Applications in Organic ChemistryAjay Kumar
This document discusses 12 synthetic reagents and their applications in organic chemistry. It describes the preparation, structure, and common uses of each reagent which include aluminium isopropoxide, N-bromosuccinimide, diazomethane, dicyclohexyl-carbodimide, Wilkinson reagent, Wittig reagent, osmium tetroxide, titanium chloride, diazopropane, diethyl azodicarboxylate, triphenylphosphine, and benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethyl-amino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate. These reagents are used for transformations like oxidation, reduction, bromination,
Chemistry of Natural Products
Alkaloids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of ephedrine, nicotine, atropine, quinine, papaverine and morphine.
• Terpenoids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of citral, α-terpineol, α-pinene, camphor and α-cadinene.
• Steroids
• Introduction; nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroids; structure determination of cholesterol and bile acids; introduction to steroidal hormones with particular reference to adrenal cortical hormones.
This document discusses organic reaction intermediates, specifically carbocations and carbanions. It defines them as positively or negatively charged carbon-containing ions that are formed during chemical reactions and then react further to form final products. The key features, methods of formation, factors affecting stability, and synthetic applications of carbocations and carbanions are described. Inductive effects, resonance effects, and hyperconjugation influence the stability of these intermediates. Carbocations and carbanions are involved in many common organic reaction types such as eliminations, substitutions, additions, and rearrangements.
1) The document discusses terpenoids, which are naturally occurring hydrocarbons found in plants. Terpenoids are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain and can be simple or complex.
2) Key terpenoids like citral, camphor, and carvone are discussed in detail. Their isolation, properties, classification, and structural elucidation are explained. For example, citral is shown to be an acyclic compound containing two double bonds and an aldehyde group.
3) The document also covers the isoprene rule for constructing terpenoid molecules from isoprene units, as well as methods for isolating terpenoids from plant materials and separating
Citral is a mixture of two aldehyde isomers - geranial and neral. Geranial has a strong lemon odor and neral has a less intense lemon odor and is sweeter. Citral is a clear yellow liquid extracted through steam distillation of lemon grass oil. It is used in perfumes, flavors, and insect repellents due to its antimicrobial properties. Laboratory synthesis of citral involves the heating of 3-methyl-3-butenal and 3-methyl-2-butenol. Structure was confirmed through reactions forming derivatives and comparison of products to known compounds.
This document discusses various methods for determining the structure of terpenoid compounds, including:
- Elemental analysis and specific rotation to determine molecular formula.
- Esterification rates to determine location of functional groups like hydroxyl and carboxyl.
- Reactions like oxidation, ozonolysis, and degradation to break down terpenoids into fragments of known structure.
- Physical methods like UV, IR, NMR, and X-ray crystallography provide further structural information.
- Considering factors like number of double bonds and rings, along with molecular formula, can reveal the parent hydrocarbon skeleton. Synthetic reactions help confirm or determine unknown structures.
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are volatile essential oils found in many plants and flowers which give them their distinctive fragrances. There are many different classes of terpenoids classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain, such as monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and diterpenoids. Common terpenoids include limonene, menthol, and camphor. Spectroscopic techniques such as UV, IR, NMR and mass spectrometry are used to determine terpenoid structures and functional groups.
This document discusses terpenoids, which are a large class of organic compounds derived from isoprene units. It covers the classification of terpenoids based on the number of isoprene units. Characteristics like being colorless liquids that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents are described. The structural features of terpenoids are explained, including the isoprene rule which states that their skeletons can be constructed from isoprene units. Methods for isolating and structurally elucidating terpenoids are outlined, including spectroscopy techniques. As an example, the structural elucidation of the terpenoid citral is summarized.
structure elucidation of Steroids and flavoniodsRajput1998
The document discusses the structural elucidation of steroids and flavonoids. It provides an introduction and classification of both compounds. For steroids, it describes the core perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus structure and gives examples of different steroid classes. The structural elucidation of cholesterol is explained through several reaction steps. For flavonoids, it defines their structure as consisting of two benzene rings linked by a heterocyclic pyrane ring. Various flavonoid classes are classified based on their structure. General structural elucidation of flavonols is outlined through analysis of molecular formula, functional groups, and position of hydroxyl groups.
The Diels-Alder reaction is a [4+2] cycloaddition between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene (dienophile) to form a cyclohexene ring. It was discovered in 1928 by Otto Diels and Kurt Alder. The reaction proceeds in a single, concerted step through a transition state and can be accelerated by heating or using catalysts. It is useful for synthesizing 6-membered rings in a stereoselective and stereospecific manner. Lewis acids are commonly used to catalyze the reaction by activating the dienophile. Chiral dienes and dienophiles, as well as chiral Lewis acids, allow for asymmetric Diels-A
Cholesterol is present in all mammalian tissues, either in a free state or esterified with fatty acids. It is synthesized in the microsomal and cytosolic fractions of cells and is present in large quantities in brain and nerve tissue. Cholesterol has an optically active levo-rotatory structure and is an animal sterol that occurs as a free alcohol and in fatty acid esters. It was first isolated from human gallstones and deposits in the bile duct. The structure of cholesterol was determined through a series of chemical reactions and degradations.
PTC IS THE PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS HERE TYPES OF PTC ARE DISCUSSED , THEORIES OF CATALYSIS AND MECHANISM OF PTC, ADVANTAGES OF PTC, APPLICATION OF PTC
Terpenoids are a large and diverse class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain, such as monoterpenoids which have two isoprene units and 10 carbon atoms. Important terpenoids include camphor, found in the camphor tree, and geraniol and citral, fragrant components of rose and other essential oils. Squalene is an acyclic triterpenoid found in olive oil and shark liver oil. Terpenoids have a variety of industrial and medical uses and their structures can be determined through chemical reactions, synthesis, and spectral analysis.
1. The document discusses the structural elucidation of camphor through analysis of its reactions and derivatives.
2. It identifies camphor as a bicyclic saturated ketone based on evidence such as its reactions with bromine and permanganate.
3. Oxidation and reduction reactions are used to determine that camphor contains a six-membered ring with methyl and gem-dimethyl groups and the ketone is directly attached to a methylene group.
Reserpine is a compound isolated from the plant Rauwolfia serpentina that was used in traditional medicine. In the 1950s, researchers at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore worked to determine reserpine's chemical structure. They discovered that reserpine has an indole alkaloid structure consisting of a pentacyclic ring system with an indole moiety and several side chains.
An approach for designing organic synthesis which involves breaking down of target molecule into available starting material by imaginary breaking of bonds (disconnection) and/or by functional group interconversion is known as disconnection approach or retrosynthesis or synthesis backward.
The C-X disconnection approach is mainly applicable to a carbon chain attached to any of the heteroatoms like O, N, or S. Here, a bond joins the heteroatom (X) to the rest of the molecule like a C-O, C-N, or C-S group. This point is good point to initiate a disconnection. This is called a ‘One-group’ C-X disconnection as one would need to identify only one functional group like ester, ether, amide etc. to make the disconnection.
How to choose a disconnection?
These are the few general strategy which are important points introduced which apply to the whole of synthetic design rather than one particular area. The main choice is between the various disconnection, even such a simple disconnection as the following alcohol can be disconnected.
We want to get back to simple starting materials and we shall do if we disconnect the bond which are:
Towards the middle of the molecule thereby breaking into two reasonably equal halves rather than chopping off one or two carbon atoms from the end and,
At a branch as this is more likely to give straight chain fragments and these are more likely to be available.
Disconnections very often take place immediately adjacent to, or very close to functional groups in the target molecule. This is pretty much inevitable, given that functionality almost invariably arises from the forward reaction.
A simple example is the weedkiller propanil used on rice fields. Amide disconnection gives amine obviously made from o-dichlorobenzene by nitration and reduction. All positions around the ring in o-dichlorobenzene are about the same electronically but steric hindrance will lead to dichloronitrobenzene being the major product
This compound was needed for some research into the mechanisms of rearrangements. We can disconnect on either side of the ether oxygen atom, but (b) is much better because (a) does not correspond to a reliable reaction: it might be hard to control selective alkylation of the primary hydroxyl group in the presence of the secondary one.
The disconnections we have made so far have all been of C–O, C–N, or C–S bonds, but, of course, the most important reactions in organic synthesis are those that form C–C bonds. We can analyze C–C disconnections in much the same way as we’ve analyzed C–X disconnections.
The Zeneca drug propranolol is a beta-blocker that reduces blood pressure and is one of the top drugs worldwide. It has two 1,2-relationships in its structure but it is best to disconnect the more reactive amine group first.
Arildone is a drug that prevents polio and herpes simplex viruses from ‘unwrapping’ their DNA, and renders them harmless.
This document provides an overview of various carbon-based reaction intermediates including carbocations, carbanions, carbenes, free radicals, nitrenes, and nitrenium ions. It discusses their generation, structure, stability, reactions, and detection methods. Key points include that carbocations are positively charged carbon species that react as electrophiles, while carbanions are negatively charged carbon species that react as nucleophiles. Carbenes contain a carbon with six valence electrons in a triplet or singlet state. Free radicals contain one or more unpaired electrons. Nitrenes and nitrenium ions involve a reactive nitrogen species. Detection methods include NMR, EPR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and trapping reactions.
Citral is a mixture of terpenoid isomers found in plants like lemon grass, lemon myrtle, and lemon balm. It has a lemon odor and consists of two isomers, geranial and neral. Citral can be isolated from lemon grass oil via steam distillation. It undergoes reactions like reduction, aldol condensation, and rearrangements. Its structure was elucidated using techniques like NMR, mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy. Citral has applications as a flavoring and fragrance in perfumes due to its citrus smell.
This document discusses the structural elucidation of flavonoids, flavones, and flavonols. Flavonoids contain 15 carbon atoms and consist of two benzene rings joined by a three carbon chain. Flavones do not contain hydroxyl groups, and when fused with alkali degrade into a phenol and aromatic acids. Flavonols contain one hydroxyl group, and when boiled with potassium hydroxide yield o-hydroxybenzoyl methanol and benzoic acid, indicating the structure is 3-hydroxy flavone. The proposed structures are then proven through synthesis methods like Robinson's method.
This document summarizes the structural elucidation of camphor. Camphor is derived from camphor laurel trees and has the molecular formula C10H16O. It contains a bicyclic ring system and a ketone group. Through various chemical reactions and oxidations, it was determined that camphor contains a six-membered ring with methyl substituents and a ketone carbonyl group. Oxidation of camphor produces camphoric acid and camphoronic acid, allowing elucidation of camphor's carbon frame structure.
Synthetic Reagents & Applications in Organic ChemistryAjay Kumar
This document discusses 12 synthetic reagents and their applications in organic chemistry. It describes the preparation, structure, and common uses of each reagent which include aluminium isopropoxide, N-bromosuccinimide, diazomethane, dicyclohexyl-carbodimide, Wilkinson reagent, Wittig reagent, osmium tetroxide, titanium chloride, diazopropane, diethyl azodicarboxylate, triphenylphosphine, and benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethyl-amino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate. These reagents are used for transformations like oxidation, reduction, bromination,
Chemistry of Natural Products
Alkaloids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of ephedrine, nicotine, atropine, quinine, papaverine and morphine.
• Terpenoids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of citral, α-terpineol, α-pinene, camphor and α-cadinene.
• Steroids
• Introduction; nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroids; structure determination of cholesterol and bile acids; introduction to steroidal hormones with particular reference to adrenal cortical hormones.
This document discusses organic reaction intermediates, specifically carbocations and carbanions. It defines them as positively or negatively charged carbon-containing ions that are formed during chemical reactions and then react further to form final products. The key features, methods of formation, factors affecting stability, and synthetic applications of carbocations and carbanions are described. Inductive effects, resonance effects, and hyperconjugation influence the stability of these intermediates. Carbocations and carbanions are involved in many common organic reaction types such as eliminations, substitutions, additions, and rearrangements.
1) The document discusses terpenoids, which are naturally occurring hydrocarbons found in plants. Terpenoids are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain and can be simple or complex.
2) Key terpenoids like citral, camphor, and carvone are discussed in detail. Their isolation, properties, classification, and structural elucidation are explained. For example, citral is shown to be an acyclic compound containing two double bonds and an aldehyde group.
3) The document also covers the isoprene rule for constructing terpenoid molecules from isoprene units, as well as methods for isolating terpenoids from plant materials and separating
Citral is a mixture of two aldehyde isomers - geranial and neral. Geranial has a strong lemon odor and neral has a less intense lemon odor and is sweeter. Citral is a clear yellow liquid extracted through steam distillation of lemon grass oil. It is used in perfumes, flavors, and insect repellents due to its antimicrobial properties. Laboratory synthesis of citral involves the heating of 3-methyl-3-butenal and 3-methyl-2-butenol. Structure was confirmed through reactions forming derivatives and comparison of products to known compounds.
This document discusses various methods for determining the structure of terpenoid compounds, including:
- Elemental analysis and specific rotation to determine molecular formula.
- Esterification rates to determine location of functional groups like hydroxyl and carboxyl.
- Reactions like oxidation, ozonolysis, and degradation to break down terpenoids into fragments of known structure.
- Physical methods like UV, IR, NMR, and X-ray crystallography provide further structural information.
- Considering factors like number of double bonds and rings, along with molecular formula, can reveal the parent hydrocarbon skeleton. Synthetic reactions help confirm or determine unknown structures.
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are volatile essential oils found in many plants and flowers which give them their distinctive fragrances. There are many different classes of terpenoids classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain, such as monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and diterpenoids. Common terpenoids include limonene, menthol, and camphor. Spectroscopic techniques such as UV, IR, NMR and mass spectrometry are used to determine terpenoid structures and functional groups.
This document discusses terpenoids, which are a large class of organic compounds derived from isoprene units. It covers the classification of terpenoids based on the number of isoprene units. Characteristics like being colorless liquids that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents are described. The structural features of terpenoids are explained, including the isoprene rule which states that their skeletons can be constructed from isoprene units. Methods for isolating and structurally elucidating terpenoids are outlined, including spectroscopy techniques. As an example, the structural elucidation of the terpenoid citral is summarized.
This presentation provides an overview of terpenoids. It defines terpenoids as modified terpenes derived from linked isoprene units. Terpenoids are classified based on the number of isoprene units with examples given for monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and other classes. Methods for isolating and structurally elucidating terpenoids like menthol are discussed. The biological importance of terpenoids in herbal remedies and pharmaceuticals is briefly mentioned.
This document provides information about natural products and terpenoids. It begins by defining natural products and describing their sources from plants, microbes, and animals. It then discusses the history of isolating and identifying pure natural compounds in the 18th-19th centuries. The rest of the document focuses on terpenoids, including their classification, isolation, properties, and structure elucidation. Specific terpenoids like myrcene, geraniol, and citral are discussed as examples.
The document discusses terpenoids, which are organic compounds derived from five-carbon isoprene units. It provides details on the classification, isolation, isoprene rule, and structure elucidation of several terpenoids. Specifically, it examines the constitution, isolation methods, and synthesis of citral, menthol, and camphor through analytical techniques like spectroscopy and chemical reactions. Terpenoids are an important class of natural products found in essential oils with applications in perfumes and pharmaceuticals.
This document provides information on terpenoids including their definition, isolation, classification, properties, and methods for structural elucidation. Terpenoids are hydrocarbons derived from five-carbon isoprene units and have the general formula (C5H8)n. They can be classified based on the number of isoprene units as monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, etc. The document discusses the isolation of terpenoids from plants and separation from essential oils. Two examples, citral and menthol, are described in detail to illustrate the various analytical techniques used to determine their structures.
Natural products are secondary metabolites produced by organisms that are not necessary for survival. Terpenoids are a class of natural products derived from combining isoprene units. They can be classified based on the number of isoprene units as mono, sesqui, di, tri, and tetraterpenoids. Common terpenoids include limonene, β-carotene, α-selinene, and camphor. Terpenoids are isolated from plant essential oils then separated using chromatography. Their structures are elucidated using techniques like oxidation, dehydrogenation, spectroscopy, and degradation.
The document summarizes key information about terpenoids. It begins by defining terpenoids and their classification. It then discusses methods for isolating and determining the structure of terpenoids, including analytical methods, synthesis, and physical methods like UV spectroscopy. Specific examples of monoterpenoid structure elucidation are provided, including for citral, menthol, and camphor. Their molecular structures are characterized based on analytical evidence and reactions. Synthetic routes are also described for citral, menthol, and camphor.
This document provides an introduction to natural products and terpenoids. It defines natural products as secondary metabolites produced by organisms that are not necessary for survival. Terpenoids are a class of natural products derived from the joining of isoprene units. They are classified based on the number of isoprene units as mono, sesqui, di, etc. Methods for isolating and characterizing terpenoids from plant sources are described, including extraction of essential oils and separation techniques. Spectroscopic methods for structure elucidation of terpenoids are also outlined.
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are produced mainly by plants and play roles such as contributing fragrances to flowers and flavors to fruits. The document discusses the definition, classification, occurrence, biosynthesis, and chemistry of terpenoids. It notes that terpenoids are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain and can range from simple hemiterpenes to more complex polyterpenes. Their biosynthesis occurs primarily via the mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways which link isoprene units together.
Terpenoids for slide presentation new 1.pptxpravin bendle
Terpenoids are a group of naturally occurring compounds responsible for the aroma, taste, and occasionally the color of plants & found extensively in the leaves and fruits of plants like conifers, citrus, and eucalyptus.
Terpenes are hydrocarbons of plant origin of the general formula (C5H8)n and their oxygenated, hydrogenated, and dehydrogenated derivatives are known as terpenoids
On the thermal decomposition of Terpenoids ( isoprenoids) yield isoprene.
The special isoprene rule states that in most naturally occurring terpenes two or more isoprene units are linked to one another usually in a “head to tail” manner.(1- 4 link)
Terpenoids are classified on the basis of no of isoprene units in the molecule.
Natural products and chemical products differ in several ways, including their origin, composition, production methods, and potential applications. Here are some key differences between the two:
Origin:
Natural Products: These are derived from natural sources, such as plants, animals, microorganisms, or minerals. Examples include herbal remedies, essential oils, and food products.
Chemical Products: These are synthesized in laboratories or chemical factories. They are typically created through chemical reactions and processes.
Composition:
Natural Products: They often contain a complex mixture of naturally occurring compounds, and their composition can vary based on the source and environmental factors. These products may contain a combination of chemicals produced by living organisms.
Chemical Products: They are typically composed of pure or well-defined chemical compounds. Their composition is consistent and can be precisely controlled.
Production Methods:
Natural Products: Obtained through extraction, purification, or isolation processes from natural sources. The methods may involve techniques like distillation, solvent extraction, or fermentation.
Chemical Products: Synthesized through chemical reactions involving various reagents and catalysts in controlled laboratory conditions. These reactions are typically reproducible.
Purity:
Natural Products: May contain impurities or variations in composition due to the natural source. Purity levels can vary significantly.
Chemical Products: Can be highly purified, with known and consistent chemical compositions.
Safety and Regulation:
Natural Products: May be subject to fewer regulations, leading to potential variability in safety and efficacy. Some natural products may also have potential side effects or interactions with medications.
Chemical Products: Typically subject to rigorous safety testing and regulatory oversight, which helps ensure a certain level of safety and efficacy.
Environmental Impact:
Natural Products: May have a lower environmental impact if sourced sustainably, but overharvesting or unsustainable practices can lead to ecological harm.
Chemical Products: The production of chemicals can have environmental consequences, including the generation of waste and pollution. However, sustainable and green chemistry practices aim to mitigate these impacts.
Applications:
Natural Products: Often used in traditional medicine, cosmetics, food, and some pharmaceuticals. They are favored for their perceived natural and holistic qualities.
Chemical Products: Widely used in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, plastics, agriculture, and electronics. They can be designed for specific purposes and are essential in modern manufacturing and technology.
It's important to note that both natural and chemical products have their own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice between them often depends on factors like safety, efficacy, cost, sustainability,
This document provides information about terpenoids, which are a large and diverse class of organic compounds derived from isoprene units. It discusses that terpenoids are commonly found in plants and have various important uses and properties. The document classifies terpenoids based on their carbon content, including monoterpenes which contain two isoprene units. It provides examples of important acyclic, monocyclic, and bicyclic monoterpenes and discusses their structures, natural sources, and significance.
Terpenes are a class of compounds produced by plants derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are classified based on the number of isoprene units present, from hemiterpenes with one unit to polyterpenes with many units. Terpenes include monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, and tetraterpenes. They are synthesized via the mevalonate pathway and perform various important functions for plants such as constituents of essential oils, hormones, pigments, and defense compounds. Brassinosteroids are a newly identified class of plant growth regulating steroids.
organic chemistry
Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen
Terpenoids are a large and diverse class of organic chemicals derived from the building block isoprene. They are the most abundant class of plant secondary metabolites, making up around 60% of known natural products and contributing to aromas and flavors. Terpenoids are classified based on the number of isoprene units and carbon atoms they contain, with the main classes being monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, sesterterpenes, and triterpenes. They play important roles in plants for functions like defense, signaling, and pigmentation, and some terpenoids are precursors for steroids and sterols in animals.
Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms.
The term alkaloid was coined by Meissner, a German pharmacist, in 1819.
Alkaloids are cyclic organic compounds containing nitrogen in a negative state of oxidation with limited distribution among living organisms.
Most alkaloids contain oxygen in their molecular structure; those compounds are usually colorless crystals at ambient conditions.
Some alkaloids are colored, like berberine (yellow) and sanguinarine (orange).
Most alkaloids are weak bases, but some, such as theobromine and theophylline, are amphoteric.
Many alkaloids dissolve poorly in water but readily dissolve in organic solvents.
Most alkaloids have a bitter taste or are poisonous when ingested.
α-Terpineol is a colorless liquid with a pleasant lilac odor that is commonly used in perfumes and soaps. It has the chemical formula C10H18O. Structural elucidation revealed that α-terpineol has a tertiary alcohol functional group on a monocyclic p-menthane carbon skeleton with one double bond. Its structure was further confirmed through a graded oxidation study and the synthesis of related terpenoids. α-Terpineol can be synthesized from p-toluic acid or via a Diels-Alder reaction.
catalysis and heterogeneous catalysis,
types of catalysis; difference between homo and hetero catalysis;
heterogeneous catalysis; preparation, characterization, supported catalysts, deactivation and regeneration of catalysts, example of drug synthesis
This document summarizes four organic reactions:
1. The Mitsunoba reaction converts alcohols to esters, acids, or ethers using triphenylphosphine and diethyl azodicarboxylate. It proceeds through an oxyphosphonium ion intermediate and inversion of stereochemistry.
2. The Mannich reaction aminomethylates carbonyl compounds with formaldehyde and a primary or secondary amine to form beta-amino carbonyl compounds. It involves initial formation of an iminium ion.
3. The Vilsmeier-Haack reaction uses phosphorus oxychloride to convert substituted amides to chloroiminium ions which react with arenes to form aromatic al
stereochemistry and drug action ; basic introduction about stereochemistry and stereoisomers ; pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics concept of stereochemistry ; easson Stedman hypothesis ; stereo selectivity criteria .
Morphine is a natural opioid alkaloid isolated from raw opium in 1805. It has analgesic, anesthetic and other medical uses. Morphine's structure consists of five rings, three in one plane and two perpendicular rings including one with a nitrogen. The phenol group, 6-alcohol, 7,8 double bond and stereochemistry are important for morphine's binding and activity. Modifications like acetylating the phenol and 6-alcohol increase lipid solubility and potency but also toxicity. Replacing the N-methyl group forms the morphine antagonist nalorphine. Morphine's chemical properties explain its medical uses and addictive nature.
This document provides an overview of steroids, including their core structure, nomenclature, stereochemistry, and classification. Steroids contain a 17 carbon core arranged in four fused rings. They are named based on this core structure and functional groups. Steroids can have 64 possible stereoisomers due to the asymmetric carbons in the core. They are classified into groups including sterols, sex hormones, cardiac glycosides, and bile acids based on the functional groups on the R group. Cholesterol is an important animal sterol that is a precursor to vitamins and hormones.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
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2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
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5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
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THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
1. 1
CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS
Terpenoids
Prepared by : AZMIN MOGAL
CONTENTS
Introduction
Classification of Terpenoids
Isolation of mono and sesquiterpenoids
General properties of Terpenoids
General methods of structure elucidation
Terpenoids
MONOTERPENOIDS:
Citral
Menthol
Camphor
DITERPENOID:
Retinol
Phytol
Taxol
TRITERPENOIDS:
Squalene
Ginsenoside
TETREATERPENOID
Carotinoids
2. 2
Introduction
There are many different classes of naturally occurring compounds. Terpenoids also form a group
of naturally occurring compounds majority of which occur in plants, a few of them have also been
obtained from other sources. Terpenoids are volatile substances which give plants and flowers their
fragrance. They occur widely in the leaves and fruits of higher plants, conifers, citrus and
eucalyptus.
The term ‘terpene’ was given to the compounds isolated from terpentine, a volatile liquid isolated
from pine trees. The simpler mono and sesqui terpenes are chief constituent of the essential oils
obtained from sap and tissues of certain plant and trees. The di and tri terpenoids are not steam
volatile. They are obtained from plant and tree gums and resins. Tertraterpenoids form a separate
group of compounds called ‘Carotenoids’
The term ‘terpene’ was originally employed to describe a mixture of isomeric hydrocarbons of the
molecular formula C10H16 occurring in the essential oils obtained from sap and tissue of plants,
and trees. But there is a tendency to use more general term ‘terpenoids’ which include
hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivatives. However the term terpene is being used these days
by some authors to represent terpenoids.
By the modern definition: “Terpenoids are the hydrocarbons of plant origin of the general formula
(C5H8)n as well as their oxygenated, hydrogenated and dehydrogenated derivatives.”
Isoprene rule: Thermal decomposition of terpenoids give isoprene as one of the
product. Otto Wallach pointed out that terpenoids can be built up of isoprene unit.
Isoprene rule stats that the terpenoid molecules are constructed from two or more isoprene unit.
isoprene unit
Further Ingold suggested that isoprene units are joined in the terpenoid via ‘head to tail’ fashion.
Special isoprene rule states that the terpenoid molecule are constructed of two or more isoprene
units joined in a ‘head to tail’ fashion.
3. 3
But this rule can only be used as guiding principle and not as a fixed rule. For example carotenoids
are joined tail to tail at their central and there are also some terpenoids whose carbon content is not
a multiple of five.
In applying isoprene rule we look only for the skeletal unit of carbon. The carbon skeletons of open
chain monotrpenoids and sesqui terpenoids are,
head
Examples.
CH3
Myrcene
(monoterpene)
Ingold (1921) pointed that a gem alkyl group affects the stability of terpenoids. He summarized
these results in the form of a rule called ‘gem dialkyl rule’ which may be stated as "Gem dialkyl
group tends to render the cyclohexane ring unstable where as it stabilizes the three, four and five
member rings.”
This rule limits the number of possible structure in closing the open chain to ring structure.Thus
the monoterpenoid open chain give rise to only one possibility for a monocyclic monoterpenoid
i.e the p-cymene structure.
CH3
CH3
CH3
head
tail
3
3
CH3
3
CH3
3H3
3
3
head
head
head
tail
tail
tail
~~~
~
~~~
~
H3
2
HOH2C
CH3CH3
CH3
CH3
4. 4
Bicyclic monoterpenodis contain a six member and a three member ring. Thus closure of the ten
carbon open chain monoterpenoid gives three possible bicyclic structures.
O
Camphor Pinane Carane
(6+5) system (6+4) system (6+3) System
Classification of Terpenoids
Most natural terpenoid hydrocarbon have the general formula (C5H8)n. They can be classified on
the basis of value of n or number of carbon atoms present in the structure.
Table-1: Classification of Terpenoids
S.No. Number of carbon
atoms
Value of n Class
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
10
15
20
25
30
40
>40
2
3
4
5
6
8
>8
Monoterpenoids(C10H16)
Sesquiterpenoinds(C15H24)
Diterpenoids(C20H32)
Sesterpenoids(C25H40)
Troterpenoids(C30H48)
Tetraterpenoids(C40H64)
Polyterpenoids(C5H8)n
Each class can be further subdivided into subclasses according to the number of rings present in
the structure.
i)Acyclic Terpenoids: They contain open structure.
ii) Monocyclic Terpenoids: They contain one ring in the structure. iii)
Bicyclic Terpenoids: They contain two rings in the structure. iv) Tricyclic
Terpenoids: They contain three rings in the structure.
v) Tetracyclic Terpenoids: They contain four rings in the structure.
Some examples of mono, sesqui and di Terpenoids:
CH3
CH
C3
CH3
~~~
~
3
CH3
3
~~~
~
P-cymene structure
CH3 CH3 CH3
5. 5
A) Mono Terpenoids:
i) Acyclic Monoterpenoids ii) Monocyclic monoterpenoids
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH2OH
OH
CH2CHO
OH
H3CCH2 H3CCH3 H3C CH3
Myrcene Citral Geraniol. Limonene α-Terpineol Menthol
iii)Bicyclic monoterpenoids: These are further divided into three classes.
a) Containing -6+3-membered rings
b) Containing -6+4- membered rings.
c) Contining -6+5-membered rings.
Bornane non bornane
Thujane Carane Pinane (Camphane) (iso camphane) Containing -6+3-
membered rings -6+4-membered rings -6+5-membered rings
Some bicyclic monoterpenes are:
camphor α-pinene
B) Sesquiterpenoids:
i) Acyclic sesquiterpenoids ii) Monocyclic sesquiterpenoids iii) Bicyclic sesquiterpenoids.
..
. .
3
CH3
CH3
6. 6
C) Diterpenoids:
i) Acyclic diterpenoids
CH2OH
Phytol
ii) Mono cyclic diterpenoids:
CH CH3
H3C
CH2OH
Vitamin A
Isolation of mono and sesquiterpenoids
Both mono and sesquiterpenoids have common source i.e essential oils. Their isolation is carried
out in two steps:
i) Isolation of essential oils from plant parts
ii) Separation of Terpenoids from essential
oils.
i) Isolation of essential oils from plant parts: The plants having essential oils generally have
the highest concentration at some particular time. Therefore better yield of essential oil plant
material have to be collected at this particular time. e.g. From jasmine at sunset. There are four
methods of extractions of oils.
a) Expression method
b) Steam distillation method
c) Extraction by means of volatile solvents
d) Adsorption in purified fats
Steam distillation is most widely used method. In this method macerated plant material is steam
distilled to get essential oils into the distillate form these are extracted by using pure organic
volatile solvents. If compound decomposes during steam distillation, it may be extracted with
petrol at 50o
C. After extraction solvent is removed under reduced pressure.
2C
3H3
3
3
Farnesol
CH3CH3
3
H3
Zinziberene
CH3CH3
CH3
H3
Cadinene
3
3
7. 7
ii) Separation of Terpenoids from essential oil: A number of terpenoids are present in
essential oil obtained from the extraction. Definite physical and chemical methods can be used for
the separation of terpenoids. They are separated by fractional distillation. The terpenoid
hydrocarbons distill over first followed by the oxygenated derivatives.
More recently different chromatographic techniques have been used both for isolation and
separation of terpenoids.
General properties of Terpenoids
1. Most of the terpenoids are colourless, fragrant liquids which are lighter than water and volatile
with steam. A few of them are solids e.g. camphor. All are soluble in organic solvent and usually
insoluble in water. Most of them are optically active.
2. They are open chain or cyclic unsaturated compounds having one or more double bonds.
Consequently they undergo addition reaction with hydrogen, halogen, acids, etc. A number of
addition products have antiseptic properties.
3. They undergo polymerization and dehydrogenation
4. They are easily oxidized nearly by all the oxidizing agents. On thermal decomposition, most of
the terpenoids yields isoprene as one of the product.
General Methods of structure
elucidation of Terpenoids
i) Molecular formula: molecular formula is determined by usual quantitative analysis and
mol.wt determination methods and by means of mass spectrometry. If terpenoid is optically
active, its specific rotation can be measured.
ii) Nature of oxygen atom present: If oxygen is present in terpenoids its functional nature is
generally as alcohol aledhyde, ketone or carboxylic groups.
a) Presence of oxygen atom present: presence of –OH group can be determined by the
formation of acetates with acetic anhydride and benzoyate with 3.5-dinitirobenzoyl
chloride.
R-OH + (CH3CO)2O CH3 + CH3COOH
Acetate
Primary alcoholic group undergo esterification more readily than secondary and tertiary alcohols.
CR O
O
R-OH
+ C
Cl
O
NO
NO2
C
NO
NO
OR
O
8. 8
b) Presence of >C=O group: Terpenoids containing carbonyl function form crystalline
addition products like oxime, phenyl hydrazone and bisulphite etc.
O + H2NOH NOH + H2O
Oxime.
O + H2N.NHC6H5N.NHC6H5 + H2O
Phenyl hydrazone
OH O +
NaHSO4
SO3Na
Sodium bisulphite derivative
If carbonyl function is in the form of aldehyde it gives carboxylic acid on oxidation without loss
of any carbon atom whereas the ketone on oxidation yields a mixture of lesser number of carbon
atoms.
iii) Unsaturation: The presence of olefinic double bond is confirmed by means of bromine,
and number of double bond determination by analysis of the bromide or by quantitative
hydrogenation or by titration with monoperpthalic acid.
Presence of double bond also confirmed by means of catalytic hydrogenation or addition of
halogen acids. Number of moles of HX absorbed by one molecule is equal to number of double
bonds present.
Addition of nitrosyl chloride(NOCl) (Tilden’s reagent) and epoxide formation with peracid also
gives idea about double bonds present in terpenoid molecule.
O
C C H2
catalyst
CC
H H
HX
+ C C
H X
CC
C C C C
NO Cl
+ CCCC
NOCl
RCO3H
+ RCOOH
9. 9
iv) Dehydrogenation: On dehydrogenation with sulphur, selenium, polonium or palladium
terpenoids converted to aromatic compounds. Examination of these products the skelton
structure and position of side chain in the original terpenoids can be determined. For
example α-terpenol on Se-dehydrogenation yields p-cymene.
Thus the carbon Skelton of terpenol is as follows.
v) Oxidative degradation: Oxidative degradation has been the parallel tool for elucidating
the structure of terpenoids. Reagents for degradative oxidation are ozone, acid, neutral or
alkaline potassium permanganate, chromic acid, sodium hypobromide, osmium tetroxide,
nitric acid, lead tetra acetate and peroxy acids. Since oxidizing agents are selective,
depending on a particular group to be oxidized, the oxidizing agent is chosen with the help
of structure of degradation products.
vi) Number of the rings present: With the help of general formula of corresponding parent
saturated hydrocarbon, number of rings present in that molecule can be determined.
Vii) Relation between general formula of compound and type of compounds: Table 2
Table-2: Relation between general formula of compound and type of compounds
General formula of parent saturated Hydrocarbon Type of structure
CnH2n+2
CnH2n
CnH2n-2
CnH2n-4
CnH2n-6
Acyclic
Monocyclic
Bicyclic
Tricyclic
Tetrayclic
For example limonene (mol. formula. C10H16) absorbs 2 moles of hydrogen to give tetrahydro
limonene (mol. Formula C10H20) corresponding to the general formula. CnH2n. It means limonoene
has monocyclic structure.
CH3
CH3CH3
OH
CH3
CH3CH3
Se
CH3
CH3 CH3
10. 10
viii) Spectroscopic studies: All the spectroscopic methods are very helpful for the confirmation
of structure of natural terpenoids and also structure of degradation products. The various
methods for elucidating the structure of terpenoids are;
a) UV Spectroscopy: In terpenes containing conjugated dienes or α,β-unsaturated
ketones, UV spectroscopy is very useful tool. The values of λmax for various types of terpenoids
have been calculated by applying Woodward’s empirical rules. There is generally good
agreement between calculation and observed values. Isolated double bonds, α,β-unsaturated
esters , acids, lactones also have characteristic maxima.
b) IR Spectroscopy: IR spectroscopy is useful in detecting group such as hydroxyl
group (~3400cm-1
) or an oxo group (saturated 1750-1700cm-1
). Isopropyl group, cis and trans
also have characteristic absorption peaks in IR region.
c) NMR Spectroscopy: This technique is useful to detect and identify double bonds, to
determine the nature of end group and also the number of rings present, and also to reveal the
orientation of methyl group in the relative position of double bonds.
d) Mass Spectroscopy: It is now being widely used as a means of elucidating structure
of terpenoids. Used for determining mol. Wt., Mol. Formula, nature of functional groups
present and relative positions of double bonds.
ix) X-ray analysis: This is very helpful technique for elucidating structure and stereochemistry
of terpenoids.
x) Synthesis: Proposed structure is finally confirmed by synthesis. In terpenoid chemistry,
many of the synthesis are ambiguous and in such cases analytical evidences are used in
conjunction with the synthesis.
Citral
Citral is an acyclic monoterpenoid. It is a major constituent of lemon grass oil in which it occurs
to an extent of 60-80%. It is pale yellow liquid having strong lemon like odour and can be obtained
by fractional distillation under reduced pressure from Lemongrass oil.
Constitution:
i) Mol. formula C10H16O, b.p-77o
C
ii) Nature of Oxygen atom: Formation of oxime of citral indicates the presence of an oxo group in
citral molecule.
C10H16O + H2NOH C10H16=N-OH
Citral Oxime
On reduction with Na/Hg it gives an alcohol called geraniol and on oxidation with silver oxide it
give a monocarboxylic acid called Geranic acid without loss of any carbon atom.
11. 11
C10
H
16
O
2
Geranic acid
[O]
Ag2O
C10H16O
Citral
2[H] Na/Hg
C10H18O
Geraniol
Both these reaction reveal that oxo group in citral is therefore an aldehyde group. Citral reduces
Fehling’s solution, further confirming the presence of aldehydic group.
iii) It adds on two molecule of Br2, shows the presence of two double bonds. On ozonlysis, it
gives acetone, laevulaldehyde and glyoxal.
H
3CCHO
C10H16OO + OHC
CHO
H3C
Laevulaldehyde Glyoxal
Acetone
Formation of above products shows that citral is an acyclic compound containing two double
bonds. Corresponding saturated hydrocarbon of citral (mol. Formula C10H22) corresponds to the
general formula CnH2n+2 for acyclic compounds, indicating that citral must be an acyclic
compound.
iv) Formation of p-cymene and product obtained from the ozonolysis reveals that citral is formed
by the joining of two isoprene units in the head to tail fashion.
KHSO4
C10H16O -H2 C10H14
O
P-cymene
v) On the basis of above facts following structure was
proposed for citral.
p-cymene
Citral
vi) Above structure was
further supported by the degradation of citral on treatment with alkaline KMnO4 followed by
chromic acid.
O
CH3
CH3CH3
CH3
Carbon skelton of citral
CHO
i) KMnO4
ii) CrO3
O
COOH
COOH
COOH
+
CH2 CH2 C
CH3
O +C
Ozonolysis
CH3 CH3
CH3
CHO
CH3
CH3 CH3
12. 12
Verley found that citral on boiling with aqueous potassium carbonate yielded 6-methyl hept-5ene-
2-one and acetaldehyde. The formation of these can only be explained on the basis of proposed
structure;
Methyl heptenone
It appears that citral is product of aldol condensation of these two.
Synthesis: Finally the structure of citral was confirmed by its synthesis.
a) Barbier-Bouveault-Tiemann’s synthesis: In this synthesis methyl heptenone is converted
to geranic ester by using Reformatsky’s reaction. Geranic ester is then converted to citral by
distilling a mixture of calcium salts of geranic and formic acids.
Methyl heptenone
CHO
Citral
b) Arens-Van Drop’s Synthesis: This synthesis involves condensation of acetone with
acetylene in the presence of liquid ammonia. Condensation product is then reduced and treated
with PBr3, allylic rearrangement takes place. The rearranged product so obtained is treated with
sodium salt of acetoacetic ester and then hydrolysed to yield methyl heptenone. The latter
compound on condensation with ethoxy acetylene magnesium bromide, followed by the partial
reduction and acidification yields citral by allylic rearrangement.
O
CHO
aq.K CO O
+ CH3CHO
Acetaldehyde
O
i) Zn / ICH2COOEt
ii) H
+
Reformatsky's reaction
COOC2H5
OH
Ac2O
-H2O
COOC2H5
calcium salt of geranic acid
calcium formate
13. 13
+ H 2
H3C 3
Partial reduction
H3CCH3
The existence of the two isomeric Citrals in natural citral has been confirmed chemically by the
formation of two different semicarbazones and formation of geraniol and nerol on reduction.
Menthol
Menthol is the major constituent of Mentha Piperita. It is used as an antiseptic and anesthetic.
Menthol (also called peppermint camphor or mint camphor) is the major constituent of peppermint
oil and is responsible for its odour and taste and the cooling sensation when applied to the skin. It
is ingredient in cold balms. Menthol is optically active compound with mol.
C
C
CH CH2
CH3CH3
OH
PBr3
Allylic rearrangement
H2C
CH
C
CH3 CH3
Br
CH3COCHCOOC2H5
Na
+
-
C C H
i) Na/liq NH 3
ii) H O
C
C
HC
OH
CH
Zn-Cu/H2O
14. 14
Formula C10H20O
OH
Structure elucidation:
1. Mol formula was determined as C10H20O
2. Menthol forms esters readily with acids and oxidized to yield ketone it means that it must possess
alcoholic group, which is 2o
in nature.
i) PCl5
C10H20OC10H19Cl (replacement of -OH by Cl)
C10H20O C10H18O
Menthol Menthone
(Ketone)
3. On dehydration followed by dehydrogenation it yields p-cymene.
CH3
i) Dehydration
Menthol
ii) Dehydrogenation
H3CCH3 p-cymene
It shows the presence of p-Cymene nucleus in menthol.
4. Menthone on oxidation with KMnO4 yields ketoacid C10H18O3 which readily oxidized to
3methyladipic acid. These reactions can be explained by considering the following structure of
menthol.
[ O ]
OH
OH
CH3
CH3
]O[
O
OH
CH3
CH3
KMnO4
[O] COOH
OH
CH3
CH3
O
KMnO4
O[ ] COOH
COOH
CH3
+ Other oxidation products.
Menthol Menthone Ketoacid
15. 15
β-methyl adipicacid.
5. Menthol was converted to p-Cymene [1-methyl-4-isopropylbenzene], which was also obtained
by dehydrogenation of pulegone. Pulegone on reduction yielded menthone which on further
reduction yielded menthol. Pulegone is P-menth-4-(8)-en-3-one.
Thus the correlation of pulegone with menthol proved the structure of menthol.
Finally the structure of menthone and menthol have been confirmed by the synthesis given by Kotz
and Hese from m-cresol.
3-Methylcyclohexanol 3-Methylcyclohexanone
OH
OH
H2/Ni
CH3
OH
CrO3
O
OH
COOC( 2H5)2
Na
CH3
O
COOC2H5O
m-cresol
Reduction
16. 16
( )± - Menthol
Synthesis of menthol from Myrcene:
In early 1980’s Takasago developed an elegant synthesis of (-) menthol from Myrcene.
Myrcene Diethyl geranylamine
-CO
COOC2H5
i)C2H5ONa
3 2
O
H5C2OOC
2 5ONa
+
COOH
Ca Salt
3
O
CH3 CH3
2
Copper Chromite
CH3
H3 3
CH2
C( 2H5)2NH
N(C2H5)2
(S)-BINAP-Ru
+
17. 17
Structure of Ru
Complex
Camphor
Camphor occurs in camphor tree of Formosa and Japan. It is optically active; the (+) and (-) forms
occur in nature. It is solid having m.p. 180o
C. It is obtained by steam distillation of wood, leaves
or bark of camphor tree. It sublimes at room temperature.
It is used in pharmaceutical preparation because of its analgesic, stimulant for heart muscles,
expectorant and antiseptic properties. It is used in manufacture of celluloid, smokeless powder
and explosives. It is also used as moth repellent.
Structure Determination:
I) Molecular formula: By usual method it was found to be C10H16O.
II) Saturated Nature: General reactions like formation of mono substituted products; mono
bromo, monochloro camphor and molecular refraction show that it is saturated.
III) Nature of Oxygen atom present: Nature of Oxygen atom in camphor is found to be ketonic
as it forms oxime with hydroxyl amine, and phenyl hydrozone with phenyl hydrazine.
C10H16O +H2NOH C10H16=N-OH
Camphor Oxime
C10H16O + 2HN.NHC6H5 C10H16=N-NH-C6H5
Camphor Phenyl hydrazone
Camphor when oxidised with nitric acid yields a dicarboxylic acid called camphoric acid, without
loss of carbon atoms. On reduction with sodium amalgam it gives secondary alcohol; borneol.
Thus oxo function in camphor is cyclic ketone.
IV) Presence of Bicyclic system: Molecular formula of saturated hydrocarbon of camphor
(C10H16O) corresponds to the general formula of a bicyclic compound (CnH2n-2)
V) Presence of a Six membered ring: When distilled with zinc Chloride or phosphorous
peroxide, it yields p-cymene. Formation of p-cymene confirms the presence of six-membered
ring.
PPh2
PPh2
Ru
PPh2
PPh2
ClO4
-
+
18. 18
C10H16O
VI) Nature of Carbon frame: Bredt assigned the correct formula to camphor on the basis of
above facts and also on the basis of oxidation products obtained from camphor. Oxidation of
camphor with nitric acid gives camphoric acid, C10H16O6 and further oxidation of camphoric
acid gives camphoronic acid C9H14O6.
HNO 3 HNO 3
C10H16 O [O]C10H16O4 [O]C9H14O6
camphoric acid camphoronic acid
Camphoric acid is saturated dicarboxylic acid with the same number of carbon atoms as camphor,
it suggest that keto group is present in one of ring and ring contain keto group is opened in the
formation of camphoric acid . Thus camphoric acid should be a monocyclic compound.
Camphoronic acid is tricarboxylic acid. In order to determine the structure of camphor, the
structures of camphoric acid and camphoronic acid should be known.
VII) Structure of Camphoronic acid and camphoric acid:
a) It was found to be staturated tricarboxylic acid, and on distillation at atmospheric pressure it
gave (1) isobutyric acid (2) trimethyl succinic acid (3), carbondioxide, and carbon. But it does not
undergo decarboxylation under ordinary condition it shows that three carboxylic groups are
attached to the different carbon atoms.
To explain the formation of carbon products Bredt suggested that camphoronic acid is a
α,βtrimethyl tricarboxylic acid(1).
CH3 CH3
COOH COOH
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
COOH
(1)
heat
CH3
CO HCOOH
CH3
p-cymene
C
C
19. 19
CH3 COOH
2H + C
(3)
Above proposed structure for camphoronic acid is confirmed by its synthesis given by Perkin
junior and Thorpe (1897). Camphoric acid was found to be saturated dicarboxylic acid. If above
(1) structure of camphoronic acid should have three methyl groups. So camphoric acid is
(CH3)3C5H5(COOH)2. The saturated hydrocarbon of this (C5H10) corresponds to the general
formula CnH2n. Thus camphoric acid is cyclopentene derivative and oxidation of camphoric acid
to camphoronic acid may be written as;
Camphoric anhydride form only one mono bromo derivative it means one α–hydrogen is there in
camphoric acid. Thus the carbon atom of one carboxylic acid must be 1
C. But question arises what
should be the position of other –COOH group, when cyclopentane ring open on oxidation. It opens
with loss of one carbon atom to give camphoronic acid. So two structure (4) and (5) could be
proposed for camphoric acid.
CH3
CH3
H3CCOOHCOOH
COOH
COOH
(4) (5)
Structure (5) accounts for all the facts given in the foregoing discussion.
VI: Structure of Camphor: Bredt therefore suggested that structure (5) was the structure
camphoric acid and structure (6) was the structure of Camphor and proposed the following
reaction.
C
CH3
CH3
]O[
COOH
COOH
CH3
CH3
CH3
COOH
C2
C1
O
]O[ ][O [O]
-CO2
CH3
O
COOH
COOH
COOH
COOH
COOH
COOH
COOH
OH
(1)
6-Camphor 5-Camhporic acid
Camphoronic acid
CH
20. 20
Bredt also proposed structure (7) for the camphor, but he rejected (7) in favor of (6) because
camphor gives carvacrol (8). When distilled with iodine formation of which can be explained by
assuming structure (6) for camphor.
CH3
OH
O
VII) Synthesis: Finally structure was confirmed by the synthesis. All the
deductions of Bredt were confirmed by the synthesis of Camphoronic acid, camphoric acid and
Camphor.
a) synthesis of (±) –Camphoronic acid: This synthesis is given by Perkin junior and
Thorpe(1987), In this synthesis first ethyl acetoacetate is converted to its dimethyl derivative,
which undergoes Reformatsky reaction with ethyl acetate. The product so obtained is converted
into halide and then into cyanide. Last product is hydrolysed to give camphoronic acid.
O O
2
H3C 3 ii) H
b) Synthesis of (±) –Camphoric acid: This is given by Komppa (1903). He first synthesized
3,3- dimethyl glutaric acid from mesityl oxide and ethyl malonate as follows:
COOH
COOH
COOEt
COOEt
(7)
CH3
(8)
5
ii) KCN
CN
EtOOC
COOEt
OH
EtOOC
COOEt
i) OH-
ii) H
+ COOH
COOH
COOH
Camphoronic acid
1) EtONa
2) 2CH I H
CHC3
COOEt
Reformatsky reaction
+
3
CH3
CH3
EtONa
2 COOEt 2
Michael condensation
H3
CH3
C3
COOEt
i) Ba(OH) 2
+
CH3
CH3
O
ii) H
+ 3
+
EtOH
21. 21
Komppa(1903) then prepared camphoric acid from 3,3-dimethylglutaric acid as follows:
COOH COOEt O
+
COOH
O
Camphoric acid can exist in two geometrical isomeric forms, cis and trans, neither of these has any
element of symmetry. Thus four optical isomers are possible for camphoric acid. All are exist and
corresponds to the (+) and (-) forms of camphoric acid and iso camphoric acid.
H H H H
CH3
COOH
COOH
CH3CH3
camphoric acid
Trans isomer
m.p-171-172o
C
Synthesis of Camphor:
i) Haller gave this synthesis of camphor from camphoric acid which was synthesized by
Komppa.
Cis- isomer
m.p -187o
C
CH3
Iso camphoric acid
diketocamphoric ester
COOEt
O
Na-Hg
COOEt
OH
H
HI COOH
COOHi) HBr
camphoric acid
COOEt
EtONa
COOEt
i) Na
ii) MeI
H CH
COOH HH
H
CH
COOH
22. 22
ii) Another two step synthesis of camphor from dehydro carvone was given by Money et al
(1969).
Though camphor has two dissimilar chiral centers only one pair of enantiomers is possible, since
only cis fusion of the gem dimethyl methylene to cyclohexane ring is possible. Boat conformation
with cis fusion of gem dimethyl methylene is shown below;
O
conformation of camphor
Commercially, Camphor is prepared from α – pinene.
COOH
COOH
O
O
O
campholideα
i) KCN
+
CN
+
i) OH-
COOH
Ca-Salt
O
Camphor
OAc
BF3
2Cl2
O